진한 시기 도필리의 부정적 이미지 형성에 대한 연구

천쿤 ( Chen¸ Kun ) 중국사학회 2021 中國史硏究 Vol.- No.131

刀筆吏는 진한시기 관료체계의 근간을 구성하지만, 전통적인 역사 서술에서 비판자들은 "用法刻深"(법을 각박하고 엄혹하게 적용), "不知大體"(대체, 즉 큰 뜻이나 방향을 알지 못함)라는 낙인을 붙이며 도필리들의 정무 능력과 문법 지식을 비난했다. 비판자들은 크게 황로 도가와 유가 두 파로 분류할 수 있다. 그러나 전해 내려온 문헌과 출토된 서간을 찾아보면 이러한 낙인은 전체 도필리 집단에 일괄 적용되는 것이 아니었다. 비판자와 도필리 사이의 정치적 주장, 직업윤리, 법 집행 이념 등에서의 차이는 비판자들이 주장한 것처럼 현격하지 않았고, 오히려 서로 유사하여 통하는 수준이었다. ‘편협하다’는 비판은 비판자들이 도필리를 비난한 이유의 일부일 뿐이었다. 관료 체계에서 도필리는 본래 그 규모가 방대하고, 요직을 차지하였으며, 또한 學吏제도가 도필리의 공로에 따른 승진과 경력에 대한 신뢰를 제도적으로 보장하였다. 여타 사회집단과 비교하여 도필리의 순탄한 승진 가도는 도필리 관료 체계의 배타성과 폐쇄성 특성을 나타내었다. 그 결과, 도필리는 비판의 대상이 되었고, 도필리에 대한 비판자들의 비방은 생존과 발전을 건 싸움이라 할 수 있겠다. The Daobi officers (petty level of drafting litigation documents) consist the core of the bureaucracy in Qin and Han dynasties (221 B.C. to 220 A.D.), however, in the traditional historical narrative, critics had regarded “harsh” and “without overall vision” as the professional labels of the Daobi officers, and blamed their political competence and grammatical knowledge on which their lives depended. The identity of the critics can be divided into two schools of thought: Huang-Lao Taoism and Confucianism. However, a research of handed-down documents and bamboo and wooden slips reveals that these labels shall not apply to the entire group of the Daobi officers. The differences in political advocacy, professional ethics and law enforcement philosophy between the critics and the Daobi offices are not as exaggerated as the former's propaganda, but rather there are similarities and commonalities. The so-called “parochial prejudice” is only part of the reason why critics blamed the Daobi officers. In the bureaucratic system, the Daobi officers already had a huge body and occupied important positions, meanwhile, the system for educating officials, transferred the position and advanced on the basis of contribution and many other promotion institutions guaranteed that their official career seem promising. Whereas, such a bureaucrat system is exclusive and closed for other social groups, as a result, the Daobi officers became target of public criticism. Therefore, the critic's defamation of the Daobi officers is essentially a struggle for survival and development.

CircFam190a: a critical positive regulator of osteoclast differentiation via enhancement of the AKT1/HSP90β complex

Chen Kun,Chen Xi,Lang Chuandong,Yuan Xingshi,Huang Junming,Li Zhi,Xu Mingyou,Wu Kerong,Zhou Chenhe,Li Qidong,Zhu Chen,Liu Lianxin,Shang Xifu 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

The identification of key regulatory factors that control osteoclastogenesis is important. Accumulating evidence indicates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are discrete functional entities. However, the complexities of circRNA expression as well as the extent of their regulatory functions during osteoclastogenesis have yet to be revealed. Here, based on circular RNA sequencing data, we identified a circular RNA, circFam190a, as a critical regulator of osteoclast differentiation and function. During osteoclastogenesis, circFam190a is significantly upregulated. In vitro, circFam190a enhanced osteoclast formation and function. In vivo, overexpression of circFam190a induced significant bone loss, while knockdown of circFam190a prevented pathological bone loss in an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse osteoporosis model. Mechanistically, our data suggest that circFam90a enhances the binding of AKT1 and HSP90β, promoting AKT1 stability. Altogether, our findings highlight the critical role of circFam190a as a positive regulator of osteoclastogenesis, and targeting circFam190a might be a promising therapeutic strategy for treating pathological bone loss.

Optimization of the Growth Rate of Probiotics in Fermented Milk Using Genetic Algorithms and Sequential Quadratic Programming Techniques

Chen, Ming-Ju,Chen, Kun-Nan,Lin, Chin-Wen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.6

Prebiotics (peptides, N-acetyglucoamine, fructo-oligosaccharides, isomalto-oligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides) were added to skim milk in order to improve the growth rate of contained Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum. The purpose of this research was to study the potential synergy between probiotics and prebiotics when present in milk, and to apply modern optimization techniques to obtain optimal design and performance for the growth rate of the probiotics using a response surface-modeling technique. To carry out response surface modeling, the regression method was performed on experimental results to build mathematical models. The models were then formulated as an objective function in an optimization problem that was consequently optimized using a genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming approach to obtain the maximum growth rate of the probiotics. The results showed that the quadratic models appeared to have the most accurate response surface fit. Both SQP and GA were able to identify the optimal combination of prebiotics to stimulate the growth of probiotics in milk. Comparing both methods, SQP appeared to be more efficient than GA at such a task.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Cavity Oscillation in a Diffuser with Swirling Flow

Chen, Chang-Kun,Nicolet, Christophe,Yonezawa, Koichi,Farhat, Mohamed,Avellan, Francois,Miyazawa, Kazuyoshi,Tsujimoto, Yoshinobu Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2010 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.3 No.1

The cavity oscillation with swirling flow in hydraulic power generating systems was studied by a simple experiment and numerical simulation. Several types of fluctuation were observed in the experiment, including the cavitation surge caused by the diffuser effect and the vortex precession by the swirling flow. Both cavitation surge and vortex precession were simulated by CFD. Detailed flow structure was examined through flow visualization and CFD.

Research on the relation the characteristics of the faculty and the commitment to continuous improvement of motivations and student study processes

Kun-Dang Chen,Ping-Kuo Chen 서울대학교 교육연구소 2017 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.18 No.4

This study focused on China’s higher education system and explored if personality traits were a mediator of the relationship between motivational mechanisms and continuous improvement, and further explored if leadership change was a moderator of the relationship between personality traits and continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes. In this paper, partial least squares (PLS) was the primary methodology used to test mediation and moderation. This study analysed 350 samples even though a large sample may cause an evaluative error in the mediation effect when using PLS. For this reason, we further adopted the Sobel test to verify this effect. According to the test results, in addition to motivational mechanisms having a positive effect on continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes, personality traits are a mediator that influences the effect of motivational mechanisms on the continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes. Furthermore, we proved that leadership change is a moderator between personality traits and continuous improvement of the motivations and student study processes. In addition, we discussed the relationship between mediation and moderation effects of different personality traits and leadership change.

Hydration properties of acid modified dehydrated cement powder

Chen, Yu-Kun(진옥곤),Piao, Tai-Yan(박태염),Suh, Heong-won(서형원),Sim, Sung-won(심성원),Bae, Sung-Chul (배성철) 대한건축학회 2023 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.43 No.2

The Effectiveness of Postoperative Chemotherapy on pT1bN0 and pT2N0 Gastric Cancer Patients with Risk Factors: An International Dual-Center Analysis

Kun Yang,Mo-Xi Chen,최윤영,Zong-Guang Zhou,형우진,노성훈,Jian-Kun Hu 연세대학교의과대학 2021 Yonsei medical journal Vol.62 No.2

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of postoperative chemotherapy in pT1bN0 and pT2N0 gastric cancerpatients with high risk factors. Materials and Methods: Clinicopathological data of gastric cancer patients, who had undergone gastrectomy in high volumecenters in Korea and China and were finally diagnosed with pT1bN0 and pT2N0 between 2006 and 2010, were analyzed retrospectively. Survival analyses stratified by risk factors and multivariable analyses were performed. Results: A total of 1509 patients were enrolled, with 41 (2.7%) patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy after gastrectomy and1468 (97.3%) patients undergoing surgery alone. The adjuvant chemotherapy group showed higher percentages of tumor withmaximal diameter >3 cm (51.2% vs. 25.8%), poor differentiation (68.3% vs. 49.8%), and less harvested lymph nodes (17.1% vs. 5.2%) compared to the surgery alone group. The overall survival rates were 95.1% in the adjuvant chemotherapy group and 93.3%in the surgery alone group, without significant difference. In multivariable analysis, age was found to be an independent prognosticfactor. However, there were no difference in the overall survival between patients with risk factors and those without risk factors,even in terms of age. Meanwhile, patients with more than two risk factors who received chemotherapy showed better survivaltrend, especially for pT2N0 patients, compared to the surgery alone group, although no significant differences were observed. Conclusion: In pT1bN0 and pT2N0 patients, age was found to be an independent prognostic factor. However, adjuvant chemotherapyseemed to be unnecessary, while postoperative chemotherapy might offer survival benefits to pT2N0 patients with morethan two risk factors.

Development and Verification of an Optimum Composition Model for a Synbiotic Fermented Milk Using Sequential Quadratic Programming Techniques

Chen, Ming-Ju,Chen, Kun-Nan,Lin, Chin-Wen Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.10

The purpose of this research was to develop an optimum composition model for a new synbiotic fermented dairy product with high probiotic cell counts, and to experimentally verify this model. The optimum composition model indicated the growth promoter ratio that could provide the highest growth rate for probiotics in this fermented product. Different levels of growth promoters were first blended with milk to improve the growth rates of probiotics, and the optimum composition model was determined. The probiotic viabilities and chemical properties were analyzed for the samples made using the optimal formula. The optimal combination of the growth promoters for the synbiotic fermented milk product was 1.12% peptides, 3% fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and 1.87% isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO). A product manufactured according to the formula of the optimum model was analyzed, showing that the model was effective in improving the viability of both Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp.

Robust Optimal Adaptive Sliding Mode Control with the Disturbance Observer for a Manipulator Robot System

Kun-Yung Chen 제어·로봇·시스템학회 2018 International Journal of Control, Automation, and Vol.16 No.4

In this paper, a robust optimal adaptive sliding mode control (OASMC) by using disturbance observer (DOB) is successfully proposed and applied in the manipulator robot system. The control gains are on-line adjusted by the DOB to compensate the unknown time-varying disturbances to optimize and stabilize the control system. The optimal control and sliding mode control are integrated based on the Lyapunov stability theory to obtain the optimal sliding mode control (OSMC). Then, the adaptation control gains are on-line adjusted by the DOB to compensate the unknown time-varying disturbances for the control system. The manipulator robot system is given as the control example to demonstrate the proposed OASMC. From the simulation results, the proposed OASMC successfully demonstrates the optimal, adaptive and robust control performances for the manipulator robot system. The novelty of this paper is that the DOB can correctly estimate the unknown time-varying disturbances to on-line adjust the control gain of OASMC to stabilize the manipulator robot system. The proposed OASMC simultaneously has optimal, adaptive and robust control characteristics.

Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus Infections in Women Attending Hospitals in Chaozhou of Guangdong Province

Chen, Qiang,Luo, Zhao-Yun,Lin, Min,Lin, Qi-Li,Chen, Chan-Yu,Yang, Chun,Xie, Long-Xu,Li, Hui,Zheng, Jia-Kun,Yang, Li-Ye,Ju, Gui-Zhi Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2012 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.13 No.4

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer. Limited epidemiologic data of HPV prevalence are available for women attending hospitals in southern China. This study aimed to evaluate the profiles of HPV infection and cytology status in gynecological outpatients in Chaozhou City. Methods: A total of 2833 eligible women were enrolled. The HPV GenoArray test was used for HPV detection and genotyping. Nearly one half of the HPV positive women received liquid-based cytology test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the predictable effects of age and genotype for categories of abnormal cytology. Results: The prevalence of overall, high-risk, and low-risk HPV infection were 24.5%, 19.5% and 8.4%, respectively. A U-shaped age-specific prevalence curve was observed in overall HPV and high-risk HPV, but not in low-risk HPV, which declined with age increasing. The 6 most common high-risk HPV type in descending order, were types 52, 16, 58, 18, 68, and 33. Age and HPV genotype were both important determinants of abnormal cytology incidence, the older women (>45 years) and those infected with HPV type 16 and/or 18 having the highest risk for abnormal cytology. Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that second-generation HPV prophylactic vaccines including HPV-52 and -58 may offer higher protection for women residing in Chaozhou and neighboring cities in Guangdong.