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Gender Mainstreaming and the Effects of Strategic Choices on the Gender Gap in German Academia
Heike Hermanns(헤이크 헤르만) 21세기정치학회 2012 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.22 No.2
This paper looks at the role of gender mainstreaming in closing the gender gap at Germany universities. Driven by policy-makers at EU and federal level, gender mainstreaming has been introduced to German universities as a means to overcome the still substantial gender gap in academia. The role of different strategic choices, identified previously in the context of gender mainstreaming in development, in the success of gender mainstreaming can also be noted in this context. The integrationist approach aims at bringing women into the mainstream but has limited and slower impact on the gender gap, while an agenda-setting approach focuses on policy-changes and adjustments in the mainstream. A comparison of two universities’ efforts shows the impact of such choices on the increase in the number of female professors. Active and passive resistance slow down the integrative approach while the agenda-setting approach invites discussion on gender equality across the university and thus is more likely to induce change beyond universities in the wider society.
Green Growth – Ecological Modernization Korean-style?
Heike Hermanns(하이케 헤르만스) 21세기정치학회 2015 21세기 정치학회보 Vol.25 No.2
The goal of this paper is to analyze the background and main policies of the Korean Green Growth Strategy and place them in the framework of ecological modernization (EM). Developed in the European context, EM aims at the integration of economic goals with ecological credentials through the use of technology. EM policies are initiated by government who are working cooperatively with business and other actors. South Korea has promoted Green Growth as an alternative low carbon economic growth strategy, more suitable for emerging economies than restrictive carbon reduction models such as the Kyoto Protocol. Green Growth promises a win-win situation for economic growth and environmental protection, placing the policies in the parameters of EM. The EM framework helps to deepen the understanding of the Green Growth strategy and its interpretation of ecology as well as democracy. Using Christoff’s distinction of weak and strong approaches to EM, the Korean scheme is identified as a weak approach, focusing on technological and state-led solutions with few signs of ecological restructuring. As such, it can be characterized as a greened version of the established growth-oriented economic paradigm rather than a substantial change towards an environmentally sustainable economy model. The current paradigm does not encourage participation by a wide variety of actors which would benefit democratic deepening in South Korea.
Political Parties in South Korea and Taiwan after Twenty Years of Democratization
Heike Hermanns 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2009 Pacific Focus Vol.24 No.2
South Korea and Taiwan are often cited as successful cases of third wave democracies where democracy has taken roots. However, electoral volatility is high and disenchantment among citizens is rising, especially regarding the performance of politicians and political parties. Since political parties play a vital role in the democratic process their institutionalization is seen as an indicator of democratic consolidation. An analysis of Taiwanese and South Korean parties in terms of age, organization and structure, as well as programs and leadership style of parties indicates that parties are weakly institutionalized. The Korean party system is a weak point in democratic deepening, as it is reminiscent of a carousel of party creations, mergers and dissolutions. Parties lack distinguishing ideological or programmatic markers and remain cadre parties, focusing on their charismatic leader and their home regions. In Taiwan, in contrast, a clear cleavage in the form of Taiwanese identity led to the appearance of two distinct political camps, each consisting of several parties. Taiwanese parties have progressed in their institutionalization in terms of longevity, organization and programmatic differences. However, membership numbers and party identification remain low and regular corruption scandals show the slow attitudinal change among Taiwanese politicians. In the light of politicians’ behavior, citizens in both countries thus are feeling increasingly disenchanted with the ruling elite as well as the democratic system.