Contrast in Life Histories of Exploited Fishes and Ecosystem Structures in Coastal Waters off West Canada and East Korea

Gordon A. McFarlane,장창익,Jacquelynne R. King,김수암,Richard J. Beamish,오재호 한국해양과학기술원 2009 Ocean science journal Vol.44 No.1

By reviewing the history of fishery exploitation in the coastal waters of west Canada and east Korea, related with contrasting life history strategies of the dominant species, the fishery management challenges that each country would face in the upcoming decades were outlined. In the ecosystem of the Canadian western coastal waters, the dominant oceanographic feature is the coastal upwelling domain off the west coast of Vancouver Island, the northernmost extent of the California Current System in the eastern North Pacific. In the marine ecosystem of the eastern coasts of Korea (the Japan/East Sea), a major oceanographic feature is the Tsushima Warm Current, a branch of the Kuroshio Current in the western North Pacific. Fishes in the Canadian ecosystem are dominated by demersal, long-lived species such as flatfish, rockfish, sablefish, and halibut. During summer, migratory pelagic species such as Pacific hake, Pacific salmon, and recently Pacific sardine, move into this area to feed. In the late 1970s, Canada declared jurisdiction for 200 miles from their coastline, and major fisheries species in Canadian waters have been managed with a quota system. The overall fishing intensity off the west coast of Vancouver Island has been relatively moderate compared to Korean waters. Fishes in the ecosystem of the eastern Korean waters are dominated by shortlived pelagic and demersal fish. Historically, Korea has shared marine resources in this area with neighbouring countries, but stock assessments and quotas have only recently (since the late- 1990s) been implemented for some major species. In the Korean ecosystem, fisheries can be described as intensive, and many stocks have been rated as overfished. The two ecosystems responded differently to climate impacts such as regime shifts under different exploitation histories. In the future, both countries will face the challenge of global warming and subsequent impacts on ecosystems, necessitating developing adaptive fisheries management plans. The challenges will be contrasting for the two countries: Canada will need to conserve fish populations, while Korea will need to focus on rebuilding depleted fish populations. By reviewing the history of fishery exploitation in the coastal waters of west Canada and east Korea, related with contrasting life history strategies of the dominant species, the fishery management challenges that each country would face in the upcoming decades were outlined. In the ecosystem of the Canadian western coastal waters, the dominant oceanographic feature is the coastal upwelling domain off the west coast of Vancouver Island, the northernmost extent of the California Current System in the eastern North Pacific. In the marine ecosystem of the eastern coasts of Korea (the Japan/East Sea), a major oceanographic feature is the Tsushima Warm Current, a branch of the Kuroshio Current in the western North Pacific. Fishes in the Canadian ecosystem are dominated by demersal, long-lived species such as flatfish, rockfish, sablefish, and halibut. During summer, migratory pelagic species such as Pacific hake, Pacific salmon, and recently Pacific sardine, move into this area to feed. In the late 1970s, Canada declared jurisdiction for 200 miles from their coastline, and major fisheries species in Canadian waters have been managed with a quota system. The overall fishing intensity off the west coast of Vancouver Island has been relatively moderate compared to Korean waters. Fishes in the ecosystem of the eastern Korean waters are dominated by shortlived pelagic and demersal fish. Historically, Korea has shared marine resources in this area with neighbouring countries, but stock assessments and quotas have only recently (since the late- 1990s) been implemented for some major species. In the Korean ecosystem, fisheries can be described as intensive, and many stocks have been rated as overfished. The two ecosystems responded differently to climate impacts such as regime shifts under different exploitation histories. In the future, both countries will face the challenge of global warming and subsequent impacts on ecosystems, necessitating developing adaptive fisheries management plans. The challenges will be contrasting for the two countries: Canada will need to conserve fish populations, while Korea will need to focus on rebuilding depleted fish populations.

Contrast in Life Histories of Exploited Fishes and Ecosystem Structures in Coastal Waters off West Canada and East Korea

McFarlane, Gordon A.,Zhang, Chang Ik,King, Jacquelynne R.,Kim, Su-Am,Beamish, Richard J.,Oh, Jae-Ho 한국해양학회 2009 Ocean science journal Vol.44 No.1

By reviewing the history of fishery exploitation in the coastal waters of west Canada and east Korea, related with contrasting life history strategies of the dominant species, the fishery management challenges that each country would face in the upcoming decades were outlined. In the ecosystem of the Canadian western coastal waters, the dominant oceanographic feature is the coastal upwelling domain off the west coast of Vancouver Island, the northernmost extent of the California Current System in the eastern North Pacific. In the marine ecosystem of the eastern coasts of Korea (the Japan/East Sea), a major oceanographic feature is the Tsushima Warm Current, a branch of the Kuroshio Current in the western North Pacific. Fishes in the Canadian ecosystem are dominated by demersal, long-lived species such as flatfish, rockfish, sablefish, and halibut. During summer, migratory pelagic species such as Pacific hake, Pacific salmon, and recently Pacific sardine, move into this area to feed. In the late 1970s, Canada declared jurisdiction for 200 miles from their coastline, and major fisheries species in Canadian waters have been managed with a quota system. The overall fishing intensity off the west coast of Vancouver Island has been relatively moderate compared to Korean waters. Fishes in the ecosystem of the eastern Korean waters are dominated by shortlived pelagic and demersal fish. Historically, Korea has shared marine resources in this area with neighbouring countries, but stock assessments and quotas have only recently (since the late-1990s) been implemented for some major species. In the Korean ecosystem, fisheries can be described as intensive, and many stocks have been rated as overfished. The two ecosystems responded differently to climate impacts such as regime shifts under different exploitation histories. In the future, both countries will face the challenge of global warming and subsequent impacts on ecosystems, necessitating developing adaptive fisheries management plans. The challenges will be contrasting for the two countries: Canada will need to conserve fish populations, while Korea will need to focus on rebuilding depleted fish populations.

Spatiotemporal Distribution of Pacific Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) Eggs in the West Sea of Korea

Hwang, Sun-Do,McFarlane, Gordon A.,Choi, Ok-In,Kim, Jong-Sik,Hwang, Hak-Jin The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2007 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.10 No.2

Pacific anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) eggs were collected during the spawning season (2000-2003) using a revised ring net in the coastal waters adjacent to the Geum River Estuary in the West Sea of Korea (Yellow Sea). Anchovy eggs were present from May to September, showing a peak in spawning from June to July when the water temperature and salinity were $17-27^{\circ}C$ and above 30.00 psu, respectively. During the main spawning season, no clear diel cycle (regarding the 24-h sampling period of dusk, night, dawn, and daytime) was detected in the vertical distribution of anchovy eggs near Eocheong Island (50-60m depth). Judging from the developmental stages of the collected eggs, it appeared that anchovies spawned mostly at night and that the eggs hatched at dusk and during the night. The density of anchovy eggs was high in the southwest-northeast direction in June, and spawners appeared to move offshore in July. Mean egg density was higher in June 2002 than in June 2003 when water temperatures and salinities were lower. This study on the spatiotemporal distribution of eggs will contribute to developing management plans for the Pacific anchovy in Korea.

Original Articles : Spatiotemporal Distribution of Pacific Anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) Eggs in the West Sea of Korea

( Sun Do Hwang ),( Gordon A. McFarlane ),( Ok In Choi ),( Jong Sik Kim ),( Hak Jin Hwang ) 한국수산학회 2007 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.10 No.2

An Acoustic Survey of the Diurnal Vertical Migration of Pacific Hake off Vancouver Island , Canada

Hamano, Akira,Kieser, Robert,Cooke, Ken,McFarlane, Gordon A .,Sasakura, Toyoki 한국수산자원학회 1998 한국수산자원학회지 Vol.1 No.1

The distribution and behaviour of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) off south-west Vancouver Island, Canada, were investigated during a joint Japan/Canada Research Cruise in the early summer of 1994. The acoustic survey was conducted along transects that crossed the shelf edge at the 200 m isobath. Quantitative echo-sounders with different frequencies (38, 50, 88, 120 and 200 ㎑) and beam patterns were used on board a Japanese and a Canadian research vessel. Substantial day night time concentrations of Pacific hake were found just beyond shelf edge. Horizontal and vertical distributions of Pacific hake were observed through echograms and volume back scattering strength (SV) measurements and by mid-water trawling. Attention was paid to the marked transitions in distribution at dusk. The following results were obtained: (1) During the daytime Pacific hake aggregations were found between 180 and 300 m depth. Substantial changes in the vertical SV profiles were observed at dusk. Distributions and changes appeared to be independent of bottom topography. (2) Following sun set Pacific hake aggregations rose closer to surface with the highest SV values between 100 and 200 m. (3) Night time distributions were light, uniform and between 100 and 300m.