≪설문해자(說文解字)≫ ‘鬼’ 부수 한자(漢字)와 고대 중국의 귀문화(鬼文化)

이인경 ( Lee¸ Inkyung ) 고려대학교 중국학연구소 2021 中國學論叢 Vol.- No.73

This article takes “Shuowen Jiezi (说文解字)” as the center, refers to oracle bone inscriptions and documents, investigates Chinese characters related to “Ghost (鬼)” from a social and cultural perspective, and tries to understand the ancient Chinese culture reflected in Chinese characters. Until the Han Dynasty. This is because Chinese characters are the product of a long history and a cultural accumulation of love, so we can examine ancient Chinese culture and its specific content through Chinese characters related to “Ghost (鬼)”. Before analyzing the Chinese characters related to “Ghost (鬼)”, the concept of the unity of ghosts and gods originated from the belief in ghosts in primitive society. The separation of “Ghost (鬼)” and “God (神)” was based on the rise of human culture and the establishment of sects. The legal system and the changes and development of ghost culture Look. “Shuowen Jiezi” This research classifies Chinese characters with the word “Ghost(鬼)” based on people’s psychology of ghosts, that is, worship and fear. “䰠” and “□” are related to the worship of ghosts and gods in ancient China. “䰠” reflects the concept of the unity of ghosts and gods in ancient China. Chinese characters related to ghosts that are related to fear and fear are divided into the appearance and characteristics of ghosts, evil spirits that hurt people, and people’s reactions to ghosts. “䰧”, “□”, and “鬾” all represent the image of human beings, while “魑”, “鬽(魅)” and “魋” are not ordinary human figures, but animal forms or objects. These are Chinese characters that represent the transformation of gods. “䰰” and “□” are Chinese characters, which do not directly describe the appearance, but use “ghost sound” and “free transformation image” to describe the image of “Ghost (鬼)”. “魃”, “䰡” and “魖” are evil spirits that represent evil spirits hurting people. Drought ghosts “魃” and “䰡” used ferociousness to harm people, and “魖” wasted property and caused economic losses, reflecting the ancient Chinese people’s unwillingness to lose and suffer. “醜”, “□”, and “魇” are Chinese characters that represent the image of “Ghost (鬼)”. Their appearance is annoying, and they are shocked and screamed in the face of it. People’s reactions to “Ghost (鬼)” are included as they are, so we can guess the ancient Chinese people’s psychology to “Ghost (鬼)”.

Genetic Landscape of Open Chromatin in Yeast

Lee, Kibaick,Kim, Sang Cheol,Jung, Inkyung,Kim, Kwoneel,Seo, Jungmin,Lee, Heun-Sik,Bogu, Gireesh K.,Kim, Dongsup,Lee, Sanghyuk,Lee, Byungwook,Choi, Jung Kyoon Public Library of Science 2013 PLoS genetics Vol.9 No.2

<▼1><P>Chromatin regulation underlies a variety of DNA metabolism processes, including transcription, recombination, repair, and replication. To perform a quantitative genetic analysis of chromatin accessibility, we obtained open chromatin profiles across 96 genetically different yeast strains by FAIRE (formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements) assay followed by sequencing. While 5∼10% of open chromatin region (OCRs) were significantly affected by variations in their underlying DNA sequences, subtelomeric areas as well as gene-rich and gene-poor regions displayed high levels of sequence-independent variation. We performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using the FAIRE signal for each OCR as a quantitative trait. While individual OCRs were associated with a handful of specific genetic markers, gene expression levels were associated with many regulatory loci. We found multi-target <I>trans</I>-loci responsible for a very large number of OCRs, which seemed to reflect the widespread influence of certain chromatin regulators. Such regulatory hotspots were enriched for known regulatory functions, such as recombinational DNA repair, telomere replication, and general transcription control. The OCRs associated with these multi-target <I>trans</I>-loci coincided with recombination hotspots, telomeres, and gene-rich regions according to the function of the associated regulators. Our findings provide a global quantitative picture of the genetic architecture of chromatin regulation.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping is a genetic approach that allows the identification of genetic factors underlying a phenotype of interest. Genomic technologies such as DNA microarray and next-generation sequencing provide data that can be used for the analysis of multiple molecular phenotypes. For example, the expression levels of thousands of genes can be associated with subject-specific genome-wide genetic information in expression QTL mapping. Similarly, the genetic regulation of transcription factor binding or epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation or chromatin structure has begun to be investigated. In particular, the mechanisms controlling chromatin accessibility have attracted special interest due to their importance in a variety of DNA regulation processes including recombination, repair, replication, and transcription. In this work, we sought to dissect the genetic architecture of chromatin accessibility regulation by harnessing the power of genetic and genomic techniques. By analyzing open (accessible) chromatin maps of multiple yeast individuals in association with their genetic backgrounds, we were able to characterize the regulatory structure of chromatin traits versus that of gene expression. Importantly, we observed that the genetic loci responsible for multiple open chromatin regions were enriched for known regulatory factors.</P></▼2>

Textbook-based L2 Oral Reading Fluency of Lower-level 8th Grade EFL Students and Its Association with L2 Reading Comprehension

Inkyung Hwang(Inkyung Hwang),Byungmin Lee(Byungmin Lee) 서울대학교 교육종합연구원 2023 The SNU Journal of Education Research Vol.32 No.2

The present investigation endeavors to assess the L2 oral reading fluency and comprehension abilities of Korean EFL middle school students in the context of the Korean national curriculum. Sixty-one eighth-grade students participated in the study, which involved oral reading and comprehension tests using second-year middle school English materials. Informal reading assessments were also conducted to evaluate the students' English word reading accuracy, automaticity, and prosody, and L2 oral reading fluency was determined from these measures. The results showed that only 30% of the students were capable of reading independently, while the remaining students encountered difficulties. A significant correlation was found between L2 oral reading fluency and L2 reading comprehension. The findings of this study provide valuable contributions to the field of Korean English education and hold implications for both L2 reading instruction and research.

Eating patterns of children’s favorite foods and its related factors among elementary, middle, and high school students in Korea

YuJin Lee,Seungmin Lee,KyoungAe Lee,Kyung-Hea Lee,Inkyung Baik 한국영양학회 2017 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.11 No.6

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: There are limited studies investigating the eating patterns of children’s favorite foods. The present study aimed to evaluate a wide range of children’s favorite foods, derive its eating patterns, and identify factors related to the patterns. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional study included 5,458 students in elementary, middle, and high schools. The survey was conducted at each school to evaluate children’s favorite food intake, including the intake frequency of 31 food items or food groups, and its related factors, such as demographic, economic, and environmental characteristics and awareness of policies on children’s favorite foods. Factor analysis using varimax rotation method and logistic regression analysis were conducted. RESULTS: Two factors were derived as major eating patterns from data of children’s favorite foods: the ‘unhealthy eating pattern’ which mainly involves confectionery, chocolate, ramen, fried food, etc.; and the ‘healthy eating pattern’ which mainly involves soybean milk, vegetables, fruit juice, and nuts. A stepwise selection procedure through the regression analysis revealed that allowance, use of screen media, less awareness of policies on children’s favorite foods, and less interest in health were positively related to the tendency of unhealthy or less-healthy eating patterns (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study examined that the eating patterns of children’s favorite foods were associated with certain environmental characteristics and awareness about the related policies. These findings suggest that a nutrition education program regarding children’s favorite foods needs to be conducted according to the characteristics of students to develop their healthy eating habits and proper choice of favorite foods.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON INDEPENDENT BEHAVIORS OF VISUALLY IMPAIRED STUDENTS AND NORMAL SIGHTED STUDENTS

INKYUNG LEE(이인경) 단국대학교 특수교육연구소 1992 특수교육논총 Vol.1 No.-

Association of adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin with metabolic syndrome and its metabolic components in Sasang constitutional type

Lee, Seung Ku,Yoon, Dae Wui,Kim, JinKwan,Lee, Si Woo,Kim, Jong Yeol,Jee, Sun Ha,Baik, Inkyung,Shin, Chol Elsevier 2018 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE Vol.22 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Introduction</B></P> <P>Mounting evidence indicates a significant relationship between Sasang constitutional types (SCTs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), and between metabolic hormones and risk of MetS. However, studies have not yet examined whether the impact of metabolic hormones on MetS differs according to SCT. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the association of adiponectin, ghrelin, leptin with MetS and metabolic components is affected by SCTs.</P> <P><B>Methods</B></P> <P>A total of 2370 subjects (1201 men and 1169 women) who participated in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study-Ansan cohort between 2007 and 2008 and completed the health-related questionnaire, anthropometric evaluation, and biochemical measurements were included in the analysis. Each constitutional type was defined using an integrated diagnostic method. Total adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Tae-eum (TE) type had the highest frequency of MetS (29.9%). In multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for possible confounders, adiponectin (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.84–0.92; <I>P</I> < 0.0001) and leptin levels (OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01–1.08; <I>P</I> = 0.015) were significantly associated with MetS in TE type, whereas only adiponectin levels were significantly associated with MetS in So-yang type (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73–0.90; <I>P</I> < 0.0001). Ghrelin levels were not significantly associated with MetS in all SCTs.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>This population-based study showed different association of adiponectin, ghrelin, and leptin with MetS and its components according to SCT.</P>

In Rabbit M icrofracture Model Controlled Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate Release from PLGA Rod -type Implant Enhanced Cartilage Regeneration

LEE Seungjin,LEE Myungchul,LEE Sanghoon,SHIM Inkyung,YOOK Yeojoo,KIM Jiyoung 大韓藥學會 2005 大韓藥學會 總會 및 學術大會 Vol.2005 No.2

The Moderating Effect of Sleep Disturbance on the Association of Stress with Impulsivity and Depressed Mood

Inkyung Park,Seong Min Oh,Kyung Hwa Lee,Soohyun Kim,Jeong Eun Jeon,Ha Young Lee,Sehyun Jeon,Seog Ju Kim,Yu Jin Lee 대한신경정신의학회 2020 PSYCHIATRY INVESTIGATION Vol.17 No.3

Objective: This study was performed to investigate the associations of life event stress with impulsivity, anxiety, and depressed mood as a function of the presence of a sleep disturbance. Methods: In total, 214 participants (age 38.96±10.53 years; 111 females) completed self-report questionnaires, including the Life Experience Survey (LES), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Barratt’s Impulsivity Scale (BIS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The presence of a sleep disturbance was defined as a PSQI score >5. Results: In total, 127 participants presented with a sleep disturbance (age 39.33±10.92 years; 64 females), whereas the remaining 87 did not (age 38.43±9.97 years; 47 females). Negative LES scores were significantly correlated with BIS (r=0.22, p=0.001), BAI (r=0.46, p< 0.001), and BDI (r=0.51, p<0.001) scores, and PSQI scores were significantly correlated with BAI (r=0.49, p<0.001) and BDI (r=0.60, p< 0.001) scores. Moderation analysis revealed statistically significant interactions between negative LES scores and the presence of a sleep disturbance on BIS (p=0.044) and BDI (p=0.014) but not on BAI (p=0.194) scores. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that life event stress has varying degrees of influence on mental health, especially impulsivity and depressed mood, depending on the presence or absence of a sleep disturbance.

How Visually Impaired Students with Abnormal Binocular Coordination and Poor Acuity Interact with Objects in the environment?

Lee, Inkyung,Choi, Seoung Gweon 龍仁大學校 體育科學硏究所 1996 體育科學硏究論叢 Vol.6 No.2

정상아동을 대상으로 시력과 양안 협응력, 원근지각력 등이 발달하는 과정과 이들이 역할에 대하여서는 많은 실험연구들이다. 본 연구에서는 시각체계의 영향을 미치는지를 살펴 보기위하여 다음과 같이 두가지의 가설을 설정하였다. 영가설 1 시각장애아동은 어느 방향에서 움직이는 물체가 오든 물체와의 충돌을 피하는 능력에는 차이가 없다. 영가설 2. 양안 협응능력이 있는 집단과 양안 협응력이 없는 집단간에 방향에 관 계없이 움직이는 물체와의 충돌을 피하는 능력에는 차이가 없다. 이 가설을 증명하기위해 36명의 시각장애학생을 대상으로 Minnesota Functional Vision Test의 하위검사인 중거리 시력검사, 양안 협응추적검사, 물체상호작용검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 영가설 1은 기각되어 시각장애아동은 움직이는 물체와의 충돌을 피할 수 있는 능략이 있다고 증명되었다. 영가설 2도 기각되어 양안협응능력 집단과 양안협응력이 없는 집단간에는 충돌을 피하는 능력에는 유의할 차이가 있다고 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구결과의 심도있는 논의와 결과가 교육적으로 사용될 수 있는 방안과 지도제안 점에 관하여 심도 있게 논의되었다.

A healthy dietary pattern consisting of a variety of food choices is inversely associated with the development of metabolic syndrome

Inkyung Baik,Myoungsook Lee,Nu-Ri Jun,Jae-Yeon Lee,Chol Shin 한국영양학회 2013 Nutrition Research and Practice Vol.7 No.3

There are limited data on healthy dietary patterns protective against metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) development. We identified dietary patterns among middle-aged and older adults and investigated the associations with the incidence of MetSyn. A population-based prospective cohort study included 5,251 male and female Koreans aged 40-69 years. At baseline, all individuals were free of MetSyn, other major metabolic diseases, and known cardiovascular disease or cancer. Cases of MetSyn were ascertained over a 6-year of follow-up. Dietary patterns and their factor scores were generated by factor analysis using the data of a food frequency questionnaire. We performed pooled logistic regression analysis to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for associations between factor scores and MetSyn risk. Two dietary patterns were identified; (1) a healthy dietary pattern, which included a variety of foods such as fish, seafood, vegetables, seaweed, protein foods, fruits, dairy products, and grains; and (2) an unhealthy dietary pattern, which included a limited number of food items. After controlling for confounding factors, factor scores for the healthy dietary pattern were inversely associated with MetSyn risk (P-value for trend < 0.05) while those for the unhealthy dietary pattern had no association. Individuals in the top quintile of the healthy diet scores showed a multivariable-adjusted RR [95% CI] of 0.76 [0.60-0.97] for MetSyn risk compared with those in the bottom quintile. The beneficial effects were derived from inverse associations with abdominal obesity, low HDL-cholesterol levels, and high fasting glucose levels. Our findings suggest that a variety of healthy food choices is recommended to prevent MetSyn.