포렌식 마킹을 위한 특징점 기반의 동적 멀티미디어 핑거프린팅 코드 설계

이강현(Kang Hyeon RHEE) 大韓電子工學會 2011 電子工學會論文誌-CI (Computer and Information) Vol.48 No.4

본 논문에서는 멀티미디어 콘텐츠 보호에 대한 반공모 코드를 위한 동적 멀티미디어 핑거프린팅 코드를 설계하는 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기존의 반공모 코드(ACC: Anti-Collusion Code)를 위한 멀티미디어 핑거프린팅 코드는 BIBD(Balanced Incomplete Block Design)의 접속행렬을 보수행렬로 변환하여 k를 k+1로 증대시키는 수리적 방법으로 설계되었다. 그리고 보수행렬의 코드벡터를 사용자에게 핑거프린팅 코드로 부여하고, 콘텐츠에 삽입하였다. 제안된 알고리즘에서는 사용자가 구매하는 콘텐츠로부터 특징점을 추출하고, 이를 기반으로 동적으로 핑거프린팅 코드를 설계할 수 있도록 BIBD의 v와 k+1 조건을 만족하는 반공모 코드의 후보성 코드를 코드북(Codebook)에 구축하고 λ+1 조건을 만족하는 행렬(이하, Rhee행렬이라 함.)을 생성한다. 실험을 통하여 콘텐츠의 특징점 기반으로 생성된 Rhee행렬의 코드벡터는 v비트의 유의수준 (1-α)에서 신뢰구간에 k가 존재하며, Rhee행렬의 각 행과 행, 열과 열 사이의 유클리디안 거리가 BIBD 기반의 보수행렬과 그래프 기반의 보수행렬과 같은 k값이 산출되었다. 더욱이 Rhee행렬의 첫 행과 첫 열은 생성과정에서 초기 점화벡터로 콘텐츠 포렌식 마크 정보가 되며, 이와 관계가 있는 나머지 코드벡터들과의 관계성이 코드북에 기록되어 있기 때문에, 공모된 코드를 추적할 때 원 핑거프린팅 코드의 상관관계 계수를 구할 필요 없이 코드북의 탐색으로 공모자를 추적이 용이하다. 따라서 본 논문에서 생성된 Rhee행렬은 수리적으로 생성된 BIBD 기반의 행렬보다 ACC로서 강인성과 충실도가 우수하다. In this paper, it was presented a design on the dynamic multimedia fingerprinting code for anti-collusion code(ACC) in the protection of multimedia content. Multimedia fingerprinting code for the conventional ACC, is designed with a mathematical method to increase k to k+1 by transform from BIBD's an incidence matrix to a complement matrix. A codevector of the complement matrix is allowanced fingerprinting code to a user' authority and embedded into a content. In the proposed algorithm, the feature points were drawing from a content which user bought, with based on these to design the dynamical multimedia fingerprinting code. The candidate codes of ACC which satisfied BIBD's v and k+1 condition is registered in the codebook, and then a matrix is generated(Below that it calls “Rhee matrix”) with λ+1 condition. In the experimental results, the codevector of Rhee matrix based on a feature point of the content is generated to exist k in the confidence interval at the significance level (1-α). Euclidean distances between row and row and column and column each other of Rhee matrix is working out same k value as like the compliment matrices based on BIBD and Graph. Moreover, first row and column of Rhee matrix are an initial firing vector and to be a forensic mark of content protection. Because of the connection of the rest codevectors is reported in the codebook, when trace a colluded code, it isn't necessity to solve a correlation coefficient between original fingerprinting code and the colluded code but only search the codebook then a trace of the colluder is easy. Thus, the generated Rhee matrix in this paper has an excellent robustness and fidelity more than the mathematically generated matrix based on BIBD as ACC.

Fourier 변환 변이계수를 이용한 미디언 필터링 영상의 포렌식 판정

이강현(Kang Hyeon RHEE) 대한전자공학회 2015 전자공학회논문지 Vol.52 No.8

디지털 영상의 배포에서, 위·변조자에 의해 영상이 변조되는 심각한 문제가 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 본 논문에서는 영상의 Fourier 변환 변이계수를 이용한 미디언 필터링 (Median Filtering: MF) 영상의 포렌식 판정 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘에서, 영상의 각 수평, 수직라인의 Fourier 변환 (Fourier Transform: FT)을 하고, 이웃 라인과의 변이계수를 기반으로 하여 MF 검출 (Median Filtering Detection: MFD)을 위한 10 Dim. 특징벡터를 정의한다. 이는 MF 검출기의 SVM (Support Vector Machine) 학습에 사용된다. 제안된 미디언 필터링 검출 스킴은 동일 10 Dim. 특징벡터의 MFR (Median Filter Residual)과 Rhee의 MF 검출 스킴과 비교하여 원영상, JPEG (QF=90), Down 스케일링 (0.9) 그리고 Up 스케일링 (1.1) 영상에서는 성능이 우수하며, Gaussian 필터링 (3×3) 영상에서는 성능이 일부 높았다. 제안된 알고리즘은 성능평가 전체항목에서 민감도 (Sensitivity; TP: True Positive rate)와 1-특이도 (1-Specificity; FP: False Positive rate)에 의한 AUC (Area Under ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curve)가 모두 1에 수렴하여 ‘Excellent (A)’ 등급임을 확인하였다. In a distribution of digital image, there is a serious problem that is the image alteration by a forger. For the problem solution, this paper proposes the forensic decision algorithm of a median filtering (MF) image using the feature vector based on a coefficient of variation (c.v.) of Fourier transform. In the proposed algorithm, we compute Fourier transform (FT) coefficients of row and column line respectively of an image first, then c.v. between neighboring lines is computed. Subsquently, 10 Dim. feature vector is defined for the MF detection. On the experiment of MF detection, the proposed scheme is compared to MFR (Median Filter Residual) and Rhee"s MF detection schemes that have the same 10 Dim. feature vector both. As a result, the performance is excellent at Unaltered, JPEG (QF=90), Down scaling (0.9) and Up scaling (1.1) images, and it showed good performance at Gaussian filtering (3×3) image. However, in the performance evaluation of all measured items of the proposed scheme, AUC (Area Under ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) Curve) by the sensitivity and 1-specificity approached to 1 thus, it is confirmed that the grade of the performance evaluation is rated as "Excellent (A)".

상대적 박탈감이 지역사회 및 스포츠팀 정체성에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이용재 ( Yong Chae Rhee ),강준호 ( Joon Ho Kang ) 한국스포츠산업경영학회 2009 한국스포츠산업경영학회지 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 지역사회 정체성과 팀정체성의 선행요인을 규명하는 것이다. 구체적으로, 지역사회 정체성과 팀정체성 그리고 상대적 박탈감의 관계를 중심으로 상대적 박탈감을 지역사회 정체성과 팀정체성의 선행요인으로 규명하는 것에 있다. 지역사회 정체성과 상대적 박탈감의 관계를 통해 새로운 시각으로 프로스포츠의 기본적인 단위인 지역연고를 이해하고, 상대적 박탈감과 팀정체성의 관계를 규명함으로써 팀정체성의 본질에 대한 새로운 시각을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 강원도에 위치한 H 대학교에서 교양체육을 수강하고 있는 대학생 70명과 전라도에 위치한 S대학과 H대학의 학생 80명을 대상으로 연구를 실시했다. 본 연구의 가설을 규명하기 위해 연구대상으로 하여금 상대적 박탈감을 인위적으로 유발하는 점화(priming)기법을 사용하여 상대적 박탈감에 의해 팀정체성이 어떻게 영향을 받는 가를 알아보기 위해 2 Way-repeated ANOVA를 이용한 실험연구를 실시했다. 연구결과에 의하면, 상대적 박탈감과 팀정체성간에는 인과관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 상대적 박탈감과 지역사회 정체성간에도 인과관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 상대적 박탈감이 유발된 집단에서 지역정체성이 향상된 것을 볼 수 있는데, 이는 상대적 박탈감과 지역사회 정체성의 인과관계를 증명한 기존의 연구결과와 일맥상통하는 결과라 할 수 있다(박군석, 2003; 한민, 2003; Elermers & Bos, 1998; Kawakami & Dion, 1993). 개인이 상대적 박탈감을 경험할 경우 개인은 내집단애호성향(in-group favoritism)을 보이게 되는데. 본 연구에서는 지역사회정체성의 증가로 나타났다고 보여진다. 또한 상대적 박탈감이 유발된 집단에서 팀정체성이 강화되는 결과도 나타났는데 이는 지역을 대표하는 스포츠팀을 내집단으로 인지하고 내집단애호성향이 발현된 것이라 볼 수 있다. 향후, 프로스포츠구단은 상대적 박탈감과 지역정체성을 고려하여 팀 정체성 강화전략을 수립할 필요가 있다. The purpose of this study is to examine relative deprivation as the antecedents of team identification and regional identification. An experimental study was performed to examine the causal effects. A total of 150 college students from Jeon-ra and Kang-won provinces in Korea were recruited to participate in the experiments. Experimental instruments including news clips and short movie were designed to provoke relative deprivation. Using the priming technique the participants’ sense of relative deprivation was provoked and participants’ changes in team identification and regional identification were monitored. The results indicated that relative deprivation had casual effects on regional identification and team identification. The group with the provoked relative deprivation showed enhanced regional identity. This concurs with the studies that showed a causal relationship between relative deprivation and social identification (Kawakami & Dion, 1993; Elermers & Bos, 1998; Park, 2003; Han, 2003). The results suggest that when people experience the relative deprivation people tend to show an in-group favoritism. In this case the elevation of the regional identification is an evidence of such action. Also the group with the provoked relative deprivation showed enhanced team identification. This clearly shows that the sport team representing the cities were viewed as an in-group and people showed in-group favoritism toward the sport team. Theoretical and managerial implications are provided.

Hegel에 있어서 자기의식의 전개

李康助 慶北大學校 人文大學 1983 인문학총 Vol.8 No.-

우리나라 物理治療士의 養成實態에 關한 硏究

李江月,李載學 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1972 保健科學論集 Vol.3 No.1

Surveys were conducted on the current status of 250 physical therapist licensed through eight occasions of state examinations from 1965 to 1972 and currently registered throughout the country. As the results of study and analysis of their personnel status, physiotherapentical facilities, training and educational curricula at the medical institutions throughout the country, the following conclusion has been reached: 1. A total of 104 physical therapist are employed at various therapeutical institutions throughout the Country. They constitute 41. 0 per cent of a total of 250 licensed-registered physical the rapist in the country. 2. Out of the 104 employed physical therapist, 65.4 per cent or 68 physical therapist are employed in Seoul, there by showing a pattern of concentration in urban areas. Neither in Chung- Buk province nor in Cheju province were activities of license-registered physical therapist reported. 3. The number of physical therapist in the nation has increased by an annual average of 18.0 per cent or by 25 to 30 persons. 4. The ratio of the number of physical therapist to that of physicians was 1 to 74. 5. There are 58 institutions in the nation that train physical therapists. The graduates of Korea University's Junior College of Medical Technology numbered 189, occupying 75.6 percent of the total number of physical therapists in the nation. 6. The group of physical therapist with the longest experience, (11 to 15 years) constituted 16.0 per cent of the total number of physical therapists, and those with the shortest experience (three years or less) constituted 47.0 per cent. 7. The top group of hospitals with physical therapy department facilities treated 120 to 150 patients each a day while the lowest group treated 10 to 20 patients. 8. In Korea, the ratio of classes and practical studies in the curricula of the physical therapy department was 86 to 14. Practical studies were inadequate as compared with the corresponding ratio of 46 to 54 for the Worl'd Confederation of physical therapy. 9. The total number of study hours was broken down into 26.2 per cent for basic and lehavioral science subjects, 40.4 per cent for secondary major subjects, 19.2 per cent for major subjects, and 14.2 per cent for clinical practice studies. 10. Due to the vacancies of administrative personnel in the physical therapy department, students were not adequately instructed on clinical practices. This problem required the earliest possible corrective measures.

AALG의 檢査패턴 減小를 위한 硏究

李康鉉 조선대학교 동력자원연구소 1990 動力資源硏究所誌 Vol.12 No.1

This paper proposes the reduction for the test patterns of AAL(Subscripted D -Algorithm) in a combinationl logic circuit with non- feed back. The propese algorithm os called MSSA(Multiple path & Sinfle path Sensitization Algorithm) that defined the multiple path segments and the single path segments. As a results, the MSSA generates the minimal length test patterns and recuces the test patterns less than AALG.

우리나라 物理治療士의 需給에 關한 硏究

李江月 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 1971 保健科學論集 Vol.2 No.1

This study was conducted to obtain basic data to analyze and estimate the supply and demand of physical therapist for the purpose of surveying their training status in Korea and formulating a reasonable plan concerning their supply and demand. As a result, the following conclusion has been reached: 1. As of 1971 the number of physical therapist was 185 short of demand. Their average annual increase of 30 persons is below the increase in demand. 2. Their supply and demand were estimated on the basis of statistical estimates of Orthopedists and physical therapist in Japan and the U.S.A. for 1976. On the basis of 521 Orthopedist in Korea, the number of necessary physical therapist for 1976 was estimated at 521, and their available supply at 520 for the same year. 3. Through the studies of the training courses and qualification requirements of physical therapist in Korea, the U.S.A. and Japan it has been discovered that physical therapist with qualifications comparable to those of regular college graduates can be supplied through qualitative control. 4. Orthopedist constituted 67.5 per cent or the greatest proportion of the total number or patients referred for physical therapy treatments. 5. At present, the curricula practiced in this country is broken down into 85 per cent for classes and 15 per cent for practical training, this is one of the problems which require rectification. 6. It is recommanded that the curricula of the U.S.A. and the World Confederation of Physical Therapist be studied so as to extend the curricula to a comparable length of period through an amendment to the Medical Assistant Law and set up an adequate physical therapist system.

전리방사선이 Salmonella 균체 성분에 미치는 영향

이강순,박노춘 순천향대학교 1991 논문집 Vol.14 No.2

IN order to investigate the effect of gamma radiation on Salmonella typhi, Ty2, the components of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates and lipids in irradiated cells were compared with those in unirradiated control cells respectively. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The inactivation curves of Salmonella typhi with Co? r-ray irradiation were exponential over a wide range to the irradiated doses, 2. Dose for the inactivation factor of 10? was 94.0 Krad in physiological saline or in phosphate buffered saline, 104.2 Krad in nutrient broth, 220.4 Krad in frozen state, 552.0 Krad in dried state, 88.3 Krad in the abundance of oxygen and 188.0 Krad in the deficience of oxygen, respectively. 3. Five consecutive irradiation of Salmonella typhi suspension at the does of 90 Krad gave no additional increase in resistance. 4. Even at the smallest does of 500 Krad, compositions of amono acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids were more or less decreased and the distinct banding patterns were also lost decreased and the distinct banding patterns were also lost possibly due to degradation of the protein molecules.

L-세포에 감염시킨 Rickettsia typhi의 전자현미경적 관찰

이강순,이신제,김덕래 순천향대학교 1994 논문집 Vol.17 No.4

This experiment was performed to study the replication and morphogenesis of R. typhi in L-929 cell. The infected L-929 cell were observed at time intervals with indirect immunofluorescent technique and transmission electron microscopy. The following results are obtained. 1. R. typhi in cytoplasm of L-929 cell was observed at 48 hours postinfection with indirect immunofluorescent technique and transmission electron microscopy. 2. R. typhi replicates by binary fission in host cytoplasm and is released from host cell by disruption of host cell membrane from cellular injury. 3. The replication of R. typhi in L-929 cell is maximum at 4 days after infection. 4. R. typhi degenerates in poor environment ; vacuolation, plasmolysis, uneven distribution of electron dense intracellular particles.

國語의 複合語 및 漢字語 內部에서 일어나는 硬音化 現象

李康勳 서울여자대학교 1976 서울여자대학논문집 Vol.- No.5

국어에서 연성 장애음이 불개방 폐쇄음 뒤에서 경음화되는 것은 당연한 현상으로 받아들여진다. 이 현상의 이해는 어렵지 않다. 앞에 있는 불개방 폐쇄음의 조음시 구강 내의 압력은 이미 상당히 증대되는데, 이어서 완전한 폐쇄나 상당한 협착이 이루어지는 장애음이 뒤따르는 경우에는 구강 내의 증대된 공기의 압력은 계속 증대되거나, 또는 압력이 감소된다 하더라도 낭음의 경우에서처럼 급격한 하락이 없어서 구강 내에는 상당한 압력이 남게 된다. 압력이 남아 있게 되면 조음기관이 긴장된 상태로 남아 있게 되는데 이 긴장성을 띤 채로 그 장애음을 개방하면 [+tense]의 자질을 띤 경음이 나오게 된다.