Comparison of Netarsudil/Latanoprost Therapy with Latanoprost Monotherapy for Lowering Intraocular Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Jong-Wook Lee(Jong-Wook Lee),Hyeon-Soo Ahn(Hyeon-Soo Ahn),Jinho Chang(Jinho Chang),Hye-Young Kang(Hye-Young Kang),Dong-Jin Chang(Dong-Jin Chang),Jae Kyung Suh(Jae Kyung Suh),Hankil Lee(Hankil Lee) 대한안과학회 2022 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.36 No.5

Purpose: Netarsudil is a Rho kinase inhibitor and the first new class of clinically useful ocular hypotensive agents. In this study, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to summarize and synthesize the available evidence on the efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy with netarsudil/latanoprost in patients with glaucoma. Methods: We identified relevant studies in PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central until April 2021. The quality of the studies and the level of evidence were assessed using the Risk of Bias tool. Efficacy was measured as the mean difference in reducing intraocular pressure (IOP), and safety was assessed by the risk of conjunctival hyperemia (CH) due to FDC therapy, netarsudil monotherapy, or latanoprost monotherapy. Results: Four studies met the predefined eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The mean difference in the reduction in IOP after 2 weeks and 4 to 6 weeks of drug administration was -2.41 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], -2.95 to -1.87) and -1.77 mmHg (95% CI, -2.31 to -1.87), respectively, in patients receiving FDC therapy versus those receiving latanoprost monotherapy. On the other hand, latanoprost monotherapy had a greater effect in reducing IOP than netarsudil monotherapy after 4 to 6 weeks of administration (mean difference, 0.95 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.47). The risk of CH was significantly higher with both FDC therapy and netarsudil monotherapy compared to latanoprost monotherapy in week 12, where the relative ratio was 3.01 (95% CI, 1.95 to 4.66) and 2.33 (95% CI, 1.54 to 3.54), each. Conclusions: Netarsudil/latanoprost FDC therapy has a significantly greater effect on reducing IOP than latanoprost alone. The symptoms of CH were mostly mild, and only a few glaucoma patients discontinued the medication owing to CH in earlier clinical trials. Therefore, it would be beneficial to consider the administration of netarsudil/latanoprost FDC therapy in patients with glaucoma.

60GHz 대역 통신을 위한 다중 빔 결합 Switched Beam-former

이한길(Hankil LEE),이유성(Yusung LEE),김영환(Younghwan Kim),최정환(Junghwan Choi),최성태(Sungtae Choi),황철규(Chulkyu Hwang),이동현(Donghyun Lee),박현철(Hyuncheol PARK) 한국통신학회 2008 한국통신학회 학술대회 및 강연회 Vol.2008 No.4

An efficient CP compensation for SC-FDE with insufficient CP symbols

Hankil Lee,Yusung Lee,Hyuncheol Park IEEE 2010 IEEE communications letters Vol.14 No.6

<P>In this letter, we propose a method to mitigate interferences for single carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) with insufficient cyclic prefix (CP) symbols. The resultant channel matrices are not circulant due to some missing symbols. Unlike OFDM, however, the reconstruction of missing symbols using the estimated symbols is not effective. We propose that these missing symbols may be filled with the symbols in the following received block when the channel is static over the consecutive blocks. Since this method does not require estimation of symbols, the precision of detection can be enhanced. The improvement in the performance of this method is still limited since interferences are not completely removed. An iterative interference cancellation method is used to remove the residual interferences. The performance of proposed method is verified by simulations.</P>

Patient Awareness of Cataract and Age-related Macular Degeneration among the Korean Elderly: A Population-based Study

Hankil Lee,Yong-Jung Jang,Hyung Keun Lee,Hye-Young Kang 대한안과학회 2017 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.31 No.6

Purpose: Age-related eye disease is often considered part of natural aging. Lack of awareness of eye conditions can result in missed treatment. We investigated the rates of awareness of cataract and age-related macular degeneration, the most common age-related eye-diseases, and the associated factors among elderly Koreans. Methods: We identified 7,403 study subjects (≥40 years old) with cataract or age-related macular degeneration based on ophthalmic examination results during the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2010 and 2012. We assessed whether patients were aware of their eye condition based on a previous diagnosis by a physician. Results: The average awareness rate over the 3-year study period was 23.69% in subjects with cataract and 1.45% in subjects with age-related macular degeneration. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients with cataract were more likely to recognize their condition if they had myopia (odds ratio, 2.08), hyperopia (odds ratio, 1.33), family history of eye disease (odds ratio, 1.44), or a past eye examination (odds ratio, 4.07-29.10). The presence of diabetes mellitus was also a significant predictor of patient awareness of cataract(odds ratio, 1.88). Conclusions: Poor patient recognition of eye disease among the Korean elderly highlights the seriousness of this potential public health problem in our aging society. Pre-existing eye-related conditions and diabetes were significant predictors of awareness; therefore, patients in frequent contact with their doctors have a greater chance of detecting eye disease.

물고기 민속의 문학적 형상화 고찰

이한길(Lee, Hankil) 아시아강원민속학회 2021 아시아강원민속 Vol.35 No.-

문학과 민속의 교섭을 염두에 두고 이 글을 작성했다. 20세기가 아니라 21세기의 시대적 정신이 융복합임에도 불구하고, 문학작품 중에 민속을 대상으로 하여 작품화 한 작품 찾기는 쉽지가 않다. 그만큼 민속문학작품 창작이 어렵다는 것인데, 그 어려운 까닭은 민속에 대해 잘 알기 어렵다는 것이다. 이 글에서 언급한 오징어만 하더라도 누구나 오징어를 알고 또 즐겨 먹음에도 불구하고 오징어의 생태적 환경이나 관련 학문적 내용에 대해서는 무지하다. 그렇기에 즐겨 먹으면서도 막상 작품화하려고 들면 난감한 상황에 직면하니 스토리를 제대로 만들기가 어렵고, 스토리를 못 만들다 보니 당연히 작품화하기를 못하는 것이다. 다행히 강원작가회의 회원인 류재만 시인이 바다의 민속을 소재로 작품화 한 일련의 작품군이 있어 이글에서 류시인의 작품 몇 편을 대상으로 하여 융복합의 양상이 어떻게 나타났는지를 살펴보고자 했다. 류시인은 참 욕심꾸러기이다. 바다의 모든 것을 가능하다면 하나둘 시화하려고 한다. 그중 멸치에 관한 일련의 작품군에 대해서는 필자가 다른 지면을 빌어 논의를 개 진한 바 있기에 이번 지면에는 문어와 양미리와 손꽁치와 오징어에 관해서 만 논의를 진행하고자 하였다. 각 작품의 해석은 본문을 참조하기 바란다. 류시인의 경우처럼 바다의 민속을 소재로 한 작품화를 시도한 작가로 정석교 시인도 있고, 그외 몇몇 시인들도 있지만, 이 글에서는 류재만 시인의 몇몇 작품만 대상으로 하여 논의를 진행하였다. 여타 시인들의 작품에 대한 접근은 추후를 기약한다. This study is basically aiming to research the relationship between poetry and folklore. Though there are such demands on conversion between them in the 21<SUP>st</SUP> century, it is not easy to find poem based on and dealing with folklore as a main theme. Given creating the folklore poetry is challenging due to the lack of deep understanding on exact information. For example, even though many people are familiar with squids as a meal, they mainly don’t know the exact information on squid’s ecology or habits. In spite of writers’ affective closeness into squids, they have no information to make storyline, even literature itself. This study mainly explores and speculates Gangwon Local poet, Ryu-Jaeman’s poems which are about fish folklore, and figures out how he conversion between literature and folklore. He tries to metamorphose all things about sea into his poetry as many as possible. In particular, this study focuses on his interest in the main fish in East sea like octopus, Korean sandlance, saury, and squid. The result from this study will open a theoretical basis to researching other poets’ works on East sea’s folklore.

RMA를 위한 요동 보상 기법

이한길(Hankil Lee) 한국정보기술학회 2014 한국정보기술학회논문지 Vol.12 No.6

In this paper, the motion compensation method (MOCOM) for RMA is proposed. Generally, SAR algorithms suppose that vehicles where SAR systems mount move along a straight line at a constant altitude. Since airplanes can not fly along the ideal trajectories due to several reasons, airborne SAR systems should have MOCOM. Although RMA is known as the algorithm having the best performance, it has not been use widely, because of high computational capacity. Then, MOCOM for RMA was not researched popularly. MOCOM for CSA was adopted to one approach to RMA. Under this approach, RMA should be revised, and was working only at broadside. The proposed method operated MOCOM and RMA independently. Since MOCOM was seperated from RMA, original RMA can be used, and works under any circumstances. The performance of the proposed method was verified by simulations.

양양군의 〈소모는소리〉 고찰

이한길(Hankil Lee) 아시아강원민속학회 2009 江原民俗學 Vol.23 No.-

본고는 양양군의 농요 중〈소모는소리〉를 집중적으로 살펴보고자 했다. 〈소모는소리〉는 강원도에서 특히 유명한 소리로서, 전국의 농요를 특징지을 때 흔히 강원도를 대표하는 소리로써 간주된다. 그런데도 불구하고〈소모는소리〉에 관한 연구는 일천한 편이다. 〈소모는소리〉의 구조는 사실상 단순하기 그지없다. 앞으로 전진하라는 뜻의 ‘이랴’(혹은 ‘이러’), 멈추라는 뜻의 ‘와’(혹은 ‘워’)로 구성된 가장 짧은 형식의 소리이기 때문이다. 혹여 하나를 덧붙인다면 돌라는 뜻의 ‘도체’가 추가 될 것이다. 그렇지만 어느 봄날의 하루에 논밭이라는 넓은 공간을 쟁기질하고 써레질을 해야 하는 시공 속에서, 이와 같은 단순한 구조의 소리로써는 일의 능률을 올릴 수가 없다는 것은 너무도 명약관화한 일일 것이다. 일의 능률을 올리기 위하여 〈소모는소리〉의 다양한 가사가 만들어지기 시작했다. 그런데 강원도, 특히 양양군에서는 이 〈소모는소리〉가 다른 시군보다도 더 발달했다. 양양군의 〈소모는소리〉의 가치는 밭을 가는 〈소모는소리〉보다는 논과 상관있는 〈소모는소리〉일 때 더욱 빛났다. 이 가사의 의미는 소와 인간과의 합일 내지는 갈등을 풀어내는 것이었다. This article focuses on the 〈cow driving song〉 of agricultural songs at Yangyang-Gun. The 〈cow driving song〉 is especially famous in Kangwon-Do, usually is regarded of typical song in Kanguon-Do. in spite of the studies of these songs is unsatisfied. Truly contents of the 〈cow driving song〉 is very simple, the speech of ‘irya’ means going forward, the speech of ‘wa’ does stopping. Contents of the 〈cow driving song〉 is made very brief as that. Or in addition to contents of the 〈cow driving song〉, ‘doche’ means turning is added. And then these brief songs do not uplifting condition of agricultural work. Because there are long time as farming season and wide field as farming. So farmers made the various text of the 〈cow driving song〉. Then in Kangwon-Do, especially at Yangyang-Gun, the text of these songs was very advanced.

원주시 매지리 회촌마을 단오제에 있어서 신격의 정체

이한길(Lee Hankil) 한국무속학회 2008 한국무속학 Vol.0 No.17

마을마다 모시는 신격이 있어 제의를 봉행하는 것은 드문 일은 아니다. 그러나 단오절에 마을제의를 거행하는 것은 오늘날 드문 일에 속한다. 원주시 회촌리 매지마을은 단오절에 마을제의를 거행한다. 단오절에 마을제의를 거행하는 회촌마을의 동제에 좌정된 신격에 있어 문제가 발생했다. 산신인지 성황인지 구분이 모호해진 것이다. 과거에는 산신이 분명했었건만 세월이 흐르면서 마을제의를 봉행하는 주재집단의 인식이 변화한 탓으로 보이는데, 본고에서는 이 과정을 살펴보려 하였다. 이 마을의 신격이 산신이라면, 또 성황이라면 어떤 근거가 있을까 하는 의문 속에 그 해답을 찾아보았다. 그리고 결론적으로 오늘날 이 마을에 좌정된 신격은 여성 산신에 남성 성황으로 보는 것이 온당할지도 모른다는 생각을 하게 되었다. 그렇다면 이 마을의 제의의 성격은 산신제일까? 성황제일까? 이런 의문에 대하여 필자는 서낭제라는 용어로써 사용하려고 한다. 본시 서낭제란 입석표지 등과 같은 돌무지를 지칭하는 단어이겠지만, 이 개념에 덧붙여 오늘날 강원도에서 개념의 영역이 확대되어 사용되고 있는 서낭제란 용어로 정의하고자 하는 것이다. 산신제, 성황제, 그리고 좁은 의미의 서낭제란 용어의 의미를 통합한 개념으로 서낭제란 용어를 사용하고자 한다. 이럼으로써 회촌마을의 신격을 서낭으로 규정짓고자 한다. It is not unusual that there is God serving every village, But it is unusual to perform a village ritual in the Dano Festival today. Hoechon(회촌) hamlet’s ritual is held in the Dano Festival. In this hamlet’s ritual occurred a problem on the model of God’s character which performed in the Dano Festival. Assortment on the model of God’s character became vague whether he was Sonang(서낭) or mountain God(산신). It dues to the changed recognition of the management group which was serving hamlet’s ritual while time passes though. A mountain God in the past became Sonang(서낭) today. I intended to take this process on the change of the model of God’s character by this report. It was doubt to think what kind of grounds decided the model of God’s character that was a mountain God or Sonang(서낭) on this hamlet. Conclusively about the model of God’s character who came to be served in this hamlet today, what I watched with male Sonang(서낭) and female mountain god. who is the ritual’s main god on this hamlet? Sonang(서낭)? or mountain god? I intends to use it as a term called Sonang ritual.

腸重積症을 일으킨 典型的인 Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

李用雨(Yongwoo Lee),李漢吉(Hankil Lee) 대한외과학회 1962 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.4 No.5

만성 신장 질환 진행 단계 및 신대체요법에 따른 임상적 특성과 의료비 지출 비교

이수빈(Subin Lee),최희정(Heejung Choi),김아영(Ah-Young Kim),이한길(Hankil Lee) 대한약학회 2024 약학회지 Vol.68 No.2

The worsening of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to an increase in renal replacement therapies (RRT), which pose significant clinical and economic burdens. The purpose of this study was to estimate clinical characteristics and medical expenditure across CKD stage and RRT initiation. Using the 2018 National Patient Sample claims data, we identified 9,006 patients diagnosed with CKD (N18) were extracted. RRT options included hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation. Adopting a prevalence-based approach, we compared the clinical characteristics, healthcare resource utilization, and medical expenditures by CKD stage and the use of RRT. The prevalence of CKD increased with age, 41% in those aged 70 and above. Among patients with stage5 CKD, 78.75% underwent RRT. When comparing patients receiving RRT with those not receiving RRT, the annual average number of admissions (2.2 vs. 0.2), length of stay (56.6 vs. 23.1 days), and number of outpatient visits (101.0 vs. 5.2) were higher in the RRT group. Additionally, the average expenditure escalated with advancing CKD stages; the expenditure difference between stage3 and 4 was 2.8 times, and between stage4 and 5 was 15 times. Patients undergoing RRT spent 17.6 times more than those not receiving RRT (29,237,778 vs. 1,660,351 KRW). This study concludes that the aggravation of CKD can lead the financial toxicity due to RRT initiation, highlighting the need of appropriate management in early and moderate stages of CKD.