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L'état actuel des libertés religieuses en Corée du Nord
바르텔레미 쿠르몽(Barthé,lé,my COURMONT) 프랑스학회 2013 프랑스학연구 Vol.65 No.-
평양은 세계에서 가장 고립된 국가인데다가, 종교적 자유 또한 지켜지지 않아 많은 비난을 받고 있다. 11년간 이어온 "Open Door"라는 미국 국제 기독교 선교위원회의 보고에 따르면 북한은 최근 세계에서 가장 종교를 탄압하는 국가로 목록에 올라왔다. 일반적으로 구하기 힘든 NGO가 모은 증거 자료들을 바탕으로, 이 글을 통해 북한의 종교적 자유에 관한 현재 상황 그리고, 종교의 가르침과 억압에 대한 현실뿐만 아니라 종교적 자유의 관할권 또한 살펴볼 것이다.
Lé,tourneau, Sven,van Leeuwen, Ester M. M.,Krieg, Carsten,Martin, Chris,Pantaleo, Giuseppe,Sprent, Jonathan,Surh, Charles D.,Boyman, Onur Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.107 No.5
<P>IL-2 is crucial to T cell homeostasis, especially of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T regulatory cells and memory CD8<SUP>+</SUP> cells, as evidenced by vigorous proliferation of these cells in vivo following injections of superagonist IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes. The mechanism of IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes is unknown owing to a lack of understanding of IL-2 homeostasis. We show that IL-2 receptor α (CD25) plays a crucial role in IL-2 homeostasis. Thus, prolongation of IL-2 half-life and blocking of CD25 using antibodies or CD25-deficient mice led in combination, but not alone, to vigorous IL-2-mediated T cell proliferation, similar to IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes. These data suggest an unpredicted role for CD25 in IL-2 homeostasis.</P>
CARMA LARGE AREA STAR FORMATION SURVEY: DENSE GAS IN THE YOUNG L1451 REGION OF PERSEUS
Storm, Shaye,Mundy, Lee G.,Lee, Katherine I.,Ferná,ndez-Ló,pez, Manuel,Looney, Leslie W.,Teuben, Peter,Arce, Hé,ctor G.,Rosolowsky, Erik W.,Meisner, Aaron M.,Isella, Andrea,Kauffmann American Astronomical Society 2016 The Astrophysical journal Vol.830 No.2
<P>We present a 3 mm spectral line and continuum survey of L1451 in the Perseus Molecular Cloud. These observations are from the CARMA Large Area Star Formation Survey (CLASSy), which also imaged Barnard. 1, NGC 1333, Serpens Main, and Serpens South. L1451 is the survey region with the lowest level of star formation activity-it contains no confirmed protostars. HCO+, HCN, and N2H+ (J = 1 -> 0). are all detected throughout the region, with HCO+ being the most spatially widespread, and molecular emission seen toward 90% of the area above N(H-2) column densities of 1.9 x 10(21) cm(-2). HCO+ has the broadest velocity dispersion, near 0.3 km s(-1) on average, compared with similar to 0.15 km s(-1) for the other molecules, thus representing a range of subsonic to supersonic gas motions. Our non-binary dendrogram analysis reveals that the dense gas traced by each molecule has a similar hierarchical structure, and that gas surrounding the candidate first hydrostatic core (FHSC), L1451-mm, and other previously detected single-dish continuum clumps has similar hierarchical structure; this suggests that different subregions of L1451 are fragmenting on the pathway to forming young stars. We determined that the three-dimensional morphology of the largest detectable dense-gas structures was relatively ellipsoidal compared with other CLASSy regions, which appeared more flattened at the largest scales. A virial analysis shows that the most centrally condensed dust structures are likely unstable against collapse. Additionally, we identify a new spherical, centrally condensed N2H+ feature that could be a new FHSC candidate. The overall results suggest that L1451 is a young region starting to form its generation of stars within turbulent, hierarchical structures.</P>
Cé,spedes-Guirao, F. Javier,Ohkubo, Kei,Fukuzumi, Shunichi,Ferná,ndez-Lá,zaro, Fernando,Sastre-Santos, Á,ngela Wiley (John WileySons) 2011 Chemistry, an Asian journal Vol.6 No.11
<P>Two new supramolecular architectures based on zinc phthalocyanine (Pc) and imidazolyl-substituted perylenediimide (PDI), ZnPc/DImPDI/ZnPc 1 and ZnPc/ImPDI 2, have been prepared. A strong electron-donor, ZnPc-8, which contained eight tert-octylphenoxy groups was synthesized to ensure high solubility, thereby reducing aggregation in solution and providing ??-donor features while avoiding regioisomeric mixtures. Also, PDI units were functionalized with tert-octylphenoxy groups at the bay positions, which provide solubility to avoid aggregation in solution, together with one and two imidazole moieties in the amide position, PDI-6 and PDI-4, respectively, to be able to strongly coordinate with the ZnPc complex. Supramolecular complexation studies by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS demonstrate a high coordinative binding constant between imidazole-substituted PDI-4 or PDI-6 and ZnPc-8. The same results were confirmed by UV/Vis and fluorescence titration studies. UV/Vis titration studies revealed the formation of a 1:1 complex ZnPc/ImPDI 2 for the systems ZnPc-8 and PDI-6 and a 2:1 complex ZnPc/DImPDI/ZnPc 1 for the interaction of ZnPc-8 and PDI-4. The binding constant in both cases was determined to be on the order of 10(5) M(-1). Femtosecond laser flash photolysis measurements provided a direct proof of the charge-separated state within both supramolecular assemblies by observing the transient absorption band at 820 nm due to the zinc phthalocyanine radical cation. The lifetimes of charge-separated states are (9.8±3) ns for triad 1 and (3±1) ns for dyad 2. As far as we know, this is the first time that a radical ion pair has been detected in a supramolecular assembled ZnPc-PDI system and has obtained the longest lifetime of a charge-separated state published for ZnPc-PDI assemblies.</P>
Rivas, Bernabé,L.,Maureira, Antonio,Geckeler, Kurt E. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2006 Journal of applied polymer science Vol.101 No.1
<P>Poly(4-acryloylmorpholine), poly(4-acryloylmorpholine-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid), and poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid) were synthesized by radical polymerization. The water-soluble polymers obtained, containing tertiary amino, amide, and sulfonic acid groups, were investigated, in view of their metal binding properties, as polychelatogens by using the liquid-phase polymer-based retention technique, under different experimental conditions. The metal ions investigated were Ag(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cr(III), and Al(III). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 180–185, 2006</P>
Polyelectrolyte-assisted removal of metal ions with ultrafiltration
Rivas, Bernabé,L.,Pereira, Eduardo,Cid, Rocí,o,Geckeler, Kurt E. Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2005 Journal of applied polymer science Vol.95 No.5
<P>The water-soluble polymers poly(styrene sulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) and poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) were investigated with respect to their metal-ion-binding ability with ultrafiltration. The studied metal ions included Ag(I), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Ca(II), Mg(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Al(III), and Cr(III) ions. The retention properties of the polyelectrolytes for the metal ions depended strongly on the ligand type. As for the carboxylate ligands, with increasing concentration and pH, the metal-binding affinity increased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 1091–1099, 2005</P>