http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
( Kerstin Dolch ),( Jessica Wuske ),( Johannes Gescher ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2016 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.26 No.3
The most energy-demanding step of wastewater treatment is the aeration-dependent elimination of organic carbon. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) offer an alternative strategy in which carbon elimination is conducted by anaerobic microorganisms that transport respiratory electrons originating from carbon oxidation to an anode. Hence, chemical energy is directly transformed into electrical energy. In this study, the use and stability of barcodecontaining exoelectrogenic model biofilms under non-axenic wastewater treatment conditions are described. Genomic barcodes were integrated in Shewanella oneidensis, Geobacter sulfurreducens, and G. metallireducens. These barcodes are unique for each strain and allow distinction between those cells and naturally occurring wild types as well as quantification of the amount of cells in a biofilm via multiplex qPCR. MFCs were pre-incubated with these three strains, and after 6 days the anodes were transferred into MFCs containing synthetic wastewater with 1% wastewater sludge. Over time, the system stabilized and the coulomb efficiency was constant. Overall, the initial synthetic biofilm community represented half of the anodic population at the end of the experimental timeline. The part of the community that contained a barcode was dominated by G. sulfurreducens cells (61.5%), while S. oneidensis and G. metallireducens cells comprised 10.5% and 17.9%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the stability of a synthetic exoelectrogenic consortium under non-axenic conditions. The observed stability offers new possibilities for the application of synthetic biofilms and synthetically engineered organisms fed with non-sterile waste streams.
Consequences of Obesity on the Sense of Taste: Taste Buds as Treatment Targets?
Kerstin Rohde,Imke Schamarek,Matthias Blüher 대한당뇨병학회 2020 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.44 No.4
Premature obesity-related mortality is caused by cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, physical disabilities, osteoarthritis, and certain types of cancer. Obesity is caused by a positive energy balance due to hyper-caloric nutrition, low physical activity, and energy expenditure. Overeating is partially driven by impaired homeostatic feedback of the peripheral energy status in obesity. However, food with its different qualities is a key driver for the reward driven hedonic feeding with tremendous consequences on calorie consumption. In addition to visual and olfactory cues, taste buds of the oral cavity process the earliest signals which affect the regulation of food intake, appetite and satiety. Therefore, taste buds may play a crucial role how food related signals are transmitted to the brain, particularly in priming the body for digestion during the cephalic phase. Indeed, obesity development is associated with a significant reduction in taste buds. Impaired taste bud sensitivity may play a causal role in the pathophysiology of obesity in children and adolescents. In addition, genetic variation in taste receptors has been linked to body weight regulation. This review discusses the importance of taste buds as contributing factors in the development of obesity and how obesity may affect the sense of taste, alterations in food preferences and eating behavior.
La traduction du discours indirect libre
( Kerstin Jonasson ) 한국통역번역학회 2004 FORUM Vol.2 No.2
The French language disposes of subtle means of indicating free indirect discourse or style, such as the variation between passe simple and imparfait, the indefinite pronoun on and the demonstrative determiner ce. The dual voice they give rise to in virtue of their double anchoring in the speech situation and the narration is a challenge in translation into a language lacking these means. Even if Swedish has formal correspondants to on and ce, these are not used in the same way in narrative texts. Two Swedish translations of Guy de Maupassant`s Une vie reveal, in spite of their differences, that other markers, such as the combination of the preterit tense with the deictic adverb nu (``now``), familiar and evaluative expressions, and adverbs of modality, are chosen to mark free indirect discourse and indicate the subjective point of view of represented thought.
Wiss, Kerstin T.,Theato, Patrick Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2010 Journal of polymer science Part A, Polymer chemist Vol.48 No.21
<P>The synthesis of block copolymers via polymer conjugation of well-defined building blocks offers excellent control over the structures obtained, but often several coupling strategies need to be explored to find an efficient one depending on the building blocks. To facilitate the synthesis of polymers with adjustable functional end-groups for polymer conjugation, we report on the combination of activated ester chemistry with RAFT polymerization using a chain transfer agent (CTA) with a pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP-CTA), which allows for flexible functionalization of either the CTA prior to polymerization or the obtained polymer after polymerization. Different polymethacrylates, namely PMMA, P(t-BuMA) and PDEGMEMA, were synthesized with an alkyne-CTA obtained from the aminolysis of the PFP-CTA with propargylamine, and the successful incorporation of the alkyne moiety could be shown via <SUP>1</SUP>H and <SUP>13</SUP>C NMR spectroscopy and MALDI TOF MS. Further, the reactive α-end-groups of polymers synthesized using the unmodified PFP-CTA could be converted into azide and alkyne end-groups after polymerization, and the high functionalization efficiencies could be demonstrated via successful coupling of the resulting polymers via CuAAC. Thus, the PFP-CTA allows for high combinatory flexibility in polymer synthesis facilitating polymer conjugation as useful method for the synthesis of block copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010</P> <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>This article demonstrates how a chain transfer agent (CTA) with an activated ester group enables the synthesis of well-defined polymers with diverse functional α-end-groups via two easy but very efficient methods, one being the synthesis of functional CTAs and the other being the conversion of the activated ester end-group after polymerization. High functionalization efficiencies could be obtained in the conversion of the activated ester into alkyne and azide groups, and the resulting polymers could be conjugated to each other successfully via CuAAC. Thus, this CTA allows for high combinatory flexibility in polymer synthesis via RAFT polymerization facilitating polymer conjugation. <img src='wiley_img_2010/0887624X-2010-48-21-POLA24267-gra001.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/0887624X-2010-48-21-POLA24267-gra001'> </P>