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Kang, Kai,Kang, Phil Hyun,Nho, Young Chang Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2006 Journal of applied polymer science Vol.99 No.4
<P>Radiation-induced simultaneous grafting of styrene onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films and the subsequent sulfonation in the chlorosulfonic acid/dichloroethane were investigated. The effects of the main radiation grafting conditions, such as the type of solvents, irradiation dose, dose rate, the styrene concentrations, etc., on the degree of grafting (DOG) were studied. To elucidate the influence of both the grafting and sulfonation conditions on the properties of the PTFE-g-polystyrene-sulfonic acid (PSSA) membranes, the sulfonation conditions, including the sulfonation temperature and the concentration of the ClSO<SUB>3</SUB>H with respect to the DOG, were systematically evaluated. The grafted and sulfonated membranes were characterized by FTIR–ATR spectra, ion-exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake, thickness measurement, etc. The as-prepared PTFE-g-PSSA membranes in this work showed a good combination of a high IEC (0.85–2.75 meq g<SUP>−1</SUP>), acceptable water uptake (8.86–56.9 wt %), low thickness, and volume expansion and/or contraction. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1415–1428, 2006</P>
Hole transport in sensitized CdS–NiO nanoparticle photocathodes
Kang, Soon Hyung,Zhu, Kai,Neale, Nathan R.,Frank, Arthur J. Royal Society of Chemistry 2011 Chemical communications Vol.47 No.37
<P>A general chemical approach was used to synthesise NiO–CdS core–shell nanoparticle films as photocathodes for p-type semiconductor-sensitized solar cells. Compared to dye-sensitized NiO photocathodes, the CdS-sensitized NiO cathodes exhibited two orders of magnitude faster hole transport (attributable to the passivation of surface traps by the CdS) and almost 100% charge-collection efficiencies.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>NiO–CdS core–shell nanocrystalline photocathodes display almost 100% charge-collection efficiencies and two orders of magnitude faster hole transport than the dye-sensitized NiO photocathodes. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c1cc13932k'> </P>
Sequence of Tense in English and Chinese
Kai Yang,Seung-Man Kang 한국중원언어학회 2020 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.55
This paper delves into the so-called sequence of tense (SOT) phenomena in English and Chinese, in which the reading of the past tense of the embedded clause matches with that of the matrix clause to be simultaneous or past-shifted with the time referred to by the tense in the matrix clause. Our research leads us to conclude this paper as follows. First, Chinese is also an SOT language in that the embedded clause has either a simultaneous or a past-shifted reading if the matrix predicate is an intensional verb in the past tense and the embedded predicate is a stative verb in the past tense as well. Second, both simultaneous and past-shifted readings in Chinese, unlike in English, can be conveyed even when the matrix and the embedded clause are morphologically in the present tense due to the existence of a sentential aspectual marker le. Finally, some ‘episodic verbs’ such as huaiyun ‘pregnant’ and shengbing ‘sick’ in the embedded clause in Chinese, construed as ‘stative predicates’ in English, should be classified as ‘eventive verbs’ in Chinese to yield a past-shifted interpretation.
A new thinning-based INAR(1) process for underdispersed or overdispersed counts
Kang Yao,Wang Dehui,Yang Kai,Zhang Yulin 한국통계학회 2020 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.49 No.2
Underdispersed and overdispersed phenomena are often observed in practice. To deal with these phenomena, we introduce a new thinning-based integer-valued autoregressive process. Some probabilistic and statistical properties of the process are obtained. The asymptotic normality of the estimators of the model parameters, using conditional least squares, weighted conditional least squares and modified quasi-likelihood methods, are presented. One overdispersed real-data example and one underdispersed real-data example are given to show the flexibility and superiority of the new model.
Guest Editorial Special Issue on RRCPS: Reliable and Resilient Cyber-Physical Systems
Kang, Kyungtae,Lee, Insup,Liu, Kai,Yoon, Man-Ki,Park, Kyung-Joon IEEE 2019 IEEE Internet of things journal Vol.6 No.4
<P>A cyber–physical system (CPS) consists of physical devices and operations that are closely controlled and monitored by computational processes. This concrete connection involves the real-time actuation of physical devices, real-time sensing of physical quantities, and modeling and control of the overall system. A CPS may be connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) and, if so, should be considered in that context; the IoT is essential to realize a vision of future CPSs, where numerous devices are connected over the Internet, allowing them to collect information about the real world in real time, and share it with other systems and physical devices.</P>
Kang, In-Ho,Wang, Kai,Li, Shang MIng Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2010 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.34 No.7
Modified compact combline bandpass filters are proposed based on the miniaturized quarter-wave transmission line which is composed of the parallel coupled line and lumped capacitors. The electrical length of the parallel coupled line in a resonator, which determines the size of combline bandpass filters, is just $5^{\circ}$ or $7^{\circ}$, resulting in a compact circuit area. The designed combline bandpass filter also has a wide upper stopband by suppressing the spurious passbands, not moving. Measured results of two fabricated filters centered at 400MHz show good agreement with the theoretical predications.
Shih-kang Lin,Hao-miao Chang,Cheng-liang Cho,Yu-chen Liu,Yi-kai Kuo 대한금속·재료학회 2015 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.11 No.4
Three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuits (ICs) are the most important packaging technology for next-generation semiconductors. Cu-to-Cu throughsilicon via interconnections with micro-bumps are key components in the fabrication of 3D ICs. However, significant reliability concerns have been raised due to the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds in the entire 3D IC joints. This study proposes a Ga-based Cu-to-Cu bonding technology with Pt under bump metallurgy (UBM). A systematic analysis of reactive wetting between Ga solders and polycrystalline, single-crystalline, and Ptcoated Cu substrates was conducted. Pt UBM as a wetting layer was identified to be a key component for Ga-based Cu-to-Cu bonding. Pt-coated Cu substrates were bonded using Ga solders with various Ga-to-Pt ratios (n) at 300°C. When n ≥ 4, the Cu/Pt/Ga/Pt/Cu interface evolves to Cu/facecentered cubic (fcc)/γ1-Cu9Ga4/fcc/Cu, Cu/fcc/γ1-Cu9Ga4 + Ga7Pt3/fcc/Cu, and finally Cu/fcc + Ga7Pt3/Cu structures. The desired ductile solid solution joint formed with discrete Ga7Pt3 precipitates. When n ≤ 1, a Cu/Ga7Pt3/Cu joint formed without Cu actively participating in the reactions. The reaction mechanism and microstructure evolution were elaborated with the aid of CALPHAD thermodynamic modeling.
유아기 자녀의 아버지를 위한「부모 참 역량」척도의 타당화 연구
정계숙(Kai Sook Chung),강정아(Jung A Kang),류수민(Su Min Ryu) 한국열린유아교육학회 2016 열린유아교육연구 Vol.21 No.2
유아의 인성교육과 공동체 생활의 중요성에 대한 인식이 전체 사회로 점차 확산되고 있는 즈음에, 본 연구는 유아기 자녀를 둔 아버지를 대상으로 부모 참 역량 척도를 타당화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 어머니를 위한 부모 참 역량 척도 개발 시에 사용한 부모 참 역량의 개념과 당시 추출된 43개의 부모 참 역량 하위요소를 바탕으로 문항 표현을 수정하여 시안을 구성하였으며, 284명의 아버지로부터 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0과 M-plus를 이용하여 분석하였다. 요인분석 결과, ‘사회구성원 역할과 기여 능력’, ‘자기 결정 능력’, ‘발달적 양육 능력’, ‘긍정적 양육 능력’의 4가지 하위요인이 도출되었고 구인타당도, 신뢰도 등에서 척도의 양호도가 입증되었으며, 문항반응분포와 문항변별도 측면에서 살펴본 문항 양호도가 만족할 만한 수준이었다. 연구의 제한점과 함께, 양육적, 자기체계적, 사회적 역량을 포괄하는 아버지의 부모 참 역량을 측정하고 그 특징을 파악할 수 있게 됨으로써 어머니와의 상호 보완적인 부모역할 수행과 더불어 아버지의 부모 역량 증진을 위한 교육적 방안 마련에 관한 자료를 제공할 수 있는 연구의 의의에 대해 논의하였다. This study aims to validate the ‘Authentic Parental Competence Scale’ for fathers with young children. A draft for the scale was composed of 43 competence elements as a diagnostic index of authentic parental competence, originated from the Authentic Parental Competence Scale for mothers with young children. The subjects were 284 fathers with young children attending day care centers and kindergartens. The data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 and M-plus programs. The results are as follows: First, four factors were extracted from factor analysis: ability to play a role as a citizen and social contribution, ability of self-determination, ability of developmental parenting, and positive parenting. Second, the Authentic Parental Competence Scale for fathers with young children showed the appropriate level of construct validity, reliability of the scales, distribution of item response, and item discrimination. The limits and implications of the study were discussed in terms of improving the scale and developing a father education program for fathers’ parental competence and complementary parenting role.