이상 ‘육필 원고’의 진위 여부 고증(考證) - 편지를 중심으로

김주현 ( Kim Ju-hyeon ) 한국문학언어학회(구 경북어문학회) 2019 어문론총 Vol.81 No.-

2014년 이상의 편지가 발굴되었다는 소식이 여러 언론을 가득 메웠다. 이 보도 이후 그 편지는 이상의 편지로 자리매김하게 되었다. 그런데 이 편지는 2001년 이미 이현욱의 편지로 소개되었던 것이다. 동일한 편지가 먼저는 이현욱의 편지로, 나중에는 이상의 편지로 소개된 것이다. 육필 편지가 적힌 편지지는 1940년에 문을 연 ‘梧文出版社’의 원고지이다. 그리고 편지봉투에 1940년 12월 26일자 소인이 찍혀있다. 그러므로 1937년에 죽은 이상이 이 편지를 쓸 수는 없다. 그리고 서명, 필체 및 문체의 측면에서 이상과 거리가 있다. 하지만 그 편지는 이현욱이 최정희에게 보낸 또 다른 육필 편지와 서명, 필체 및 문체의 측면에서 같으며, 1940년 당시 발표된 이현욱의 「편지」, 「일기」, 「결별」등과 문체의 측면에서 차이가 없다. 또한 육필 편지의 내용은 이현욱의 당시 상황과 그대로 일치한다. 궁극적으로 이 육필 편지는 이현욱의 편지로 보는 것이 적절하다. 이 편지에서 이현욱은 최정희에 대한 애증관계를 가감 없이 표현하였으며, 자신의 글쓰기가 최정희의 권유로 시작되었다는 점, 그리고 최정희와 결별할 수밖에 없는 상황을 그대로 전해주고 있다. 이 편지는 이현욱, 곧 지하련 연구에 좋은 자료가 될 것이다. The news about discovering Lee Sang’s letter filled many newspapers in 2014. After this report, the letter has been established as Lee Sang’s letter. However, this letter has already been introduced as Lee Hyeon-uk’s letter in 2001. The same letter has been first introduced as Lee Hyeon-uk’s and later as Lee Sang’s. The letter paper of handwritten manuscript is the manuscript paper of 'Oh-Mun Publisher' which opened in 1940. And It’s envelope has a postmark dated December 26, 1940. Therefore, no longer can this letter be written by Lee Sang who died in 1937. And it is far from Lee Sang in terms of signatures, handwriting and style. However, this letter is the same as Lee Hyeon-uk's another letter to Choi Jeong-hee in terms of signature, handwriting and style. And it is the same style of Lee Hyeon-uk's works such as “Letter”, “Diary” and “Separation”. Also, the content of the letter is identical to Lee Hyeon-uk’s situation. Ultimately, it is reasonable to see the letter as Lee Hyeon-uk’s. In this letter, Lee Hyeon-uk expressed love and hate relationship with Choi Jeong-hee. This letter shows the fact that Lee Hyeon-uk began writing due to Choi Jeong-hee’s recommendation and she has no choice but break up just like the novel “Separation”. This letter will be a good material to research Lee Hyeon-uk, that is to say Ji Ha-ryeon

영조 초기 안동 지역 남인의 정치적 동향

이재현 ( Lee Jae-hyeon ) 대구사학회 2021 대구사학 Vol.144 No.-

이 논문은 英祖 초기에 안동 지역 남인의 정치활동을 규명한 것이다. 시기적 범위는 영조 즉위 이후부터 대략 辛酉大訓을 전후한 시기까지이며, 지역적 범위는 安東을 중심으로 하되 禮安·英陽·寧海 등 안동 주변 지역 또한 그 대상으로 삼았다. 여기서 지역적 범위는 곧 李玄逸 門人 집단 내 핵심인물들의 거주 범위와 일치한다. 영조는 즉위 이후 탕평책을 추진하였는데, 신유대훈으로 국왕 주도의 탕평 정국이 설립되기까지 乙巳換局, 丁未換局, 戊申亂, 己酉處分, 十九下敎, 混沌開闢, 庚申處分 등 많은 정치적 사건이 발생하였다. 그러나 영남 남인의 경우 숙종 대 甲戌換局 이후로 실각하여 재기하지 못하였고, 이로 인해 영조 초기 정국에서는 중앙 정계에서의 역할이 미미하였다. 더구나 무신란에 연루되면서 지역 전체가 ‘逆鄕’으로 규정될 위험에 처하였다. 이에 통상적으로 영남 남인의 정치적 명분은 무신란으로 인해 완전히 붕괴된 것으로 이해되었다. 그러나 무신란 이후 영조의 배려로 안동을 중심으로 한 일부 영남 남인 인사의 등용이 있었다. 김성탁은 이를 대표하는 인물이다. 하지만 당시 안동 지역 남인들은 이현일의 문인집단으로 서로 얽혀있었고, 이현일의 伸冤이 이루어지지 않는 이상, 언제나 ‘己巳年의 餘黨’으로 낙인될 가능성이 존재하였다. 1737년(영조 13)에 김성탁이 이현일을 伸救하다가 영조의 분노를 사 유배 간 사건은 안동 지역 남인의 취약한 정치적 기반을 단적으로 보여 준다. 김성탁 사건의 파급으로 인해 안동 지역 내에서는 김상헌 서원 건립을 둘러싸고 南·老 간의 향전이 벌어졌다. 안동 지역 내에서 열세에 처했던 노론 측은 官의 지원 아래에 서원 건립을 추진했으나, 남인들이 물리력을 동원하면서 저지하여 서원 건립이 좌절되었다. 영조는 이 사건에서 남인들에게 상대적으로 관대한 처분을 내렸다. 이러한 영조의 태도는 黨論 위에서 君師로 군림하려는 영조의 의도를 보여주는 것이었다. 그러나 이러한 영조의 의도와 배려에도 불구하고 1740년대가 되면 안동 지역 남인의 정치활동은 침체되었고, 이것은 곧 영남 남인의 정치활동의 침체를 의미한다. This study identifies the political activities of Namin in Andong in the early days of King Yeongjo. The period ranges from the time of King Yeongjo's accession to the throne to around the time of Sinyu Daehun. The regional range was centered on Andong and around Andong such as Yean, Yeungyang and Yeunghae. The regional range is in line with the extent to which key figures reside within the Lee Hyeon-il’s followers. King Yeongjo promoted Tangpyeong policy(蕩平策) after his ascension, and many political events took place, including the Eulsa Regime Change in 1725(乙巳換局), Jeongmi Regime Change in 1727(丁未換局), Musin Revolt(戊申亂), Kiyucheobun(己酉處分), Sibguhagyo(十九下敎), Hondongaebyeok(混沌開闢), Gyeongsincheobun(庚申處分), until the establishment of the King-led Tangpyeong regime. However, in the case of Namin group of Yeongnam, he failed to recover after Gabsul Regime Change in 1694(甲戌換局), and thus had little role in the central political circle in the early days of King Yeongjo. Furthermore, relevant to Musin Revolt put the entire region at risk of being defined as "Rebellion." In general, it was understood that the political cause of Namin group of Yeongnamwas completely destroyed due to Musin Revolt. However, Namin group of Yeongnam centered on Andong was appointed because of King Yeongjo's consideration after Musin Revolt. Kim Seong-tak was a representative figure. However, Namin in Andong were intertwined with Lee Hyun-il's followers at that time. If Lee Hyun-il is not innocent, They were always likely to be branded as ‘the remnants of the year of Gisa’. In 1737, Kim Sung-tak's banishment due to Yeongjo's anger while explaining Lee Hyun-il shows the weak political foundation of Namin in Andong. Due to the ripple of the Kim Seong-tak's banishment, there was confrontation between Namin and Noron over the construction of Hagdong Seowon in Andong. Noron, who had a weak power in Andong, pushed for the construction of the Seowon under the support of the government office, but the construction of the Seowon was thwarted by Namin's physical force. King Yeongjo gave relatively lenient treatment to Namin in this case. King Yeongjo's attitude showed King Yeongjo's intention to reign as ‘Master King(君師)’ on the party platform. However, despite King Yeongjo's intentions and consideration, the political activities of Namin in Andong began to stagnate in the 1740s, which meant that the political activities of Namin group of Yeongnam had stagnated. (Department of History, Kyungpook National University / corpseljh@hanmail.net)

Strain Distributions of Plane-Strained and Simple-Sheared Al–Mg Alloy

Hyeon‑Woo Son,Jae‑Cheol Lee,Hyun Soon Park,Soong‑Keun Hyun 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.11

Strain distribution in plane-strained (rolling) and simple-sheared (torsion) Al–Mg alloy has been estimated using both X-rayline profile analysis and electron backscatter technique. The strain analyses under unified texture distribution by orientationrotation showed that torsion has relatively homogeneous strain distribution regardless of texture component in contrast toinhomogeneous strain in rolling. In addition, annealing texture of torsion has more random texture than inhomogeneousrolling texture. Lower texture difference index in annealed torsion specimens suggest homogeneous strain distribution insimple shear has a higher resistance to strain-induced boundary migration, which has been known to be main reason forstrong development of ND||⟨100⟩ component during annealing of rolled Al sheet.

Inhibition of oxidative stress induced‑cytotoxicity by coptisine in V79‑4 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts through the induction of Nrf‑2 mediated HO‑1 expression

Hyeon‑Gyun Jo,Cheol Park,이혜숙,Gi‑Young Kim,Young‑Sam Keum,Jin Won Hyun,Taeg Kyu Kwon,Yung Hyun Choi,Su Hyun Hong 한국유전학회 2021 Genes & Genomics Vol.43 No.1

Background Coptisine is a natural alkaloid compound and is known to have multiple benefcial efects including antioxidant activity. However, whether it can protect lung fbroblasts from oxidative damage has not been studied yet. Objectives To investigate the potential inhibitory efect of coptisine against oxidative stress in V79-4 lung fbroblast cells. Methods V79-4 cells were treated with H2O2 (1 mM) in the presence or absence of coptisine (50 µg/ml), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 10 mM) or zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP, 10 µM) for the indicated times. The alleviating efects of coptisine on cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, DNA damage, mitochondrial dynamics, and inhibition of ATP production against H2O2 were investigated. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression levels of specifc proteins. Results Coptisine inhibited H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage by blocking abnormal ROS generation. H2O2 treatment caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase accompanied by increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and decreased expression of cyclin B1 and cyclin A. However, these efects were attenuated in the presence of coptisine or NAC. Coptisine also prevented apoptosis by decreasing the rate of Bax/Bcl-2 expression in H2O2-stimulated cells and suppressing the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the cytosolic release of cytochrome c. In addition, the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was markedly promoted by coptisine in the presence of H2O2. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a potent inhibitor of HO-1, attenuated the ROS scavenging and anti-apoptotic efects of coptisine. Conclusions Based on current data, we suggest that coptisine can be used as a potential treatment for oxidative stress-related lung disease.

The Ongoing Monophthongization of 'ii' in Seoul Korean: A Sociophonological Account

Hyeon-Seok Kang 한국음운론학회 1999 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.5 No.1

Kang, Hyeon-Seok. 1999. The Ongoing Monophthongization of 'ii' in Seoul Korean: A Sociophonological Account. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 5, 25-58. This paper examines the current status of 'ii', the only remaining one among the six Middle Korean falling diphthongs. Supporting the suggestions by Kim-Renaud (986) and Y.C. Chung (1991), this article shows that this diphthong is also monophthongizing following the paths of the other falling diphthongs. It is also shown through quantitative evidence that the monophthongization of this diphthong involves not one diachronic change but three different changes. It is suggested that the monophthongization of 'ii' was mainly triggered by the structural pressure to eliminate the only remaining falling diphthong in contemporary Korean. This structural explanation is phonologically formalized within the Optimality Theory expanded by the notion of 'variable ranking' (Reynolds ]994). The phonological account also shows why the changes are under way as they are. (Kaya University)

Effect of Impact Load on Splice Length of Reinforcing Bars

Hyeon?Jong Hwang,Fan Yang,Li Zang,Jang?Woon Baek,Gao Ma 한국콘크리트학회 2020 International Journal of Concrete Structures and M Vol.14 No.5

Impact loading damage of reinforced concrete (RC) members deteriorates bond strength of reinforcing bars. To understand the effect of strain rate on the bond strength of reinforcing bars in RC beams under impact load, drop hammer test was performed on twenty-four simply supported RC beams with lap spliced bars at the mid-span. The test parameters were reinforcing bar diameter, splice length, drop height, and hammer mass. The dynamic responses including the impact load history, mid-span deflection history, crack distribution, and strain history of reinforcing bar were evaluated. Although the designed bar development length was 31–69% of the requirement of current design codes under static load, the tensile strength of bar splices was greater than the dynamic yield strength when subjected to large impact energy under impact load. On the basis of the test results, existing design equations for the bar development length under static load were modified to consider the impact loading effect on the bond strength. Factors related to the strain rate effect of materials, impact damage, and impact energy loss were proposed. The prediction of the proposed method agreed well with the tensile strength of bar splices under impact load.

A Survey of the History of Hunmin jeongeum Research

Hyeon‐,hie Lee 훈민정음학회 2010 Scripta Vol.0 No.2

This paper presents a brief sketch of the content and background of Hunmin jeongeum research. Pre-1940 and post-1940 research are divided and considered separately.

한국 근대문학 연구의 새 지평 ; 근대시 연구의 새 지평 ―전통주의적 연구를 중심으로-

박현수 ( Hyeon Su Park ) 현대문학이론학회 2008 現代文學理論硏究 Vol.0 No.33

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the notion and present state of traditionalist research in the study of Korean poetry. In this paper, traditionalist research means a study which to search out new notions and paradigms of discourse in Korean traditional thought and to apply to the study of modern Korean poetry by creative interpretation of those. Closely looking into traditionalist studies, there are five categories; general conceptual, Buddhist, Taoist, neo-Confucianist, Korean fundamental philosophic study. General conceptual study, based on traditional philosophic concepts in the history of Korean thought, was conducted by Yun Jae-geun, Kim Young-seok and Choi Seung-ho. Buddhist study, by Song Uk, Taoist study, by Lee Seonghee and Kim Kyoung-bog, neo-Confucianist study, by Jo Dong-il and Park Hyeon-su, and Korean fundamental philosophic study, by Seo Jeong-ju, Shin Beom-sun and Kim Ji-ha. Though these studies, in the making process, had some blurs in logical refinement, they have very important significance in Korean literary study in that, they tried to find a new and creative theory. It is also worthy to note that traditionalist studies brought a change in the study of Korean literature subordinated every discourse of Korean literature to the western theory.

過失相計에 관한 判例의 動向

이준현(Lee Jun?Hyeon) 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2011 法學論叢 Vol.25 No.-

채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상책임영역에서 손해의 공평, 타당한 분담을 실현하기 위해서는 과실상계제도가 있어야 한다는 점은 누구나 다 공감하는 부분이다. 그러나 우리 민법은 이러한 과실상계제도에 관하여 채무불이행으로 인한 손해배상에서 한 개의 조문을 두면서, 매우 간결하게 채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상책임의 영역에서 채권자(피해자)에게 과실이 있는 경우 법원은 손해배상의 책임 및 그 금액을 산정함에 있어 그 채권자(피해자)의 과실을 참작하여야 한다고 규정하고 있다. 즉, 과실상계에서 가장 중요한 개념인 채권자(피해자)의 과실(손해의 기여도)과 그 판단능력에 대해서는 전혀 규정을 두고 있지 않으며, 또한 이를 참작한다고 할 때 그 비율이나 정도, 과실상계의 구체적 적용범위 등에 관하여는 그 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 이러한 우리 민법의 입법태도는 구체적 사건에 임하여 법관이 전문가적 소견에 따라 당해사건과 관련된 제반사정을 종합적으로 고려하여 가장 공평하고 타당한 손해배상책임범위를 정하게 한다는 점에서는 일단 부당하다고 할 수는 없는 것이나, 과실상계의 구체적 내용에 대하여 민법이 직접 규정하지 않고 판례에만 맡김으로써 과실상계의 운용과정에서 법관의 자의적 내지 독단적 판단이 개입할 우려가 있는 것도 부인하지 못할것이다. 앞으로 과실상계에 관한 구체적 내용을 대법원 판례에만 의지할 것이 아니라, 민법개정시에 적극적으로 반영하여 입법화할 필요가 있다고 하겠다. 여하튼 과실상계제도의 취지를 고려하여 대법원은 과실상계에 관한 요건 및 효과, 적용범위 등에서 다양한 입장을 나타내고 있다. 채무불이행이나 불법행위로 인하여 발생된 손해를 공평, 타당하게 분담하고 과실상계제도의 운용과정에서 법적안정성이나 예측가능성을 지켜가기 위해서는 과실상계에 관한 대법원 판례의 전면적인 검토가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 논문에서는 현재까지의 과실상계와 관련된 대법원 판례의 동향을 살펴보고 그 타당성에 대하여 상세히 검토해 보고자 한다. 그럼으로써 손해의 공평, 타당한 분담을 위한 과실상계제도가 정당하고 예측가능하게 운용되는 데 기여할 것으로 기대한다. Everyone sympathizes that there should be a comparative negligence system, in order to actualize impartial and valid contibution of the damage due to default or tort in the filed of damage liability. But Korean civil law in compensation for damage due to default on comparative negligence has one article and regulates very briefly that a court should consider negligence of creditor (victim) in the filed of damage liability due to default or tort in case of a negligence of creditor (victim) in measuring damage liability and its amount. That is to say, there is no regulation in Korean civil law the negligence (related degree of damage) of a creditor (a victim) and the judgement capability the most important concept in the comparative negligence. Also there is no regulation in considering these, the rate and the degree, specific applicable range. This attitude of legislation in Korean civil law - in case of the judge with his own professional opinions considers the general circumstance in relation to the concerned cases synthetically and decides the most impartial and valid range of damage liability in specific cases - can not be stated unreasonable. But on the specific contents on the comparative negligence due to leave only precedent without direct regulating in civil law, in the operational process of the comparative negligence, apprehension to the arbitrary and dogmatic judgement of the judge intervenes can not be denied. In the future the specific contents on the comparative negligence will not depend on the precedent of Korean Supreme Court but it is necessary to legislate positively with a reflection of this content in the time of revision of the Korean civil law. Anyway in considering the intent of comparative negligence, Supreme Court of Korea shows various position in the requirement and effect, applicable range on comparative negligence. The damage occurred due to default and tort should apportion fair and validly in order to keep the legal stability and the predictable possibility in the operational process of the comparative negligence, overall examination on the precedent of the Supreme Court of Korea on the comparative negligence should be carried out. In this paper the author tries to search the trend of precedent of the Supreme Court in Korea on comparative negligence up to the present and examine on its validity in detail. By this study the comparative negligence system for impartial and valid contirbution of the demage, expects to contribute to operate fairly and predictably.

김수영 시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제 연구

권지현(Kwon Ji?Hyeon) 강원대학교 인문과학연구소 2012 인문과학연구 Vol.0 No.32

본고는 김수영 시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제를 시적 생명의 발현과정으로 보고 김수영시에 내재한 죽음의 문제를 고찰하였다. 김수영시에 나타난 ‘죽음’은 새로운 생명을 획득하는 변증법적 과정을 거치면서 시적 해탈과 새로움의 시간을 획득한다. 본고에서는 김수영 시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제와 관련하여 5·60년대의 억압적인 반공이데올로기에 갇힌 작가적 현실을 시인의 죽음으로 파악하고 김수영 시인의 순교자적 죽음의식을 고찰하였다. 또 김수영의 초기시에서부터 시작된 일련의 죽음의식이 자양분으로 받아들인 책 속에서 죽고 그 자신이 창작한 시 속에서 다시 한 번 죽음으로써 시의 죽음과 죽음의 현재적 시간을 획득함을 블랑쇼의 글쓰기와 관련시켜 논의하였다. 더불어 장자의 생사관과 불교의 ‘해탈’과 같은 동양사상에 내재한 전통을 혁신함으로써 ‘새로움’의 시학을 보여준 김수영 시의 죽음의식은 생명에대한 미래적 회귀의식을 보여준다. 김수영시에 나타난 ‘죽음’의 문제는 5·60년대의 정치·사회적 상황과 긴밀한 연관을 지닌 것으로 김수영은 죽음의식을 통해 시적 ‘새로움’과 ‘자유’의 생명을 획득하는 시적 성취를 이룩한다. 김수영의 시의식이 본질을 향해 나아가는 과정에서 추구하였던 ‘죽음’을 시적고통과 순교자적 대결의식, 죽음의 시간과 시의 죽음, ‘새로움’과 ‘해탈’의 미래적 회귀로 파악하고 이를 작품 분석을 통해 고찰하였다. This study examined ‘the poetics of death’ inherent in Kim Su?yeong’s poems, assuming that the ‘death’ problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems is the process of manifesting a poetic life. For this, we analyzed his works based on the understanding that ‘death’ pursued by Kim Su?yeong in the course that his poetic consciousness moved toward the essence was the content of poetic pain, martyrdom consciousness of confrontation, the death of the author and books, Zen?style liberation, and the revolution of ‘newness.’ The discussions of this study are summarized as follows. First, for Kim Su?yeong who promoted poetic completeness comparable with contemporary world literature, the division of the country and the curbed realities suppressing literary freedom were equivalent to death. Although an utterance about the division system could lead him to severe risk and even death, Kim Su?yeong wrote poems containing such utterances. This poetic spirit can be regarded as martyrdom consciousness of confrontation toward poetic freedom. Second, with regard to the ‘death’ problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems, we discussed it in connection to Blanchot’s concepts of writing and death. A series of death consciousness beginning from Kim Su?yeong’s early poem ‘Confucius’ Hard Living’ achieved the death of poetry and the poet’s death through a death in books read for nutrition and another death in poems written by himself. Third, Kim Su?yeong read the depth of newness in poems containing ‘the music of death.’ Accordingly, the death problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems became the point where ‘newness’ and freedom are attained. In his prose ‘Lying Zen,’ he revealed through lying Zen the absolute state of ‘perfect oblivion’ leaving no trace of the corpse, the remains of death. Thus, we can say that the death problem in Kim Su?yeong’s poems is his search of ‘newness’ and his will toward freedom so desperate that he tried to pass through death and leave no trace of the dead body behind.