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Saravanakumar, G.,Min, Kyung Hyun,Min, Dong Sik,Kim, Ah Young,Lee, Chang-Moon,Cho, Yong Woo,Lee, Sang Cheon,Kim, Kwangmeyung,Jeong, Seo Young,Park, Kinam,Park, Jae Hyung,Kwon, Ick Chan Elsevier 2009 Journal of controlled release Vol.140 No.3
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Development of successful formulations for poorly water-soluble drugs remains a longstanding critical and challenging issue in cancer therapy. As a potential drug carrier of paclitaxel, hydrotropic oligomer-glycol chitosan (HO-GC) was synthesized by chemical conjugation of the N,N-diethylnicotinamide-based oligomer, uniquely designed for enhancing the aqueous solubility of paclitaxel, to the backbone of glycol chitosan. Owing to its amphiphilicity, the conjugate formed self-assembled nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 313±13nm in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4 at 37°C). HO-GC nanoparticles maintained their structure for up to 50days in PBS. They could encapsulate a high quantity (20wt.%) of paclitaxel (PTX) with a maximum drug-loading efficiency of 97%, due to the presence of hydrotropic inner cores. When HO-GC-PTX particles were exposed to the 0.1M sodium salicylate solution in PBS (pH 7.4), PTX was released from nanoparticles in a sustained manner. From the cytotoxicity test, it was confirmed that HO-GC-PTX nanoparticles showed lower cytotoxicity than free PTX formulation in 50%/50% Cremophor EL/ethanol mixture. The optical imaging results indicated that near-infrared fluorescence dye (Cy5.5)-labeled HO-GC-PTX showed an excellent tumor specificity in SCC7 tumor-bearing mice, due to the enhanced permeation and retention effect. Overall, HO-GC-PTX nanoparticles might be a promising carrier for PTX delivery in cancer therapy.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P><P>A hydrotropic oligomer-glycol chitosan (HO-GC) conjugate, with unique hydrotropic characteristics towards paclitaxel (PTX), was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as the drug carrier. Notably, HO-GC nanoparticles imbibed relatively high quantity of PTX compared to other polysaccharide-based carriers. <I>In vivo</I> studies showed enhanced tumor targeting ability of HO-GC nanoparticles.</P><ce:figure></ce:figure>
OPERATIONS GENERALIZED MAPPINGS ASSOCIATED WITH °¤p-NORMAL AND °¤p-REGULAR SPACES
D. SARAVANAKUMAR,G. SAI SUNDARA KRISHNAN 장전수학회 2012 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.15 No.4
In this paper, we introduced the concepts of (°, ¯¤)-generalized-pre-open (closed) mapping and (°¤, ¯)-generalized-pre-homeomorphism and studied some of their properties. Further we de¯ned (°¤, ¯¤)-generalized-pre-open (closed) mappings and (°¤, ¯¤)-generalized-pre-homeomorphism and character-ized them using °¤-gp.open (closed) sets and ¯¤-gp.open (closed) sets. Finally we characterized of °¤p-normal spaces and °¤p -regular spaces.
On a Class of γ<sup>*</sup>-pre-open Sets in Topological Spaces
Krishnan, G. Sai Sundara,Saravanakumar, D.,Ganster, M.,Ganster, M. Department of Mathematics 2014 Kyungpook mathematical journal Vol.54 No.2
In this paper, a new class of open sets, namely ${\gamma}^*$-pre-open sets was introduced and its basic properties were studied. Moreover a new type of topology ${\tau}_{{\gamma}p^*}$ was generated using ${\gamma}^*$-pre-open sets and characterized the resultant topological space (X, ${\tau}_{{\gamma}p^*}$) as ${\gamma}^*$-pre-$T_{\frac{1}{2}}$ space.
On - -irresolute functions and --continuous functions in Topological spaces
N.Kalaivani,D. SARAVANAKUMAR,G. SAI SUNDARA KRISHNAN 장전수학회 2012 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.15 No.4
In this paper the notion of --irresolute functions in a topological space has been introduced and some of their properties are studied. Further the concept of -- continuous functions, --open functions and --closed functions have been introduced and the relationship among them are studied.
3D Numerical investigation of a rounded corner square cylinder for supercritical flows
Nivedan Vishwanath,Aditya K. Saravanakumar,Kush Dwivedi,Kalluri R.C. Murthy,Pardha S. Gurugubelli,Sabareesh G. Rajasekharan 한국풍공학회 2022 Wind and Structures, An International Journal (WAS Vol.35 No.1
Tall buildings are often subjected to steady and unsteady forces due to external wind flows. Measurement and mitigation of these forces becomes critical to structural design in engineering applications. Over the last few decades, many approaches such as modification of the external geometry of structures have been investigated to mitigate wind-induced load. One such proven geometric modification involved the rounding of sharp corners. In this work, we systematically analyze the impact of rounded corner radii on the reducing the flow-induced loading on a square cylinder. We perform 3-Dimensional (3D) simulations for high Reynolds number flows (Re=1 × 105) which are more likely to be encountered in practical applications. An Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method capable of capturing flow accurately at large Reynolds numbers is employed in this study. The IDDES formulation uses a k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) model for near-wall modelling that prevents mesh-induced separation of the boundary layer. The effects of these corner modifications are analyzed in terms of the resulting variations in the mean and fluctuating components of the aerodynamic forces compared to a square cylinder with no geometric changes. Plots of the angular distribution of the mean and fluctuating coefficient of pressure along the square cylinder’s surface illustrate the effects of corner modifications on the different parts of the cylinder. The windward corner’s separation angle was observed to decrease with an increase in radius, resulting in a narrower and longer recirculation region. Furthermore, with an increase in radius, a reduction in the fluctuating lift, mean drag, and fluctuating drag coefficients has been observed.
Zinc oxide nanotips growth by controlling vapor deposition on substrates
Babu, Eadi Sunil,Saravanakumar, B.,Ravi, G.,Yuvakkumar, R.,Ganesh, V.,Guduru, Ramesh K.,Kim, Sungjin Springer-Verlag 2018 Journal of materials science Materials in electron Vol.29 No.8
<P>ZnO nanotips structure fabrication was undertaken through controlled growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Substrate position and deposition time role was investigated systematically by controlling the parameters such as temperature, flow rate, and growth pressure. The obtained result showed that ZnO nanorods undergo a sharp regrowth process with increase in ZnO vapor availability in the CVD reactor. The surface morphology and structural properties were investigated by using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The grown nanostructures were used for gas sensor fabrication to detect and to study the sensitivity effects of H-2 and CO.</P>
Carboxymethyl dextran-cyclodextrin conjugate as the carrier of doxorubicin.
Sivasubramanian, Maharajan,Thambi, Thavasyappan,Deepagan, V G,Saravanakumar, Gurusamy,Ko, Hyewon,Kang, Young Mo,Park, Jae Hyung American Scientific Publishers 2013 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.13 No.11
<P>The carboxymethyl dextran-y-cyclodextrin (CMD-yCD) conjugate was prepared as the carrier for the delivery of the poorly water-soluble anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). The conjugate could form self-assembled nanoparticles (315 nm in diameter) in an aqueous solution, which might be due to the hydrogen bonding among yCD molecules in the conjugate. DOX was effectively encapsulated into CMD-yCD nanoparticles (CMD-NPs) by the emulsion method. In particular, regardless of the feed amount of DOX, its loading efficiencies were always greater than 70%. CMD-NPs released DOX in a sustained manner, owing to the inclusion complex formation between DOX and yCD. When Cy5.5-labeled CMD-NPs were treated with SCC7 cancer cells, strong fluorescence signals were observed at the cytosol, indicating effective intracellular uptake. In addition, DOX-loaded CMD-NPs exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity to SCC7 cancer cells. However, the empty nanoparticles did not show toxicity to the cells, implying their high biocompatibility. Overall, these results suggest that the CMD-gammaCD conjugate could be a useful carrier for the delivery of DOX.</P>
Bioreducible core-crosslinked hyaluronic acid micelle for targeted cancer therapy
Han, H.S.,Choi, K.Y.,Ko, H.,Jeon, J.,Saravanakumar, G.,Suh, Y.D.,Lee, D.S.,Park, J.H. Elsevier Science Publishers 2015 Journal of controlled release Vol.200 No.-
For drug delivery nanocarriers to be a safe and effective therapeutic option, blood stability, tumor-targetability, and intracellular drug release features should be considered. In this study, to develop a potent drug delivery carrier that can meet the multiple requirements, we engineered a bioreducible core-crosslinked polymeric micelle based on hyaluronic acid (CC-HAM) by a facile method using d,l-dithiothreitol in aqueous conditions. The CC-HAM exhibited enhanced structural stability under diluted conditions with PBS containing FBS or sodium dodecyl sulfates. We also successfully encapsulated doxorubicin (DOX), chosen as a hydrophobic anti-cancer drug, in CC-HAMs with high loading efficiency (>80%). The drug release rate of CC-HAMs was rapidly accelerated in the presence of glutathione, whereas the drug release was significantly retarded in physiological buffer (pH7.4). An in vivo biodistribution study demonstrated the superior tumor targetability of CC-HAMs to that of non-crosslinked HAMs, primarily ascribed to robust stability of CC-HAMs in the bloodstream. Notably, these results correspond with the improved pharmacokinetics and tumor accumulation of DOX-loaded CC-HAMs as well as their excellent therapeutic efficacy. Overall, these results suggest that the robust, bioreducible CC-HAM can be applied as a potent doxorubicin delivery carrier for targeted cancer therapy.