미발과 그 공부에 관한 정조와 정약용의 문답 연구 - 호락논쟁과 관련하여 -

이종우 ( Yi Jong-woo ) 사단법인 퇴계학부산연구원 2023 퇴계학논총 Vol.41 No.-

正朝는 朱熹가 聖人과 衆人의 未發이 같다고 말하기도 하고 다르다고 말하기도 한 것에 대하여 일관적이지 않은 모순이라고 여겨 정약용에게 질의했다. 이것은 호락논쟁의 쟁점이었는데 성인의 미발은 항상 中이지만 중인의 미발은 不中이면서도 중일 때도 있다고 한다. 이 때문에 성인과 중인의 미발은 같기도 하고, 다르기도 하다는 것이다. 정조의 질의에 대하여 정약용은 미발은 중인에게 없고, 성인에게만 있다고 답변하였다. 또한 주희는 미발을 復卦라고 말하기도 하고, 坤卦라고 말하기도 했는데 이에 대해서도 정조는 주희의 말이 일관적이지 않은 모순이라고 생각하여 어떤 것이 주희의 定論인지 丁若鏞에게 질의했다. 이것도 湖洛논쟁의 쟁점이었다 정조의 질의에 대하여 정약용은 곤괘라고 답변하였고, 그것은 洛學 李顯益의 주장과 비슷하였다. 하지만 정약용은 복괘와 곤괘를 미발의 중으로 설명하는 것은 옳지 않다고 여겼는데 왜냐하면 괘는 『周易』, 중과 和는 『中庸』에 나오는 용어로서 반드시 서로 일치하지 않기 때문이다. 그것이 李顯益과 달랐고, 주희 뿐만 아니라 정조에 대해서도 비판했다는 의미가 내포되어 있다. 또한 주희는 미발시 공부에 대해서도 필요하다고 말하기도 하고, 가능하지 않다고 말하기도 했는데 이에 대하여 정조는 어떤 것이 정론인지 정약용에게 질의했다. 이것도 호락논쟁의 쟁점이었는데 이현익은 미발이란 최상의 경지이기 때문에 그 공부가 가능하지 않고 靜의 상태에서 필요한 공부라고 주장한 반면에 朴弼周는 미발시 공부는 필요하다고 주장하였고, 당시 낙학의 종장 金昌翕은 박필주를 지지하면서 이현익을 비판하였다. 이에 대하여 湖學의 한원진은 김창흡을 지지하면서 이현익을 비판하였고, 그것이 주목할 만하다. 정조의 질의에 대하여 정약용은 미발시 공부는 필요하다고 주장하였고 그 공부를 愼獨이라고 말했다. 그것은 주희 뿐만 아니라 호락과 다른 맥락에서 미발시 공부가 필요함을 주장한 것이다. 왜냐하면 주희는 신독을 已發공부로서 여겼기 때문이다. 이러한 정조의 질의와 정약용의 응답에서 전자는 호락논쟁과 주자학에 의심을 통하여 엄밀한 학문을 하였고, 후자는 그들을 넘어서 새로운 지평을 열었다고 할 수 있다. King Jeongjo regarded Zhu Xi’s mentions, the Not-Yet Aroused State in Mind of sage and ordinary person is the same or not, as contradiction. This was a controversial issue in Horak debate. That of sage always is equilibrium, whereas ordinary person equilibrium or non-equilibrium, according to Horak scholars. To King Jeongjo’s inquiry, Jeong Yakyong responded only sage has the Not-Yet Aroused State in Mind, whereas the ordinary person not so. Zhu Xi’s the Not-Yet Aroused State in Mind has been described Fuqua (復卦) or Kunqua (坤卦). King Jeongjo also regarded the descriptions of Zhu Xi as contradiction. This also was one of main issues in Horak Debate. At the time, Yi Hyeonik, a Rak scholar, claimed the State is Kunqua, not Fuqua, and the former is a decided theory in Zhu Xi’s latter years. By contrast, Gwon Sangha and Han Wonjin, a Ho scholar, criticized Yi’s claim, arguing it is not Kunqua but Fuqua. To King Jeongjo’s inquiry, Jeong Yakyong responded it is Kunqua, not Fuqua. This is similar to Yi’s claim. However, he argued the State cannot be described the Kunqua or Fuquau, because the terms are the different Confucian classics. This is different from Yi, and implies criticism of Zhu Xi and King Jeongjo. Also, Zhu Xi said the need self-cultivation in the State or not. For that matter, King Jeongjo inquired which to be a decided theory in Zhu Xi’s latter years. He regarded those of Zhu Xi as contradiction. This also was a main issue in the Horak Debate. At the time, Yi Hyeonik’s claim was not to need self-cultivation in the State because the State is the highest stage. By contrast, Park Pilju’s claim was to need self-cultivation in the State. About their debate, Kim Changhueup supported Park’s claim, criticizing Yi’s. Also, Han Wonjin supported Kim’s claim, criticizing Yi’s. In response to the inquiry of King Jeongjo, Jeong Yakyong’s claim is the need of self-cultivation in the State, and this is “watchful over oneself when one is alone”(愼獨 shendu). The need of self-cultivation in the State is similar to Park and Kim’s claim but self-cultivation as the Shendu is different from. This implies crticism of King Jeongjo’s mention and followed Zhu Xi. In the debate of King Jeongjo and Jeong Yakyong, the former sought an accurte study through criticism of Horak debate and Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucianism, whereas the latter created a new horizon beyond them.

종묘제례악 일제강점기 왜곡 과정 연구

이종숙 이화사학연구소 2003 梨花史學硏究 Vol.0 No.30

Jongmyojeryeak (Royal ancestral shrine music) was nominated as Important Intangible National Cultural Asset No.1 in 1964 and also registered as a World Cultural Asset in December, 1995. In May, 2001, it was included in the list of the best World Intangible Cultural Assets. Jongmyojeryeak of the Joseon dynasty was cognized to be excellent, because it has the long history of 500 years and has been thought to be a spiritual cultural heritage of importance. Jongmyojeryeak of today is, however, performed losing the original beauty of thought and philosophy. It lost rhythmic patterns that is one of the most important factors of Korean traditional music. The change of instrumentation took away the original beautiful meaning from the music. The dance also lost the original construction and was restored imperfectly. All the distortion was made during the Japanese Occupation. The process of the distortion is as follows. 1, After the Japanese annexation of Korea, the Emperor of Imperial Korea was degraded to King Yi. The court musicians had to leave except for the minimum sized band members for the rituals. But the left musicians were not the ones who performed for the rituals but they were the musicians of low class who peformed at banquets. 2. The musicians of low class took the responsibility of Royal ancestral shrine rituals to which they were not familiar, 3. Jongmyojeryeak was originally Sokak (Korean music), but they tried to make the music sound like Chinese A-ak. They wanted to be A-ak players who used to be of higher class than the Sokak players. They changed the musical construction of Jongmyojeryeak for the purpose of making it sound like Chinese A-ak. 4. The distorted music was handed down to the students of Aaksa Yangseongso (the Training Center for Musicians of Court Music) by the leaders of Yiwangjik aakbu(court music band of King Yi). 5. Jongmyojeryeak performed today is the music that was distorted during the Japanese Occupation and was handed down to the students of Aaksa Yangseongso. It was wrongly reported as the music of the Joseon dynasty that has the long history of 500 years and nominated as Important Intangible National Cultural Asset No.1.

종묘제례악과 무 ; 일제강점기 종묘제례악무 고찰

이종숙 ( Jong Suk Yi ) 한국음악사학회 2003 한국음악사학보 Vol.31 No.-

Slide Session : OS-IFD-07 ; Infectious Disease : In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus

( Myung Jin Lee ),( Kye Hyung Kim ),( Jong Youn Yi ),( Su Jin Choi ),( Chung Jong Kim ),( Nak Hyun Kim ),( Kyoung Ho Song ),( Pyoeng Gyun Choi ),( Ji Hwan Bang ),( Wan Beom Park ),( Eu Suk Kim ),( San 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of Ribavirin Against Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Myung Jin LEE1, Kye-Hyung KIM1, Jongyoun YI2, SuJin CHOI1, Chung-Jong KIM1, Nak- Hyun KIM1, Kyoung-Ho SONG1, Pyoeng Gyun CHOI1, Ji-Hwan BANG1, Wan Beom PARK1, Eu Suk KIM1, Sang-Won PARK1, Hong Bin KIM1, Nam Joong KIM1, Myoung- Don OH1 Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea1, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Korea2 Background: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease caused by a novel Bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). No effective antiviral therapy is proven yet, but clinical use of ribavirin (RBV) has been tried. We investigated the antiviral effect of RBV against SFTSV in vitro. Methods: To test for cytotoxicity of RBV, Vero cells were treated with different concentrations of RBV (3.90 to 500 μg/mL, two-fold dilution) and analyzed by cell viability MTS assay 48h post-infection. To determine antiviral activity of RBV against SFTSV, Vero cells were infected with SFTSV strain Gangwon/Korea/2012 at 100 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) per well in a 96-well plate, and RBV was added at the concentrations showing no or minimal cytotoxicity. Viral RNAs were extracted from the culture supernatants and quantifi ed using one-step real-time reverse transcription- PCR to amplify the partial large segment of SFTSV. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA with Tukey`s post hoc test. Results: Cytotoxicity due to RBV was not observed at RBV concentration =31.3 μg/ mL. Viral RNAs at 24h post-RBV treatment were reduced with increasing RBV concentrations (1-32 μg/mL), compared with those of mock-treated cells (P <0.01, Figure). Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of RBV was 3.69 μg/mL at 24h post-RBV treatment. Conclusions: Our study shows that RBV has antiviral effect against SFTSV in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies are required to evaluate the effi cacy of RBV in SFTS.

『바이오안전성의정서』의 국내이행법 체계와 개선방안

이종영 中央大學校 法學硏究所 2003 法學論文集 Vol.27 No.1

Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate)과 물의 혼합물에 대한 초음파 흡수측정

이명하,배종림 大邱大學校附設 基礎科學硏究所 2004 基礎科學硏究 Vol.21 No.1

Ultrasonic absorption coefficient in the frequency range of 0.2-2 MHz were measured in of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) aqueous solution for the concentration range of 5% to 25% by weight. The high-Q ultrasonic resonator method was used for the absorption coefficient at 20℃. The ultrasonic relaxation in poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) aqueous solutions, which may be the result of structural fluctuations of polymer molecules such as the segmental motion of the polymer chains, was observed. Both the absorption and the shear viscosity increased with the poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) concentration, but decreased with temperature.

복숭아 발효주 개발에 관한 연구

이성훈,안용근,최종승,이종수 한국식품영양학회 1996 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

복숭아 발효주를 개발하기 위하여 "유명" 과실에 효소 및 열처리하여 착즙수율을 측정하고 청주용 효모와 포도주용 야생 효모로 발효시킨 복숭아술의 성분과 기호성을 조사하였다. Pectinase와 cellulase를 혼합 처리한 경우 착즙수율이 89.2%로 가장 높았고 pectinase, hemicellulase와 cellulase등을 단독으로 처리했을 때도 80%이상의 착즙수율을 보였다. 복숭아술의 총산은 0.30%에서 0.36%이었다. 에틸알코올올 함량은 포도주용 야생 효모인 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 49-2가 14.5%로 가장 높았으나, 기호성은 고온성 효모인 Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-71로 발효시킨 술이 가장 좋았다. Juice yield of peach "Yoo Myung" by pretreatment of various enzymes and heat was determined, and physicochemical properties of peach wine fermented by some Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also investigated. 89.2% of juice yield was showed in mixture treatment of pectinase and cellulase at 35℃ for 8 hrs, 82% of yield was also showed in single treatment of pectinase and cellulase. Ethyl alcohol content of peach wine fermented by wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae 49-2 was 14.5%. However, wine from thermophilic Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-71 was excellent in taste and flavor.

Pilocarpine 및 Atropine이 토끼의 악하선 혈류랑에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이종율,손성희,이종흔 대한치과페리오학회 1975 大韓齒周學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

간척지에서 옥수수 나방류 해충 3종의 발생소장

이휘종,최원영,김상열,서종호,황정동,오성환,정진교,김주일,구현나,김길하 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2015 農業科學硏究 Vol.31 No.2

Occurrence of three troublesome lepidopterous pests, Ostrinia furnacalis, Helicoverpa armigera and Pseudaletia separata in corn cultivation of the reclaimed land were recorded using sex pheromone traps from 2012 to 2014. In case of O. furnacalis adult, two generations were observed in a year and its occurrence pattern was very regular. The 1st generation showed the highest occurrence in late May-early June and the 2nd generation was in late July-early August. On the other hand, H. armigera occurred at least three times a year but its occurrence was somewhat irregular. H. armigera adult showed the highest occurrence in mid May, late June, early August, respectively in 2012 but their occurrence patterns of the 2nd and 3rd generations were varied in 2013 and 2014. In case of P. separata, a few number of adult were captured during the survey period, indicating few number of P. separata migrated from China. Based on the control effect of O. furnacalis by Etofenprox and Carbofuranin 2012, June 26 treatment showed the highest control rate with 96.8% for Etofenprox, 85.8% for Carbofuran, respectively. Late treatment at June 19 and June 26 significantly decreased the control rate of O. furnacalis and June 26 treatment showed the lowest control rate of 1.9% for Etofenprox. 18.1% for Carbofuran, respectively.

공무원법상 계급정년제도

이종영 中央大學校 法學硏究所 2005 法學論文集 Vol.29 No.1

Die Beamte sollen nach der Verfassung Art.7 die allgemeinen Dienst-und Treuepflicht zur Amtsfuhrungspflicht und zur politischen Treuepflicht ausfuhren. Zwar sind die einzelnen Pflichten des Beamten nicht mehr nahezu unbegrenzt, sondern ergeben sich abschliessend aus den verschiedenen Beamtengesetzen. Insoweit ist die Rechtsfigur des besonderen Gewaltverhaltnisses entbehrlich. Die Amtswahrungspflicht kann als kontinuierliche Amtszuweisung und damit als dauernde Grundlage des Amtsverhaltnisses zwischen Amtswalter und Amt verstanden werden. Durch die politische Treuepflicht und die Pflicht zur Unparteilichkeit werden die politschen Rechte und Pflichten des einzelnen Beamten prazisiert. Das verfassungsrechtliche Legalitatsprinzip des Art 7 Verfassung schlieβt es aus, das Beamtenverhaltnis heute noch als Besonderes Gewaltverhaltnis zu qualifizieren. Dass es sich dabei vielmehr um ein Rechtsverhaltnis handelt, zeigt sich an mehreren Umstanden: Zum einen bedurfen gem. Art 7 Verfassung alle an den Beamten adressierten Verwaltungsakte einer gesetzlichen Grundlage. Problemmatische mag im Einzelnen lediglich das Ausmaβ der erforderlichen gesetzlichen Deteminierung sein. Dies ist im Beamtenrecht von Bedeutung, das gerade im Bereich des Disziplinarrecht noch eine betrachtliche Anzahl unbestimmter Gesetzesbegriffe enthalt. Auf einfachgesetzlicher Ebene zeigt sich die Verrechtlichung des Beamtenverhaltnissess weiters daran, dass dem Beamten ein Komplex subjektiver Rechte und Pflichten eingeraumt ist. Damit ist neben dem Innenverhaltnis des Beamten zu seinem Dienstgeber ein Auβenverhaltnis begrundet, in das nur durch Bescheid eingeriffen werden darf. Die allgemeine und gesetzliche Altergrenze, die unabhangig von der wirklichen Leistungskraft eines Beamten der Erfahrung Rechnung tragt, dass bei Erreichen eines gewissen Alters die Leistungskraft im Allgemeinen nachlasst, gilt als verfassungsgemaβ, insbesondere mit Art 7 Verfassung vereinbar.