발효계분의 안전성 평가

정동관,이찬,곽완섭 高神大學校保健科學硏究所 1997 보건과학연구소보 Vol.7 No.-

양계자에서 부산물로 생산되는 계분에 함유되고 있는 질소 성분 등을 이용한 사료개발이 진행되고 있는 시점에서 계분의 안전성을 평가하기 위한 실험이 실시되었다. 미생물적인 안전성을 확인하기 위해 생계분과 생계분을 발효시킨 발효계분을 평가하였다. 생계분은 양계장에서 닭이 출하된 직후 무균적으로 채취되었으며 발효계분은 생계분을 발효시킨 후 무균적으로 채취해 아이스박스에 넣어 실험실로 운반한 후 실험을 실시하였다. 생계분과 발효계분의 미생물적인 안전성은 총균수, 대장균군수, 대장균, 병원성 대장균 E coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus 등으로 평가되었다. 총균수는 발효계분 1g당 2.9×10²에서 1.6×10 5 범위까지 관찰되었으며 생계분에서는 15×10 5에서 1.7×10 7까지 관찰되었다. 대장균군수는 생계분에서 1g당 7.1×10³에서 9.4×10⁴까지 관찰되었으나 발효샘플에서는 모두 검출되지 않았다. 병원성균의 검출실험에서는 E coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella,등이 검출되지 않았으나 Proteus균들이 생계분 샘플에서 검출되었다. This study was conducted to evaluate safety of the fermented chicken feces, which was the by-product of chicken farm. Specially, it was designed to demonstrate the microbiological safety of the raw, non-fermented, and fermented chicken feces. The raw, non-fermented. chicken feces was collected aseptically right after the shipment of chicken. The fermented feces was collected aseptically from the middle aprt of the silo after anaerobic fermentation and kept into the icebox until analysis. It was determined the followiung parameters the total count, coliform count, Escherichia coli count, and the presence of the pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli 0157:H7, Salmonella, Shigella, and Proteus spp. Total count was showed from 2.9 x 10²to 1.0 x 10³ per lg of the fermented chicken feces. The coliform was found from 1.5 x 10 5 to 1.7 x 10 7 per lg of the non-fermented chicken feces but none from the fermented chicken feces. Any Sllmonella and Shigella spp. were not found in the asmple but Proteus found in the non-fermented chicken feces. The most of the non-fermented sample was contaminated by Proteus.

Effects of Dietary Addition of Bentonite and Probiotics on Meat Characteristics and Health of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) Steers fed Rice Straw As a Sole Roughage Source (a Field Study)

Wan-Sup Kwak,Sang-Moo Lee,Young-Il Kim 한국초지조사료학회 2012 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.32 No.4

A study was conducted to determine the dietary effects of Na-bentonite (NaB) and probiotics on meat characteristics and health of Hanwoo steers fed rice straw as a sole roughage source. A total of 24 growing Hanwoo steers (avg BW 232 kg) were assigned to two treatments which included a control diet (concentrate mix and rice straw) and a treatment diet (control diet + 0.5-1.0% NaB + 0.5-1.0% probiotics. The diets were fed for 22 months up to the time the animals were slaughtered. Dietary treatment increased (p<0.05) concentrations of trace minerals such as Zn, Cu, and Fe in the longissimus muscle compared to the control. The treatment diet did not affect cold carcass weight, yield traits such as backfat thickness, longissimus muscle area, yield index, yield grade and quality traits such as marbling score, meat color, fat color, texture, maturity and quality grade. Blood profiles of growing steers were within the normal ranges for healthy cattle. In conclusion, feeding a combination of clay mineral and probiotics to Hanwoo steers fed rice straw as a sole roughage source could have a desirable effect on improving trace mineral retention in longissimus muscle without any deleterious effects on carcass traits of steers.

부산물사료 주원료 사일리지(Biosilage^®) 급여가 거세 육성 한우의 행동양식에 미치는 영향

김영일,이상무,박근규,곽완섭,Kim, Young Il,Lee, Sang Moo,Park, Keun Kyu,Kwak, Wan Sup 한국초지조사료학회 2013 한국초지조사료학회지 Vol.33 No.4

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a by-product feed-based silage (BF silage) feeding on behavior patterns of growing Hanwoo steers. A total of 10 Hanwoo steers (11 months old, 302kg of body weight) were assigned to 2 dietary treatments: the control (concentrate mix + free access to rice straw), and the treatment (concentrate mix + free access to BF silage). The behavior patterns were observed for 48 hours. The intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of the treatment group were higher than those of the control group. Eating time, ruminating time and resting time were not different between the control and treatment. But, the intake time per kg DM was higher for the control than treatment. The number of bolus, total chewing frequency, number of ruminating per bolus and number of bolus per minute were not different between the control and treatment. But the chewing frequency per bolus was higher in the treatment than control (p<0.05), and feed value index was lower in treatment than control (p<0.05). Frequencies of drinking and defecating were not different between the two groups, but the frequency of urinating was higher for the treatment (p<0.05) than control. Eating rate, ruminating efficiency and chewing efficiency were much higher in the treatment group than control (p<0.05). These results indicate that the replacement of conventional rice straws with the BF silage (physically effective NDF, about 25%) did not affect the ruminating behaviors of Hanwoo steers significantly. 본 연구는 버섯재배부산물, 재활용가금깔개, 미강 및 straw로 구성되는 BF 사일리지 급여가 육성 거세한우의 행동양상에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 시험에 사용한 공시 한우는 11개월령 총 10두(평균 301.7 kg)를 2처리로 배치하였으며, 이 때 대조구(볏짚 자유채식)와 처리구(BF silage 자유채식)로 하여 48시간 행동관찰을 실시하였다. 대조구와 비교해서 BF 사일리지 급여구는 총 DM 섭취량과 NDF 섭취량이 각각 30% 및 36% 높았고, 채식시간, 반추시간 및 저작시간은 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 식괴수, 식괴당 반추시간에 있어서도 유의적 차이가 없었고, 식괴당 저작수와 FVI는 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 대조구와 비교해서 BF 사일리지 급여구는 배뇨 회수가 높고(p<0.05), 음수 및 배분 회수에 있어서는 상호간에 차이가 없었고, 채식율, 반추효율 및 저작효율에 있어서는 더 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 볼 때, BF 사일리지 급여는 볏짚과 비교 시 육성거세한우의 반추행동 상 큰 차이가 없다는 결과로 미루어 볼 때 차후 볏짚 대용으로 활용하여도 좋을 것으로 사료되었다. 즉 입자도가 큰 straw를 peNDF를 충족시키는 최소량을 혼합하여 부산물사료 사일리지를 제조, 급여하였을 때 육성거세한우의 반추행동은 볏짚 급여 시와 차이가 없었다.

고지방 사료와 isoacids 급여시 산유초기 비유 육성우의 비유 , 대사 , 생리적인 반응에 대한 연구

곽완섭,J. H. Herbein 한국낙농학회 1990 韓國酪農學會誌 Vol.12 No.2

고지방 사료와 isoacids에서의 비유, 대사, 생리적인 반응을 44마리의 산유초기 비유 육성우를 사용하여 실험하였다. 옥수수 사일레지 35.5%와 알팔파 혜일레지 14.4%, 농후사료 50.4%를 함유한 대조구(C)와 2%의 calcium stearate을 첨가한 구(S)와 2%의 tallow을 첨가한 구(W)와 isoacid을 첨가한 구(CI, SI, TI, WI) 등의 8가지의 실험사료를 조제하였다. 지방첨가는 일차적으로 옥수수를 대체하여 사용하였다. 지방이나 isoacid의 첨가는 유생산에 있어서 통계적유의성은 없었다(P>0.05). 지방이 첨가된 모든 사료에 있어서는 유조성분과 체중이 감소되거나(P<0.05), 감소되는 경향을 나타내었으며 반추위의 휘발성 지방산의 농도는 증가하였다. Isoacid의 첨가에 있어서 건물 섭취량과 유지율, 유지방정정유(FCM)는 증가하였다. Isoacid를 첨가한 W구에서의 건물 섭취량과 유지방 정성유(FCM)는 가장 높게 증가하였다. 지방첨가와 isoacid의 첨가는 영양소의 소화율에 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 결과적으로 고지방사료는(특히, S구) 사료내 에너지 밀도와 급여사료에서의 농후사료에 대한 조사료의 비율을 높임으로서 산유초기의 젖소에 있어서 효과적으로 이용되어졌다. 또한 isoacid을 첨가한 모든 구에서 사료의 섭취량이 증가하였고 젖소의 생산성이 증가하는 결과를 나타내었다. 특히 isoacid첨가에 대한 반응은 저생산성인 젖소에 있어서 더욱 효과적이었다. 지방첨가사료에 isoacid의 첨가는 산유초기에 있어 바람직하였다.

사료용 고수분 육계분에의 수분흡수제 첨가시 함수율이 혐기발효 특성에 미치는 영향

곽완섭 한국축산학회 1999 한국축산학회지 Vol.41 No.5

A small-silo study was conducted to evaluate the effects of moisture levels on the fermentation characteristics and to determine the proper moisture level when high moisture broiler litter added with different water absorbents(barley malt sprouts or rice hulls) was anaerobically fermented at room temperature for 60 days. Ferments were manufactured at two moisture levels(40 and 50%). High moisture(57%) broiler litter alone was not fermented successfully. With the addition of barley malt sprouts to broiler litter, the contents of organic matter and crude protein(CP) increased and those of fiber and crude ash decreased. Regardless of moisture levels and water absorbent sources, fermentation resulted in increased ether extract(%) and non-protein N/CP and decreased true protein/CP. Fecal odour still remained for both mixtures at 50% moisture level. Regardless of water absorbent sources, mixtures at 40% moisture level showed better characteristics of appearance, chemicals and fermentation compared to those at 50% moisture level. These results indicated that the proper moisture level was 40% when high moisture broiler litter was anaerobically fermented with nutritionally high or low quality of water absorbent.

CPW급전 구조 Hepta-Band 내장형 안테나 설계 및 제작

한동완(Dong-Wan Han),정계택(Gyey-Teak Jeong),이천희(Cheon-Hee Lee),이화춘(Hwa Choon Lee),곽경섭(Kyung Sup Kwak) 한국통신학회 2008 한국통신학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.7

Waterborne polyurethane modified with silicone macromer and the nylon airbag coated with it

Go, Cheol Wan,Yang, Jeong Han,Kwak, Dong-sup,Kim, Gi-Woong,Jeong, Han Mo Sage Science Press 2016 Textile Research Journal Vol. No.

CPW급전 구조 Hepta-Band 내장형 안테나 설계 및 제작

한동완(Dong Wan Han),정계택(Gye Taek Jeong),이천희(Cheon Hee Lee),이화춘(Hwa Choon Lee),곽경섭(Kyung Sup Kwak) 한국통신학회 2008 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.33 No.9A

본 논문에서는 GPS, DCS ,PCS, UMTS, Wibro, Bluetooth, S-DMB대역에서 동작 가능한 안테나를 설계 하고 제작하였다. 최대한 적은 부피의 안테나로 광대역 특성을 얻기 위해 모노폴 안테나를 기반으로 CPWG(Coplanar Waveguide-fed with Ground) 급전 구조를 사용하였다. 방사패치의 길이와 방사패치와 접지면 간의 간격을 조정하며 시뮬레이션 하였으며, 최적화된 파라미터를 가지고 제작하였다. 제작된 안테나는 VSWR<2에서 1.43㎓~2.9㎓(67.89%)의 대역폭과 1.3∼3.7㏈i의 이득 및 전방향성(Omni-directional) 방사패턴을 얻었다. In this paper, an antenna accessible to the Hepta-Band (GPS, DCS, PCS, UMTS, Wibro, Bluetooth and S-DMB) is designed and fabricated. To get broadband characteristics with small size, we propose a structure of Coplanar Waveguide-fed with Ground, which is based on a monopole antenna. Simulation is performed by adjusting the size of distance between a length of radiation patch and ground plane. The designed antenna satisfies the frequency bandwidth of 1.43㎓~2.9㎓(67.89%), the gain of 1.3㏈i~3.7㏈i and an omni-directional radiation pattern at VSWR<2.

육계분의 콤포스터 처리시 내부온도 조절이 생산물의 영양학적, 미생물학적 성상에 미치는 영향

곽완섭,김태규,김언현,김창원,Kwak, Wan-Sup,kim, Tae-Gyu,Kim, Oun-Hyun,Kim, Chagn-Won 한국축산환경학회 1996 축산시설환경학회지 Vol.2 No.2

In an attempt to recycle as feed or fertilizer, broiler litter containing rice hull was manually composted under the control of peak temperature of piles(uncontrolled or controlled below $70^{\circ}C$ or below $60^{\circ}C$) in each of three $1.0\;{\times}\;1.0\;{\times}\;1.2m$ dimensional facilities. Changes of nutritional and microbiological parameters were evaluated throughout the 8 weeks of processing period. The initial content of crude protein(29.6%) decreased to 17.8% after 8 weeks of composting. The rapid nitrogen(N) loss observed in the early phase was attributed mainly to non-protein-N(NPN) loss. The initial content of ash(19.1%) increased to $26{\sim}29%$ after 8 weeks. For toxic heavy metals, Cr, Pb, and Hg contents of final composts were far less than the maximum tolerance levels allowed in food or compost. Bacterial growth was rather depressed until the second week, increased thereafter, and reached to peak($10^{12}cfu$ level) at the 4th week of composting. With composting, actinomycetes were active at the level of $10^7\;to\;10^9$. Fungi were active during the first to third week of composting. In general, control of pile temperature below $70^{\circ}C$ did not remarkably alter the nutritional and microbiological parameters of broiler litter compost, compared to that of pile temperature below $60^{\circ}C$. Further researches on prevention from the rapid loss of NPN in the early phase of composting are required for more effective recycling of broiler litter.

자황철광 (磁黃鐵鑛) 의 염화배소에 관하여

오재현,곽창섭,이완범 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 1983 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.21 No.12

The rate and mechanism of oxidation of pyrrhotite have been studied by means of thermodynamic analysis, TG-DTA, and the reactor experiments. The results obtained in these experiments are as follows. 1. According to thermogravimetric analysis, the oxidation of 150/200 mesh pyrrhotite began at about 400℃ and the rate of oxidation increased above 540℃. 2. During the roasting of pyrrhotite in air, the oxidation reaction occurs through the following steps. FeS →Fe₃O₄→Fe₂O₃ 3. The oxidation rate of pyrrhotite increased with the increasing oxygen concentration and reaction temperature. The overall oxidation rate of pyrrhotite was predominantly controlled by the diffusion of oxygen, and the apparent activation energy of the process was evaluated as 27㎉/mole