척약재(척若齋) 김구용(金九容)의 생애와 교유 양상

남인국 ( In Guk Nam ) 역사교육학회 2014 역사교육논집 Vol.53 No.-

Kim Gu-yong (Cheokyangjae; pen name) was a great-great grandson of Kim Bang-gyeong, the Duke of Chungryeol, of the Andong Kim clan. His family belonged to fifteen aristocratic lineages of the “chancellery” announced in November 1308 and forged marital relations with these families. Since the reign of King Chungryeol, Kim studied Neo-Confucianism and passed the civil service examination (gwageo) in 1355. Appointed to an instructor at Seonggyungwan (National Confucian Academy), he contributed to the raising of the future Neo-Confucian literati. His life is presented as a chronological record in the text. and his political activity may be divided into two parts (that in the reign of King Gongmin and that in the reign of King U). In the reign of King Gongmin, he shared same political positions with the people with whom he kept company through Neo-Confucianism and the civil service examinations. Unlike his younger brother Kim Jae-an, however, he did not participate in the conspiracy to eliminate Sin Don. Also, unlike Jeong Gu and Yi Jon-o, he did not blame Sin Don. Despite his younger brother`s death, he continued to serve in the officialdom while Sin Don held the reins of power, which demonstrates that he took a moderate course in the contemporary political affairs. Other instructors at Seonggyungwan such as Jeong Mong-ju, Jeong Do-jeon, Bak Sang-chung, and Bak Ui-jung are said to take the same position. In August 1372, he was dispatched to the Ming as a secretary of Seong Won-gyu, the Goryeo envoy to the Chinese empire. From the first reign year of King U, Kim Gu-yong participated actively in political affairs, holding firm to his convictions. The beginning was his opposition to the rehabilitation of Goryeo`s relationship with the Northern Yuan which the Yi In-im regime pursued. The Northern Yuan was expelled from China proper by the newly rising Ming empire. Together with other colleagues, he was purged from the government and retired into Yeoheung, Gyeonggi province, until he was reinstated as jwasaui daebu in the bureaucracy. Although he headed the Seonggyungwan after his reinstatement, he was not a remarkable political figure in the government any longer. In January 1384, as Goryeo`s envoy to the Ming, he was dispatched to the Chinese empire that had declined the Korean kingdom`s paying tribute to it. At the time, the Ming had doubts that Goryeo might spy on it and continue to maintain its relationship with the Northern Yuan. He died of illness on his way to the place of exile in southern China by the order of Ming Taizu because of the “subject`s private friendship” and more probably Goryeo`s not sending 5,000 horses as tributes. After his death, the problem of sending horses to the Ming still remained a pending issue between Goryeo and the Chinese empire. Because Goryeo did not send all of the 5,000 horses, its envoys to the Ming were often detained in China and later returned to the Korean kingdom. The fact that only Kim Gu-yong was severely punished demonstrates that the very time when he was dispatched to the Ming meant a climax in conflict between the two countries. Kim Gu-yong enjoyed the companionship with the people who passed the civil service examination in the same year when Kim did, served as instructors at the Seonggyungwan with him, and shared the same political line in the political incident of the first reign year of King U. Some people did not keep company with him, which suggests that at the time there existed similar difference as that between today`s classmates and friends. Most of the people with whom Kim enjoyed the companionship were those who were ten years older or younger than he. This demonstrates that along with political lines, age was also the standard of his companionship. It is open to question that his anthology did not include any mention on his nine brothers-in-law among those who were related to him through familial and marital ties. This is left as an unsolved question for the future.

저 Pb Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag-x%In계 솔도 합금의 특성에 관한 연구

홍순국,주철홍,강정윤,김인배,Hong, Sun-Guk,Ju, Cheol-Hong,Gang, Jeong-Yun,Kim, In-Bae 한국재료학회 1998 한국재료학회지 Vol.8 No.11

Pb의 환경오염 문제를 발생하지 않는 저농도 Pb 솔도합금을 개발하기 위하여, 새로운 Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag-x%In계 합금 조성을 설계하고, 이 합금의 융점, 젖음성, 상분석, 경도, 인장강도, 드로스성을 평가하여, Sn-37%Pb 솔더오 대체 가능성을 타진하였다. Sn-37%Pb 솔도 합금의 Pbdldhs 용출농도는 국제규제치인 3ppm보다 훨씬 적은 0.46ppm이었고, 환경문제를 유발하지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 합금계의 융점은 $183-192^{\circ}C$이고, 응고온도범위도 $5^{\circ}C$내외로 매우 좁았다. 젖음성은 In의 첨가양에 따라 큰 차이가 거의 없었으며, Sn-375Pb와 비슷하였다. 융점 및 젖음성 측면에서 Sn-37%Pb와 대체 가능한 것으로 판단되었다. 경도는 Sn-37%Pb의 약 1.5배이고, 인장강도는 Sn-37%Pb의 것보다 높고, In의 첨가량에 따라 증가하였지만, 연신율은 감소하였다. In이 1% 첨가된 합금에서는 수지 상정 경계에 Ag3Sn과 Pb가 정출되고, 3% 이상에서는 $Ag_3Sn$과 $Ag_3In$ 및 Pb가 정출되었다. 드로스 생성속도는 Sn-37%Pb 합금이 Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag 합금보다 빠르고, In을 첨가할수록 느리고 2%의 In을 첨가한 합금은 180분에서도 거의 드로스가 발생하지 않았다. This work designed Sn-5%Pb-1.5%Ag-x%In solder alloy to develop the solder alloy with low Pb content. This solder alloy doesn't cause environmental pollution. and this study reviewed the probability of replacement of Sn-37%Pb solder as evaluation of melting range, wettability. microstructure, microhardne'ss, tensile strength, drossability of this new solder alloys. The level of international regulation in dissolution amount of Pb ion was 3ppm. But dissolution amount of Pb ion in Sn-5%Pb solder alloy confirmed not to threat the global environmental is 0.46ppm. The melting range of this solder alloy was $183-192^{\circ}C$. Also the range of solidification was very narrow within $5^{\circ}C$. The wettability was similar to Sn-37%Pb solder, and the effect of amount of In addition of wettability couldn't be founded. The probability of replacement in the melting range and wettability is very high. And microhardness of this solder alloy was 1.5 times of conventional type solder. Tensile strength of new solder alloys was a little high than that of conventional type solder. With increasing amount of In% addition, tensile strength was increased, but elongation was decreased. The solder alloy of l%In addition revealed AgSn and Pb on dendrite microstructure boundary, and $Ag_3Sn$, $Ag_3In$ and Pb were revealed on it at the solder alloy of 3% In addition. The drossability was superior to Sn-37%Pb solder alloy and the solder alloys of 2% In addition was not generated for 3hrs.

Risk mitigation strategy by Passive IN-core Cooling system for advanced nuclear reactors

Seo, Seok Bin,Kim, In Guk,Kim, Kyung Mo,Jeong, Yeong Shin,Bang, In Cheol Elsevier 2018 Annals of nuclear energy Vol.111 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>After the Fukushima accident, the installation of passive safety systems for nuclear power plants becomes necessary as protection against external power failures. Recently, an innovative safety system was introduced by employing a hybrid heat-pipe concept asa Passive IN-core Cooling system (PINCs). The hybrid heat-pipe concept employs the combination of a control rod and a heat pipe to passively shutdown a reactor in an accident condition and simultaneously remove decay heat from the core. As a result, a PINCs can handle the entire accident sequence in a single system, leading to significant enhancement in nuclear reactor safety. In this study, the safety enhancement of various nuclear reactors has been quantitatively evaluated by using the probabilistic safety assessment method (PSA). PSA models of the APR1400, PGSFR, and SMART nuclear reactors developed in Korea, are developed, and a PINCs model has been applied to each reactor. The PSA model of the PINCs has been developed based on the systematic design and configuration of each reactor. In addition, postulated accident sequences where the PINCs operates have been developed in the PSA model. Finally, the consequence of each accident sequence has been quantitatively evaluated in the form of core damage frequency (CDF) and minimal cut set (MCS) for each nuclear reactor. Based on the PSA results, it is confirmed that the application of the PINCs effectively reduces the overall CDF of all nuclear reactors. In addition, the failure paths causing the core damage are restricted for APR1400 and PGSFR. In conclusion, the employment of the PINCs significantly improved the overall safety degrees of various nuclear reactors.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> PINCs combines a control rod and a heat pipe to enhance safety of advanced reactors. </LI> <LI> PSA models of advanced reactors are developed including PINCs. </LI> <LI> The consequences of the accident aided by PINCs are quantitatively evaluated. </LI> <LI> PINCs significantly reduces the overall CDFs of all nuclear reactors. </LI> </UL> </P>

산간 계류성 하천의 계절적 수질변동에 대한 몬순강우의 영향

안광국,신인철 한국육수학회 2005 생태와 환경 Vol.38 No.1

본 연구는 하절기 집중강우가 하천의 부영양화도, 이온변화, 산소요구량에 영향 평가로서 수질 변수들 간의 상호관계를 분석하였다. 용존산소(DO)농도는 수온과 역상관 관계(F= -0.99, P<0.001)를 보였다. 대부분 수질 변이는 7~8월에 발생 하였으며, 이들의 대부분은 하절기 집중강우와 직접적인 연관성을 보였다. pH의 경우 6.5 이하의 최소값은 최대 강우를 보인 8월에 관측되었는데, 이는 강우에 의한 수소이온농도의 희석현상에 의한 것으로 사료되었다. 전기전도도 또한 강우분포를 반영하였다. 즉, EC값은 다른 계절보다 하절기에 좀 더 높은 값을 되였으며, 강우와의 직접적 연관성을 보였다. 연구 결과에 따르면, 이온희석 현상은 강우 전의 하절기에는 높았지만, 집중강우 후 짧게는 4~5일 길게는 1~2주 후에 이온이 희석되는 것으로 나타나 강우와 하천수의 이온농도사이에 뚜렷한 반응시간의 지체현상을 보였다. COD의 계절적 변화 페턴은 BOD와 유사한(r=0.55, p<0.001) 양상을 보였다. 총질소(TN)는 총인 (TP)에 비해 변이 폭이 적었으며, 3월의 갈수기에 최소값을 보였다. 대조적으로, 총인 유입은 하절기 몬순동안에 주로 발생하였고, 총부유물(TSS)과 유사한 계절 변화 양상을 보여인(P)의 증가가 수계에서 유발되는 무기성부유물과 밀접하게 연관성을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 총인. 총질소의 무게비는 질소 변이 (F= -0.21, p<0.01)보다는 총인(r= 0.51, p<0.01)의 변이에 의해 결정되었으며, 총인이 제한 요인으로 작용할 것으로 사료되었다. 본 계류형 하천에서 수질을 조절하는 1차 요인은 강우시기 및 강도로 사료 되었으며,최대 변이는 하절기의 첨두강우와 일치하였다. The present study was to determine how seasonal rainfall intensity influences nutrient dynamics, ionic contents, oxygen demands, and suspended solids in a lotic ecosystem. Largest seasonal variabilities in most parameters occurred during the two months of July to August and these were closely associated with large spate of rainfall. Dissolved oxygen (DO) had an inverse function of water temperature (r = -0.986, p<0.001). Minimum pH values of<6.5 were observed in the late August when rainfall peaked in the study site, indicating an ionic dilution of stream water by precipitation. Electrical conductivity (EC) was greater during summer than any other seasons, so the overall conductivity values had direct correlation (r = 0.527, p<0.01) with precipitation. Ionic dilution, however, was evident 4~5 days later in short or 1~2 weeks in long after the intense rain, indicating a time-lag phenomenon of conductivity. Daily COD values varied from 0.8 ㎎ L^(-1) to 7.9 ㎎ L^(-1) and their seasonal pattern was similar (r = 0.548, p<0.001) to that of BOD. Total nitrogen (TN) varied little compared to total phosphorus (TP) and was minimum in the base flow of March. In contrast, major input of TP occurred during the period of summer monsoon and this pattern was similar to suspended solids, implying that TP is closely associated (r = 0.890, p<0.01) with suspended inorganic solids. Mass ratios of TN : TP were determined by TP (r = -0.509, p<0.01) rather than TN (r = -0.209, p<0.01). The N: P ratios indicated that phosphorus was a potential primary limiting nutrient for the stream productivity. Overall data suggest that rainfall intensity was considered as a primary key component regulating water chemistry in the stream and maximum variation in water quality was attributed to the largest runoff spate during the summer monsoon.

Ⅲ급 부정교합자의 양악 수술과 하악 편악 수술 시 연조직 변화에 관한 비교 연구

박영국,장인희,이영준 대한치과교정학회 2006 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.36 No.1

악교정 수술 시행 시 연조직 변화에 대한 대부분의 연구는 Ⅱ급 부정교합을 대상으로 하였다. 또한 수술 방법에 따른 연조직 변화에 대한 비교 연구가 부족하였다. 따라서 이 연구는 골격성 Ⅲ급 부정교합자에서 상악골 전진술과 하악골 후퇴술을 동시에 시행한 양악 수술과 하악골 편악 수술 시행 시, 경조직과 연조직 측모 및 연조직 두께의 변화를 관찰하고, 수술 전후 변화의 상관성을 산출하며, 경조직 변화에 수반하는 연조직 변화의 비율을 산출하여 교정-악교정 수술 복합 치료 계획 수립과 결과의 예측에 이용하고자 시행되었다. 경희대학교 치과병원 교정과에 내원하여 골격성 Ⅲ급 부정교합자로 진단받은 환자 52명을 대상으로 하여, Le Fort I osteotomy를 이용한 상악골 전방이동술과 시상분할골절단술을 이용한 하악골 후퇴술을 시행한 양악 수술군 26명과 하악골 후퇴술만을 시행한 편악 수술군 26명으로 구분하여, 수술 전후 측모두부방사선규격사진을 계측, 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 양악 수술군은 골격 변화량의 72.4% 비율로 상순 부위 연조직의 전방 이동을 보였으며, 편악 수술군은 통계적으로 유의한 변화를 보이지 않았다. 비순각은 양악 수술군에서 편약 수술군에 비해 더 크게 증가하였다. 이순각은 편악수술군에서 더 크게 감소하였다. 하악골의 후방 이동에 따른 연조직 pogonion의 후방 이동은 양악 수술군에서 98%, 편악 수술군에서 109%로 편악 수술군에서 더 크게 나타났다. 양악 수술군에서는 편악 수술군에 비하여 경조직의 변화에 수반하는 상순에서의 큰 변화가 나타났다. 편악 수술군에서는 상순의 변화는 미약하엿으며, 하순 및 이부의 변화가 양악 수술군에 비해 두드러지게 나타났다. Numbers of postulations lie on the difference of integumental changes with two major surgical remedies of one jaw vs. two jaw surgery in skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. Accordingly it was the aim of the study to elucidate the skeletal profile changes with an accompanying disposition of soft tissues, consequently to yield the correlation and ratio of soft tissue changes with two types of surgical procedures, which in turn make it possible to predict the soft tissue outcomes by means of assembled regression equations. Cephalometric headfilms of fifry two adult skeletal Class Ⅲ comprised of 26 maxillary advancement by Le Fort I osteotomy and mandibular setback by sagittal split ramus osteotomy simultaneously (double jaw surgery, group A), 26 mandibular setback alone (one jaw surgery, group B) were statistically analyzed. Group A manifested 72.4% soft tissue advancement to skeletal changes in the upper lip area, while group B appeared to have no statistically significant changes. The nasolabial angle showed more increment in group A than in group B, whereas the mentolabial angle illustrated more reduction in group B. The backward movement of soft tissue pogonion to skeletal change revealed 98% in group A, and 109% in group B. The double jaw surgery group characteristically revealed remarkable integ umental change in the upper lip area, while the one jaw surgery had major effects in the lower lip and soft tissue pogonion areas.

Glucotoxicity in the INS-1 Rat Insulinoma Cell Line Is Mediated by the Orphan Nuclear Receptor Small Heterodimer Partner

Park, Keun-Gyu,Lee, Kyeong-Min,Seo, Hye-Young,Suh, Ji-Ho,Kim, Hye-Soon,Wang, Li,Won, Kyu-Chang,Lee, Hyoung-Woo,Park, Joong-Yeol,Lee, Ki-Up,Kim, Jung-Guk,Kim, Bo-Wan,Choi, Hueng-Sik,Lee, In-Kyu American Diabetes Association 2007 Diabetes Vol.56 No.2

<P>Prolonged elevations of glucose concentration have deleterious effects on beta-cell function. One of the hallmarks of such glucotoxicity is a reduction in insulin gene expression, resulting from decreased insulin promoter activity. Small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2) is an atypical orphan nuclear receptor that inhibits nuclear receptor signaling in diverse metabolic pathways. In this study, we found that sustained culture of INS-1 cells at high glucose concentrations leads to an increase in SHP mRNA expression, followed by a decrease in insulin gene expression. Inhibition of endogenous SHP gene expression by small interfering RNA partially restored high-glucose-induced suppression of the insulin gene. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of SHP in INS-1 cells impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion as well as insulin gene expression. SHP downregulates insulin gene expression via two mechanisms: by downregulating PDX-1 and MafA gene expression and by inhibiting p300-mediated pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor 1-and BETA2-dependent transcriptional activity from the insulin promoter. Finally, the pancreatic islets of diabetic OLETF rats express SHP mRNA at higher levels than the islets from LETO rats. These results collectively suggest that SHP plays an important role in the development of beta-cell dysfunction induced by glucotoxicity.</P>

원자력발전소 피동 노내 냉각계통 적용을 위한 유압 제어봉 구동시스템 설계

김인국(In Guk Kim),방인철(In Cheol Bang) 대한기계학회 2018 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2018 No.12

To enhance the safety of the nuclear power plants, a passive in-core cooling system (PINCs) is currently being studied for the various reactor types such as PWR, SMR, Gen. IV reactors in UNIST. A PINCs consists of hybrid control rod assemblies, a hydraulic control rod drive mechanism, and a natural circulation loop to remove the decay heat from the nuclear fuels. In PINCs, one of the key elements is the hydraulically driven rod control system that is being studied for their various benefits, including a) ability to be in-vessel control, b) short length of the control rods, and c) safe reactor shutdown. In this paper, a novel hydraulic rod control system was designed and tested. The tests of the hydraulic rod control system with 4-hybrid control rod were conducted with the different weight and geometry. The theoretical models of the steady flow and transient behavior were driven by the force-induced patterned geometry of the cylinder. The experimental results showed that the position of the hydraulic system with control rod was well predicted by the theoretical model within ±8.6%. Finally, this study shows the unique feature of the hydraulically driven system and its behavioral characteristics.

기니이픽 장관의 c-Kit 및 NK 1R 면역반응 세포구조에 대한 공초점 주사현미경적 연구

장인엽,김종중,문정석,김현곤,박찬국,전제열,전규배,조철희,유호진 조선대학교 2001 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.26 No.1

Background and Objectives: Immunolabelling of interstitial Cajal(IC) cells in the intestinal wall has recently been developed by using a specific marker, the anti-c-Kit antibody. Substance-P is a well-known neurotransmitter in the gastro-intestinal tract. Since the gastro-intestinal wall structures have already been well documented in the guinea pig, immunohistochemistry was done for the c-Kit-positive IC network and substance-P receptor(NK1R) in an attempt to provide a morphological basis for the mechanism regulating gastro-intestinal movement. Materials and Methods: Cryosection and whole-mount preparations of guinea pig small intestine and colon were single and double immunolabelled using the anti-c-Kit and NK1R antibodies. Immunolabelled specimens were observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Results : According to a three dimensional reconstruction study, it was found that (1) the c-Kit-positive celluar networks were widely distributed in the intestinal wall, (2) c-Kit-positive celluar networks encircled the ganlion, with strands in reticular configurations, and (3) the c-Kit-positive cells showed colocalization with NK1R in circular muscle(CM), not myenteric plexus(MY). Conclusion: The charateristic profiles of IC containing c-Kit-positive celluar networks and the relationship between c-Kit-positive and NK1R-positive structures provide a morphological basis upon the mechanism regulating gastro-intestinal motility.

방송통신고등학교의 진로교육 요구조사

양희인 ( Hee In Yang ),강성국 ( Seong Guk Kang ),금지헌 ( Ji Heon Keum ),손찬희 ( Chan Hee Son ),이은철 ( Eun Cul Lee ),김동심 ( Dong Sim Kim ),송신지 ( Shin Ji Song ) 경북대학교 중등교육연구소 2014 중등교육연구 Vol.62 No.1

방송통신고등학교는 고등학교 학력이 없는 학습자의 학력취득을 목적으로 현재, 42개 일반고등학교에서 부설 형태로 운영하고 있다. 일반고등학교와 동일한 교과목을 중심으로 교육과정이 편성되고 있으나, 최근 10대 학습자의 증가와 성인학습자들의 학업부담 감소 등을 이유로 진로교육에 관한 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 고등학교 단계 진로교육 및 온라인교육 정책, 방송고 정책 및 현황을 분석하여, 방송통신고등학교 학생과 교사의 진로교육 요구를 살펴보고자 하였다. 진로교육 요구를 살펴보기 위해 방송통신고등학교 학생 428명, 교사는 108명을 대상으로 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국가는 진로교육의 기회를 제공하고 소외계층이 자립할 수 있도록 프로그램과 예산을 지원 중임을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 방송통신고등학교 학생에게도 이런 지원을 바탕으로 개개인의 특성에 적합한 진로교육 프로그램이 제공되어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 학생들의 요구가 높은 경영정보과정, 보육과정, 조리과정을 중심으로 한 방송통신고등학교 전문교과의 편성이 확대되어야 한다. The open high school has been offered an opportunity of secondary education, such as online classes, attending classes and correction guidance to practical use, for 40 years since school opened. Recently, the open high school is interested in career education for increase in teenage student and adult learner’s learning burden. The purpose of this study was to provide practical measures to meet career education that is needed in open high school. For this study, 428 students and 108 teachers at open high school in Korea completed online surveys in the fall semester of 2013. The result of this study is as follow: first, government of the nation in a process of providing the opportunity for career education and offering programs to support budget for the independence of neglected class. Second, a proper career education program based on the national support above should be provided to individual open high school students. Third, the open high school curriculum should be expanded vocational subjects in. particular information management courses, to child care courses and cooking courses

열처리 조건이 시금치의 이화학적 특성 및 영양 조성에 미치는 효과

이지선, 황인국, 유선미, 민상기, 김광일, 조연지, 최미정 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2015 農業科學硏究 Vol.31 No.1

This study investigated the effect of thermal treatment (blanching) conditions on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of spinach. For thermal treatments, fresh spinach was treated by three blanching methods including boiled water, steam and pan frying treatments. At the varying time intervals of treatments, pH, color, shear force, proximate composition, organic acid content, peroxidase activity and microbial counts were evaluated. The pH of all treatments tended to increase with increasing blanching time, however, no significant differences among treatments were obtained. The shear force of spinach decreased with blanching time, particularly hot water treatment showed the rapid decrease in the shear force of spinach. The lightness of spinach showed similar pattern with shear force. For proximate compositions, the highest moisture content was found in hot water treatment, while crude protein and ash were highest in steam treatment. Due to the usage oil, pan frying treatment involved in the highest lipid content. The organic acid content treatment was in the order of hot water, pan frying and steam treatment. The thermal treatments attributed to low total plate count of spinach. In addition, thermophilic bacteria, coliform, mold and yeast were not detected in all thermal treatments. Peroxidase activity was lowered by applied thermal treatments. Based on the results, the best blanching condition for spinach was found in steam treatment for 60 s where the spinach showed the minimal changes in physicochemical and nutritional properties of spinach.