동진강 유역내 하천의 특성별 영향평가

윤순강,김원일,김진호,김선종,고문환,엄기철 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.4

본 연구는 동진강 유역의 수질 보전을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여 동진강 본류와 이에 유입되는 정읍천을 대상으로 2001년 5월부터 11월까지 수질 모니터링을 실시하였다. 동진강 본류의 수질은 BOD기준으로 상수원 Ⅱ~Ⅳ등급(2.84~6.45 ㎎/L)으로 지점별로는 DJ6(정읍천 합류후)이 4.07㎎/L로 높게 나타나 Ⅲ급수의 수질을 유지하였다. COD는 지점별로 11.20~32.96 ㎎/L의 범위로 정읍천 합류후의 농도가 32.96 ㎎/L로 가장 높게 나타나 정읍천을 통한 본류의 오염물질량의 증가를 알 수 있었다. T-N의 경우 4.16~5.84 ㎎/L의 범위로 유역 전반에 걸쳐 오염이 이루어지고 있는 것으로 나타났고, T-P의 경우 BOD, COD와 마찬가지로 정읍천 합류후가 0.19 ㎎/L로 타 지점에 비하여 놀게 조사되었다. 본류의 COD의 경우 장마후 갈수기에 높은 농도를 나타냈고, T-P의 경우는 하천의 유량이 증가하는 홍수기보다 장마전 갈수기의 오염정도가 높고 이후 장마후 갈수기로 갈수록 수질이 악화되는 것으로 조사되었다. 동진강 수질의 오염은 주로 하류로 갈수록 그 정도가 심하게 나타나는데, 이것은 정읍천을 통해 유입되는 도시 생활하수와 인근 공장단지의 산업폐수가 그 주 요인으로 오염물질(BOD, COD T-N 및 T-P)의 농도가 상승하는 주원인이 되고 있다. 따라서, 동진강 수계의 수질관리를 위해 주 오염원이 되고 있는 정읍천의 도시생활하수와 공장단지에서 방류되는 산업폐수의 제어에 대한 대책이 먼저 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다. Irrigation water quality along Donjin river watershed was monitored to find a possible pollutants, for maintaining water quality to achieve food safety through water quality preservation of river. As a pollution indicators, such as Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), Total Nitrogen(T-N), and Total Phosphate(T-P) in Dongjin river were examined from May to November in 2001. The results were as follows : The BOD level of Dongji n river ranged from 2.84 to 6.45 mg/L, which would be in a Ⅱ~Ⅳ grade of the potable water criteria by Ministry of Environment. Averaged BOD level of downstream DJ6(After Jeongupcheon confluence) was 4.07 mg/L. The average COD level of Dongjin river ranged from 11.20 to 32.96 mg/L. COD level of DJ6 rapidly increased rapidly after the junction of Dongjin river and Jungupcheon because it showed the latter had relatively high pollution level. T-N content were significantly high in all sites of Dongjin river ranged through 4.16 to 5.84 mg/L. T-P examined high concentration than another thing point by 0.19 mg/L after Jeongupcheon confluence as BOD and COD. COD of main stream was expressed high concentration to dry season after rainy season. In case of T-P, pollution degree of dry season before rainy season appeared and examined that quality of water was worsened go by dry season after rainy season. The water quality of Dongjin river was deteriorated with inflow of Jungupcheon polluted by municipal and industrial sites near Jungup city.

경제성을 고려한 자동차 부품공장에서의 재고관리시스템 개발

이강원,신용백 대한설비관리학회 2004 대한설비관리학회지 Vol.9 No.1

Many variables in corporate environment make it difficult to plan and set cost-effective safety inventory levels. This study proposes a new model for setting safety inventory levels; its model considers orders and inventory cost under the Two-Bin system and ABC inventory management in order to reduce costs and keep the due date. It applys its model to the traditional inventory management systems of automobile parts sub-manufacturers which is changed unpredictedly and frequently. They should meet two conditions to keep economic inventory levels and continuous supply inventory ones. This study revises the traditional concepts and techniques in the inventory management. The results provide traditional systems with cost reduction, less inventory and more flexibility.

활동기준원가시스템을 이용한 보건소의 예방접종의 원가분석

박강원,전승호,이현실 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 2001 保健科學論集 Vol.27 No.1

No data analysis on the improvement of management and profit maximization is tried out for the Health Centers as the prime concern of them is not to seek profit but to enhance public interests. The Health Centers are operated with predetermined budget ceilings without cost analysis based on the outcomes of their activities and are subject to the reimbursement system for part of their revenue. However, cost analysis for Health Centers is essential in that, needless to say, scarce resources funded by tax should be utilized the most cost-effectively. The main goals of this study are to analyze the activities of the mother-child section of a Health Center, calculate the cost of vaccination, and compare the cost between the Health Center and private hospitals in an attempt to identify problems and solutions to the problems. The fieldwork had been carried out in September 1999 and the data was analyzed in October in 1999. The mother-child section of E Health Center in Seoul was selected as a subject for this study since the whole process of activities was usually undertaken independently within the section. The personnel in the section were required to report the time spent in the work of vaccination by way of the job description forms provided. According to the results of the study, the total cost of the Health Center was composed of the labor cost (21.08%), material cost (41.28%), and management cost (37.64%). Some costs in the case of the Health Center are different from those of private hospitals; some are not. For example of DPT/Polio, there is no big difference in terms of cost between the Health Center and private hospitals. In the cases of MMR and BCG, in contrast, there are differences between the two sectors. But, in the latter two cases, there might be little differences in terms of the total cost including the time cost since the time cost for the Health Center is usually higher than for private hospitals. In addition, it is suggested that medical insurance patients be transferred to private hospitals since, owing to the work of vaccination, the workload of the Health Center is too heavy to do daily activities.

간 허혈성괴상의 CT소견에 대한 실험적 연구 : 간실질 및 피막의 경시적 변화와 병리조직의 비교 Changes of CT Findings of Liver Parenchyama and Capsule with Time Lapse Correlated with Histopathology

김창근,김강득,최시성,정선관,노병석,원종진 圓光大學校 醫科學硏究所 1994 圓光醫科學 Vol.10 No.1-2

In order to evaluate CT findings with time and to confirm the capsular structure correlating with its histopathologic findings, we experimentally induced ischemic necrosis of liver in 20 rabbits. Incision of the abdomen was performed under anesthesia. Ligation of hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic duct of right inferior posterior lobe of the liver after injection of macroaggregated albumin into right inferior posterior portal vein in order to prevent from developing collateral circulation as possible. Precontrast and postcontrast enhanced CT images were obtained at 1. 2. 4 days and 1, 2. 4. 6 weeks after induction of ischemic necrosis. Necrotic area in the liver showed homogeneous low density compared to normal liver, and no contrast enhancement after contrast material administration, and marked volume loss with time. CT attenuation value of necrotic area at 1 day(36.7±6.4 M±SD, Hounsfield unit) approached to two third of that of normal liver(56.3±7.3) and showed no significant change until two weeks but increased significantly after four weeks. On contrast enhanced CT images, capsular structure was obsereved as a high density rim along the liver surface of the necortic area in 8 of 15 cases. From the first day on, homogenous ischemic or coagulation necrosis was observed but rarely findings of edema, hemorrhage and cystic change were observed on histopathologic specimen. In all of the histologic samples taken from 10 cases during th 2nd to 6th week, fibrous thickening with rich vascularity was observed along the surface of the necrotic area. In conclusion, ischemic necrosis of the liver showed homogeneous low density and no contrast enhancement. CT attenuation value of necrotic area increased significantly with time associated with markedly decrease in volume. Capsular structure attributed to the hypertrophy of the liver capsule and rich vascularity within it.

중부지역 과수원 토양중의 중금속 함량 평가

정구복,김원일,이종식,신중두,김진호,윤순강 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.1

우리나라 중부지역에서 1998년 3∼5월에 과수원 토양 164지점(경기 48, 강원 36, 충북 36, 충남 44지점)을 대상으로 표토(0∼20 ㎝)와 심토(20∼40 ㎝)로 나누어 채취하여 토양내 중금 속함량과 분포특성, 총함량에 대한 침축액별 가용성 함량 비율 및 토양 이화학성과의 관계 를 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 과수원 토양중 0.1 N-HCl 침출성 평균함량은 Cd 0.080, Cu 4.23. Pb 3.42 ㎎/㎏, 1 N-HCl 침출성 As 평규함량은 0.44 ㎎/㎏, 중금속 총함량 은 Zn 78.9, Ni 16.09 및 Hg 0.052 ㎎/㎏ 이었다. 과수원 토양내 중금속 평균함량은 우리 나 라 토양환경보전법의 토양오염 우려기준(Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100, Zn 300, Ni 40, Hg 4 ㎎/ ㎏)과 비교하여 1/25∼1/76.9 수준으로 안전하였다. 토양의 중금속 총함량에 대한 침출액별 가용성 함량비율은 Cd 5.4∼9.2, Cu 27.9∼47.8, Pb 12.6∼21.8, Zn 15.8∼20.3, Ni 5.3∼6.3, Cr 0.7∼3.6% 이었고, 특히 0.05 M-EDTA 침출성 CU 및 Pb의 침출비율이 상대적으로 높 게 나타났다. 토양내 Cd, Pb 및 Ni의 총함량은 모래함량과 부의상관, 미사와 점토함량과는 정의 상관을 보였다. 토양의 중금속 총함량에 대한 침출액별 가용성 함량비율은 점토함량과 는 부의 상관을 보였으며, Zn과 Ni의 함량비율은 토양 pH값, 유기물 및 유효인산 함량과 정 의 상관을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 과수원 토양의 중금속 함량은 토양환경보전법의 토양오염기준보다 매우 낮아 안전하였으나 영농활동에 의한 영향으로 볼 수 있는 농도수준 이 검출된 일부 토양에서 조사되었다. 따라서 최근의 친환경농업 측면으로 볼 때 영농형태 별 중금속의 분포 및 농업자재에 의한 농경지내 중금속 부하량에 근거하여 중금속 오염유무 를 평가할 수 있는 판단기준에 대한 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다. Objectives of this study were to monitor the distribution of heavy metals, to compare extractable heavy metal with total content and to investigate the relationships between soil physico-chemical properties and heavy metals in orchard soil. sampling sites were 48 in Gyeonggi, 36 in Gangwon, 36 in Chungbuk, and 44 in Chungnam. Soils were collected form two depths, 0 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm (here after referred to as upper and lower layers) from March to May in 1998. Total contents of heavy metal in soils were analyzed by ICP-OES after acid digestion (HNO₃:HCl:H₂O₂) whereas extractable contents were measured after successive extraction of 0.1 N-HCl, 0.05 M-EDTA, and 0.005 M-DTPA. Mercury was analysed by mercury atomizer. The average contents of Cd, Cu, and Pb in the extractant with 0.1 N-HCl at upper layer were 0.080, 4.23, and 3.42 ㎎/㎏, respectively. As content in the extractant with 1 N-HCl was 0.44 ㎎/㎏, and total contents of 20, Ni, and Hg were 78.9, 16.1, and 0.052 ㎎/㎏, respectively. m e ratios of concentrations of heavy metals to threshold values (Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100, Zn 300, Ni 40, Hg 4 ㎎/㎏) in soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea (2001) were low in the range of 1/2.5-1/76.9 in orchard soils. The ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content ranged 5.4-9.21% for Cd, 27.9-47.8% for Cu, 12.6-21.8% for Pb, 15.8-203% for Zn, 5.3 -6.3% for Nii and 0.7 -3.6% for 2n, respectively. Cu and Pb contents in 0.05 M-EDTA extractable solution were higher than those in the other extractable solution. Total contents of Cd, Ni, and Ni in soils were negatively correlated with sand content, but positively correlated with silt and clay contents. Ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content were negatively correlated with clay content, but Zn and Ni contents were positively correlated with soil pH, organic matter, and available phosphorous. Therefore, the orchard soil was safe because the heavy metal contents of orchard soil were very low as compared to its threshold value in the Soil Environmental Conservation. Act However, it need to consider the input of agricultural materials to the agricultural land for farming practices for assessment of heavy metals.

디지털 생산성 향상을 위한 웹 보안 미들웨어시스템 구현에 관한 연구

하태용,이강원,신용백 한국생산성학회 2003 生産性論集 Vol.17 No.1

The puropose of this paper is the materialization of web security middle wear system for the improvement of digital productivity in e-business. Tnternet changed e-business information epochally and contributed in digital productivity enlargement through easy access of resources. But, Internet have a weakness security, because it is offered through many unspecific access. For this reason, the web security problem solution play important role in the digital productivity elevation in e-business environment. The role of security system is prevent resources of system from user who is not permitted. In a recent, there is a case that use strong interception system such as a security firewall for the security, but there is a fair difficulty at introduction expense and operation. Specially, A wrong policy decision have influence on all network and it could be a major cause for reduction network. This study proposes security solution though the research about middle wear embodiment such as user certification and access control from the view point of individuation web system defense.

하수오니 및 석회시용이 열무의 생육과 화학성분에 미치는 영향

정구복,김원일,이종식,김진호,윤순강 한국환경농학회 2003 한국환경농학회지 Vol.22 No.2

하수오니의 농경지 유입에 따른 작물의 생육상황, 피해증상 및 부위별 무기성분 함량에 미치는 석회의 개량 효과를 검토하고, 토양 및 식물체중의 화학성분이 식물생육에 미치는 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 공단하수오니 및 석회를 조합 처리하고 3요소구를 대조구로 하여 열무의 생육상과 화학성분 함량을 분석 비교하였다. 시험 후 토양의 화학성은 하수오니구가 3요소구와 비교하여 EC, T-N 및 미량성분 함량은 높았고, Av. P₂O_(5) 및 치환성 양이온은 낮게 나타났다. 하수오니 사용구에서 열무의 피해증상으로 잎의 황백화 현상을 보였으나 석회처리구에서는 생육이 양호하였고 황백화 현상도 나타나지 않았다. 하수오니 시용구에서 석회의 개량효과로 열무 생육과 수량감소를 경감시키는 효과가 나타났으며, 특히 하수오니 50 Mg/harn에서는 무처리에 비해 잎과 뿌리의 수량이 각각 29%, 48% 증수되었다. 하수오니 사용구에서 3요소구와 비교하여 열부중의 유효성분인 P, K, Ca 및 Mg 함량이 낮았으나 석회처리로 열무에 흡수된 유효성분 함량이 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 토양 및 열무엽중의 Cu, Zn, Ni 함량은 열무 잎의 T-N과는 정의 상관, P 및 양이온과는 부의 상관을 보였다. 열무중의 Cu, Zn, Ni 함량은 잎과 뿌리 모두에서 열무 생체수량과 고도의 부의 상관을 보였다. 2차 회귀식에 의해 계산된 열무 엽중의 Cu, Zn에 대한 5% 수량감소 농도는 각각 22.4, 349 mg/kg이었다. Growth and mineral composition of young radish in soil amended with sewage sludge (ISS) with or without liming were investigated. Levels of EC, T-N, and micronutrients were increased in the ISS treatment (50 Mg/ha) compared to the NPK treatment, but those of available P and exchangeable cations were decreased. Chlorosis was appeared on the young radish leaf at the ISS treatment, but this phytotoxic symptom was corrected with line amendment (3 Mg/ha). Yields of young radish leaf and root in the combined treatment of ISS and lime were increased about 29 and 48%, respectively, compared with those in the ISS treatment. Contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg in young radish were higher in the combined treatment of ISS and lime, whereas those contents in the ISS treatment were lower than those in the NPK treatment. Contents of Cu, Zn, and Ni in soil and young radish leaf were positively correlated with total N content in young radish leaf, while contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg were negatively correlated. Contents of Cu, Zn, and Ni in leaf were negatively correlated with yield of young radish. Contents of Cu and Zn in leaf corresponding with a 5% yield reduction of young radish were 22.4 and 349 ㎎/㎏, respectively.

논토양중 카드뮴 유효도와 수도의 흡수이행에 미치는 석회 및 Humic acid 사용효과

김민경,김원일,정구복,박광래,윤순강,엄기철 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.1

토양중 중금속이 식물에 흡수 및 이행되는 것을 경감시켜 여기에서 생산된 농산물의 안전성 향상을 위한 기초자료를 확보하고 논토양의 카드뮴 유효도와 흡수이행에 미치는 석회와 humic acid 처리 효과를 구명하기 위하여 실내경험과 포트실험을 수행하였다. 실내실험에서 공시토양에 2.5와 5.0 ton/ha의 석회와 1%와 2% humic acid를 처리한 후 토양중 가용성 카드뮴 함량 변화를 조사한 결과, 두 처리 모두 14일까지는 담수상태에서 처리효과로 인하여 가용성 카드뮴 함량이 감소하다가 그 이후에는 토양의 완충능에 의해 다시 증가하는 경향이었다. 이때, 토양의 가용성 카드뮴 함량은 토양 pH 및 양이온치환용량과 부의 상관이 있었다. 2.5 ton/ha의 석회와 1% 의 humic acid를 처리한 후 담수시켜 안정화된 다음 벼를 재배하여 조사한 결과, 석회와 humic acid 처리에 비해 분얼기와 수확기의 치화태 및 수용태 카드뮴 함량이 낮아졌으나, 분얼기에 비해 수확기에 토양중 이동이 어려운 산화물 및 탄산염태와 황화물 및 잔류태의 함량이 증가하였다. 식물에 흡수가 용이한 형태로 알려진 치환태와 수용태는 모두 토양 pH와 고도의 부의 상관이 있었다. 수확기의 줄기, 잎 및 현미 건물중은 석회 및 humic acide 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 모두 높았고, 특히 석회 처리구의 건물중이 현저하게 높았다. 석회 처리구에서 줄기와 잎의 카드뮴 함량은 각각 1.01과 0.37㎎/㎏으로 대조구와 비슷하였으나, 뿌리나 현미의 카드뮴 ?량은 각각 2.11과 0.09㎎/㎏으로 대조구에 비해 낮았다. 지상부와 뿌리의 카드뮴 함량은 humic acid 처리에 의해 현저히 낮아졌으며, 특히 현미로의 카드뮴 이행도 월등히 낮게 나타난다. This study was conducted to know the effect of lime and humic acid on cadmium availability and its uptake by plant grown in contaminated paddy soils with heavy metal. The treatment levels of lime were 2.5 and 5.0 ton/ha and that of humic acid were 1 and 2%. The contents of 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd were reduced with lime and humic acid and were negatively correlated with CEC as well as soil pH. The sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate the heavy metals in soil into the designated from exchangeable (0.5 M KNO₃), water soluble (H₂O), organically bound (0.5 M NaOH), carbonate (0.05 M Na₂-EDTA) and sulfide/residual (4 M HNO₃). In soil amended with 2.5 ton/ha lime and 1% humic acid, chemical forms of Cd at tillering stage were predominant exchangeable+water soluble extractable Cd, whereas that at harvesting stage were predominant carbonate+sulfide/residual extractable Cd. The exchangeable forms of Cd in soil with lime and humic acid were negatively correlated with soil pH during the harvesting period. Total absorbed Cd of paddy rice tended to occur in the order of root > stem > leaf > brown rice. Cd con- tents of brown rice with lime and humic acid treatment were 0.09 and 0.08 mg/kg, respectively. That were lower than control, 0.20 ㎎/㎏. It could be that treatment of lime and humic acid in polluted soil by heavy metals would reduce the uptake of heavy metals by plants and be a temporary method of reclamation at the highly heavy metal contaminated soils.

Malonic acid Benzylidene Diethyl Ester에 대한 Amines의 친핵성 첨가반응에 관한 속도론적 연구

신갑철,정강원 慶尙大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.23 No.2

The kinetic studies on the addition of amines(primary, secondary and tertiary) to Malonic acid Benzylidene Diethyl Ester(MBDE) and Ethylcinnamate(EC) have been carried out in several solvents (MeOH, EtOH and n-PrOH) and at various temperatures. The order of reactivity in solvents was MeOH>eToh>N-PrOH, this result could be explained by the thermodynamic parameters and the dielectric constant of solvents. From the kinetic data, the following reactivity of amines has been derived ; piperidine>n-butylamine>diethylamine>benzylamine. This result was concurred with the Bronsted relationship, expect the deviation of diethylamine which might be resulted from its steric hinderance. It was found that the 3。 amines was less reactive than that of 1。 and 2。 amines toward MBDE. It was therefore suggested that the reactivity of amines was influenced by the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bond. The difference of reactivity between MBDA and EC could be explained by the neighboring group effect.

하수오니 시용토양에서 작물의 중금속 흡수이행에 미치는 석회의 영향

정구복,김원일,이종식,윤순강 한국환경농학회 2002 한국환경농학회지 Vol.21 No.1

공단 하수오니의 농경지 유입에 따른 토양의 중금속 함량과 작물체로의 중금속 흡수이행에 미치는 석회시용 효과를 조사하였다. 공단하수오니 및 돈분퇴비를 각각 25, 50 Mg/ha 시용토양에 석회를 3 Mg/ha 처리하여 함량을 분석하였다. 시험후 토양의 중금속 함량은 공단하수오니에서 대조구(NPK 처리구) 및 돈분퇴비보다 높았으며, 특히 공단하수오니 50 Mg/ha 시용구에서는 구리, 아연, 니켈 및 크롬함량이 대조구와 비교하여 12∼48배 높은 농도를 보였다. 공단하수오니 시용으로알타리무로 흡수 이행된 구리, 아연 및 니켈 함량은 증가하여 알타리무 엽중의 농도가 식물독성 피해농도를 초과하는 수준이였다. 공단하수오니 시용토양에서 석회시용으로 알타리무 엽과 뿌리중 구리, 아연 및 니켈 함량은 크게 감량되었으며, 시험후 토양의 pH와 알타리무중 구리, 아연 및 니켈 함량과는 고도의 부의상관을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 석회시용이 중금속이 다량 함유된 하수오니 유입으로 인한 작물의 독성피해와 중금속 흡수 이행성을 경감시킬 수 있는 일시적인 개량방법으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 생각되었다. The effect of lime on plant availability of heavy metals in soils amended with industrial sewage sludge (ISS) or pig manure compost (PMC) was investigated. A pot experiment with Altari radish (Raphanus sativus) was conducted. Industrial sewage sludge and pig manure compost were added at 25 and 50 Mg/ha, and lime was added at 3 Mg/ha. Heavy metal contents of ISS treated soils after experiment were higher than those in control (NPK plot) and PMC treatment. Specially, the contents of copper, zinc, nickel and chromium in the 50 Mg/ha of ISS treated soils were higher 12~48 times than those in control. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves cultivated at the ISS treated soil exceeded the critical levels of plant toxicity. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves and roots cultivated at the ISS treated soil were reduced by the addition of lime. Copper, zinc, and nickel contents in Altari radish leaves were negatively correlated with soil pH after experiment. It concluded that liming would reduce the uptake of heavy metals by plants and be a temporary method of reclamation at the highly heavy metal accumulated soils by ISS.