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Yoon, K.S.,Previte, D.J.,Hodgdon, H.E.,Poole, B.C.,Kwon, D.H.,El-Ghar, G.E.A.,Lee, S.H.,Clark, J.M. ESA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014 Journal of medical entomology Vol.51 No.2
The study examines the extent and frequency of a knockdown-type resistance allele ( kdr type) in North American populations of human head lice. Lice were collected from 32 locations in Canada and the United States. DNA was extracted from individual lice and used to determine their zygosity using the serial invasive signal amplification technique to detect the kdr-type T917I ( TI) mutation, which is most responsible for nerve insensitivity that results in the kdr phenotype and permethrin resistance. Previously sampled sites were resampled to determine if the frequency of the TI mutation was changing. The TI frequency was also reevaluated using a quantitative sequencing method on pooled DNA samples from selected sites to validate this population genotyping method. Genotyping substantiated that TI occurs at high levels in North American lice ( 88.4%). Overall, the TI frequency in U. S. lice was 84.4% from 1999 to 2009, increased to 99.6% from 2007 to 2009, and was 97.1% in Canadian lice in 2008. Genotyping results using the serial invasive signal ampli_cation reaction ( 99.54%) and quantitative sequencing ( 99.45%) techniques were highly correlated. Thus, the frequencies of TI in North American head louse populations were found to be uniformly high, which may be due to the high selection pressure from the intensive and widespread use of the pyrethrins- or pyrethroid- based pediculicides over many years, and is likely a main cause of increased pediculosis and failure of pyrethrins- or permethrin- based products in Canada and the United States. Alternative approaches to treatment of head lice infestations are critically needed.
Suppression of cooling by strong magnetic fields in white dwarf stars
Valyavin, G.,Shulyak, D.,Wade, G. A.,Antonyuk, K.,Zharikov, S. V.,Galazutdinov, G. A.,Plachinda, S.,Bagnulo, S.,Machado, L. Fox,Alvarez, M.,Clark, D. M.,Lopez, J. M.,Hiriart, D.,Han, Inwoo,Jeon, Young Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2014 Nature Vol.515 No.7525
Isolated cool white dwarf stars more often have strong magnetic fields than young, hotter white dwarfs, which has been a puzzle because magnetic fields are expected to decay with time but a cool surface suggests that the star is old. In addition, some white dwarfs with strong fields vary in brightness as they rotate, which has been variously attributed to surface brightness inhomogeneities similar to sunspots, chemical inhomogeneities and other magneto-optical effects. Here we describe optical observations of the brightness and magnetic field of the cool white dwarf WD 1953-011 taken over about eight years, and the results of an analysis of its surface temperature and magnetic field distribution. We find that the magnetic field suppresses atmospheric convection, leading to dark spots in the most magnetized areas. We also find that strong fields are sufficient to suppress convection over the entire surface in cool magnetic white dwarfs, which inhibits their cooling evolution relative to weakly magnetic and non-magnetic white dwarfs, making them appear younger than they truly are. This explains the long-standing mystery of why magnetic fields are more common amongst cool white dwarfs, and implies that the currently accepted ages of strongly magnetic white dwarfs are systematically too young.
A STUDY OF THE PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY OF THE PECULIAR MAGNETIC WHITE DWARF WD 1953-011
Valyavin, G.,Antonyuk, K.,Plachinda, S.,Clark, D. M.,Wade, G. A.,Machado, Lester Fox,Alvarez, M.,Lopez, J. M.,Hiriart, D.,Han, Inwoo,Jeon, Young-Beom,Bagnulo, S.,Zharikov, S. V.,Zurita, C.,Mujica, R. IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.734 No.1
<P>We present and interpret simultaneous new photometric and spectroscopic observations of the peculiar magnetic white dwarf WD 1953-011. The flux in the V-band filter and intensity of the Balmer spectral lines demonstrate variability with the rotation period of about 1.45 days. According to previous studies, this variability can be explained by the presence of a dark spot having a magnetic nature, analogous to a sunspot. Motivated by this idea, we examine possible physical relationships between the suggested dark spot and the strong-field magnetic structure (magnetic 'spot' or 'tube') recently identified on the surface of this star. Comparing the rotationally modulated flux with the variable spectral observables related to the magnetic 'spot,' we establish their correlation and therefore their physical relationship. Modeling the variable photometric flux assuming that it is associated with temperature variations in the stellar photosphere, we argue that the strong-field area and dark, low-temperature spot are comparable in size and located at the same latitudes, essentially overlapping each other with a possible slight longitudinal shift. In this paper, we also present a new, improved value of the star's rotational period and constrain the characteristics of the thermal inhomogeneity over the degenerate's surface.</P>
Hanly, J. G.,Urowitz, M. B.,Siannis, F.,Farewell, V.,Gordon, C.,Bae, S. C.,Isenberg, D.,Dooley, M. A.,Clarke, A.,Bernatsky, S.,Gladman, D.,Fortin, P. R.,Manzi, S.,Steinsson, K.,Bruce, I. N.,Ginzler, E Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2008 Vol.58 No.3
<B>Objective</B><P>To examine, in an inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, the association between neuropsychiatric (NP) events and anti–ribosomal P (anti-P), antiphospholipid (lupus anticoagulant [LAC], anticardiolipin), anti–β2-glycoprotein I, and anti–NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies.</P><B>Methods</B><P>NP events were identified using the American College of Rheumatology case definitions and clustered into central/peripheral and diffuse/focal events. Attribution of NP events to SLE was determined using decision rules of differing stringency. Autoantibodies were measured without knowledge of NP events or their attribution.</P><B>Results</B><P>Four hundred twelve patients were studied (87.4% female; mean ± SD age 34.9 ± 13.5 years, mean ± SD disease duration 5.0 ± 4.2 months). There were 214 NP events in 133 patients (32.3%). The proportion of NP events attributed to SLE varied from 15% to 36%. There was no association between autoantibodies and NP events overall. However, the frequency of anti-P antibodies in patients with central NP events attributed to SLE was 4 of 20 (20%), versus 3 of 107 (2.8%) in patients with other NP events and 24 of 279 (8.6%) in those with no NP events (P = 0.04). Among patients with diffuse NP events, 3 of 11 had anti-P antibodies (27%), compared with 4 of 111 patients with other NP events (3.6%) and 24 of 279 of those with no NP events (8.6%) (P = 0.02). Specific clinical–serologic associations were found between anti-P and psychosis attributed to SLE (P = 0.02) and between LAC and cerebrovascular disease attributed to SLE (P = 0.038). There was no significant association between other autoantibodies and NP events.</P><B>Conclusion</B><P>Clinically distinct NP events attributed to SLE and occurring around the time of diagnosis were found to be associated with anti-P antibodies and LAC. This suggests that there are different autoimmune pathogenetic mechanisms, although low sensitivity limits the clinical application of testing for these antibodies.</P>
Hanly, J. G.,Urowitz, M. B.,Sanchez-Guerrero, J.,Bae, S. C.,Gordon, C.,Wallace, D. J.,Isenberg, D.,Alarcó,n, G. S.,Clarke, A.,Bernatsky, S.,Merrill, J. T.,Petri, M.,Dooley, M. A.,Gladman, D.,For Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2007 Vol.56 No.1
<B>Objective</B><P>To describe the prevalence, characteristics, attribution, and clinical significance of neuropsychiatric (NP) events in an international inception cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.</P><B>Methods</B><P>The study was conducted by the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC). Patients were enrolled within 15 months of fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) SLE classification criteria. All NP events within a predefined enrollment window were identified using the ACR case definitions of 19 NP syndromes. Decision rules were derived to determine the proportion of NP disease attributable to SLE. Clinical significance was determined using the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey and the SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI).</P><B>Results</B><P>A total of 572 patients (88% female) were recruited, with a mean ± SD age of 35 ± 14 years. The mean ± SD disease duration was 5.2 ± 4.2 months. Within the enrollment window, 158 of 572 patients (28%) had at least 1 NP event. In total, there were 242 NP events that encompassed 15 of 19 NP syndromes. The proportion of NP events attributed to SLE varied from 19% to 38% using alternate attribution models and occurred in 6.1–11.7% of patients. Those with NP events, regardless of attribution, had lower scores on the SF-36 and higher SDI scores compared with patients with no NP events.</P><B>Conclusion</B><P>Twenty-eight percent of SLE patients experienced at least 1 NP event around the time of diagnosis of SLE, of which only a minority were attributed to SLE. Regardless of attribution, the occurrence of NP events was associated with reduced quality of life and increased organ damage.</P>
SQUID-Based Microwave Cavity Search for Dark-Matter Axions
Asztalos, S. J.,Carosi, G.,Hagmann, C.,Kinion, D.,van Bibber, K.,Hotz, M.,Rosenberg, L. J,Rybka, G.,Hoskins, J.,Hwang, J.,Sikivie, P.,Tanner, D. B.,Bradley, R.,Clarke, J. American Physical Society 2010 Physical Review Letters Vol.104 No.4
<P>Axions in the microeV mass range are a plausible cold dark-matter candidate and may be detected by their conversion into microwave photons in a resonant cavity immersed in a static magnetic field. We report the first result from such an axion search using a superconducting first-stage amplifier (SQUID) replacing a conventional GaAs field-effect transistor amplifier. This experiment excludes KSVZ dark-matter axions with masses between 3.3 microeV and 3.53 microeV and sets the stage for a definitive axion search utilizing near quantum-limited SQUID amplifiers.</P>
Cooper, O.,Seo, H.,Andrabi, S.,Guardia-Laguarta, C.,Graziotto, J.,Sundberg, M.,McLean, J. R.,Carrillo-Reid, L.,Xie, Z.,Osborn, T.,Hargus, G.,Deleidi, M.,Lawson, T.,Bogetofte, H.,Perez-Torres, E.,Clark American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2012 Science Translational Medicine Vol.4 No.141
<P>Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder caused by genetic and environmental factors that results in degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in the brain. We analyzed neural cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from PD patients and presymptomatic individuals carrying mutations in the PINK1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1) and LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) genes, and compared them to those of healthy control subjects. We measured several aspects of mitochondrial responses in the iPSC-derived neural cells including production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial respiration, proton leakage, and intraneuronal movement of mitochondria. Cellular vulnerability associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in iPSC-derived neural cells from familial PD patients and at-risk individuals could be rescued with coenzyme Q(10), rapamycin, or the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor GW5074. Analysis of mitochondrial responses in iPSC-derived neural cells from PD patients carrying different mutations provides insight into convergence of cellular disease mechanisms between different familial forms of PD and highlights the importance of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in this neurodegenerative disease.</P>