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Smith, S. B.,Go, G. W.,Johnson, B. J.,Chung, K. Y.,Choi, S. H.,Sawyer, J. E.,Silvey, D.T.,Gilmore, L. A.,Ghahramany, G.,Kim, K. H. Oxford University Press 2012 Journal of animal science Vol.90 No.8
<P>We have demonstrated that among carcass adipose tissue depots, brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue contains the greatest concentration of MUFA and lowest concentration of SFA. Therefore, we hypothesized that brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue depots would exhibit greater adipogenic gene expression over time than other major subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Four Angus steers, each at 9, 12, 14, and 16 mo of age, were harvested and fresh subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected from over the brisket, chuck, rib, loin, sirloin, round, flank, and plate. Relative gene expression for C/EBPβ, PPARγ, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta (CPT-1β), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), and G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of C/EBPβ, PPARγ, and CPT-1β was greatest at 12 to 14 mo of age (all P < 0.0001) and declined to very low abundance by 16 mo of age in all depots. Expression of PPARγ and CPT-1β was greater (P < 0.03) in flank, rib, and sirloin subcutaneous adipose tissues than in brisket and round adipose tissues. The expression of the SCD gene did not differ among the 4 age groups (P = 0.95). The palmitoleic:stearic acid ratio (an estimate of SCD activity) was greater (P < 0.001) in the subcutaneous adipose tissues from brisket, plate, and round than in the loin, rib, and sirloin. Conversely, subcutaneous adipose tissue from the loin, rib, and sirloin had greater (P < 0.001) SCD gene expression than the brisket, plate, and round. In general, subcutaneous adipose tissues with the highest concentration of MUFA and least SFA consistently exhibited the least SCD gene expression and adipogenic gene expression. We conclude that MUFA in the brisket and other depots with large SCD indices were deposited before 9 mo of age, during a time when the subcutaneous adipocytes were highly differentiated.</P>
Choi, S. H.,Gang, G. O.,Sawyer, J. E.,Johnson, B. J.,Kim, K. H.,Choi, C. W.,Smith, S. B. American Society of Animal Science 2013 Journal of animal science Vol.91 No.5
<P>We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers, and that soybean oil supplementation would depress adipocyte differentiation. Twenty-eight Angus steers were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 9 or 10 steers and fed a basal diet without additional fat (control), with 3% palm oil (rich in palmitic acid), or with 3% soybean oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids), for 10 wk, top-dressed daily. Palm oil had no effect (<I>P</I> > 0.05) on ADG, food intake, or G:F, whereas soybean oil depressed ADG (<I>P</I> = 0.02), food intake (<I>P</I> = 0.04), and G:F (<I>P</I> = 0.05). Marbling scores tended (<I>P</I> = 0.09) to be greater in palm oil-fed steers (Modest<SUP>09</SUP>) than in soybean oil-fed steers (Small<SUP>55</SUP>). Subcutaneous adipocyte mean volume was greater in palm oil-fed steers (515.9 pL) than in soybean-supplemented cattle (395.6 pL; <I>P</I> = 0.01). Similarly, glucose and acetate incorporation into total lipids in vitro was greater in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers (119.9 and 242.8 nmol·3h<SUP>–1</SUP>·10<SUP>5</SUP> cells, respectively) than adipose tissue of soybean oil-fed steers in (48.9 and 95.8 nmol·3h<SUP>–1</SUP>·10<SUP>5</SUP> cells, respectively). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase activities were greater (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers than in adipose tissue of control steers. Palm oil did not increase palmitic acid or decrease oleic acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue or LM, but decreased (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) myristoleic, palmitoleic, and <I>cis</I>-vaccenic acid in adipose tissue, indicating a depression in stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity. Soybean oil increased the proportion of α-linolenic acid in adipose tissue and muscle and increased linoleic acid and 18:1<I>trans</I>-10 in muscle. We conclude that palm oil supplementation promoted lipid synthesis in adipose tissue without depressing feed efficiency or increasing the palmitic acid content of beef.</P>
Macaulay, E,Nichol, R C,Bacon, D,Brout, D,Davis, T M,Zhang, B,Bassett, B A,Scolnic, D,Mö,ller, A,D’Andrea, C B,Hinton, S R,Kessler, R,Kim, A G,Lasker, J,Lidman, C,Sako, M,Smith, M,Sullivan, M,Abbo Oxford University Press 2019 MONTHLY NOTICES- ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY Vol.486 No.2
<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>We present an improved measurement of the Hubble constant (H0) using the ‘inverse distance ladder’ method, which adds the information from 207 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) at redshift 0.018 < z < 0.85 to existing distance measurements of 122 low-redshift (z < 0.07) SNe Ia (Low-z) and measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAOs). Whereas traditional measurements of H0 with SNe Ia use a distance ladder of parallax and Cepheid variable stars, the inverse distance ladder relies on absolute distance measurements from the BAOs to calibrate the intrinsic magnitude of the SNe Ia. We find H0 = 67.8 ± 1.3 km s−1 Mpc−1 (statistical and systematic uncertainties, 68 per cent confidence). Our measurement makes minimal assumptions about the underlying cosmological model, and our analysis was blinded to reduce confirmation bias. We examine possible systematic uncertainties and all are below the statistical uncertainties. Our H0 value is consistent with estimates derived from the Cosmic Microwave Background assuming a ΛCDM universe.</P>
Cellular regulation of bovine intramuscular adipose tissue development and composition.
Smith, S B,Kawachi, H,Choi, C B,Choi, C W,Wu, G,Sawyer, J E American Society of Animal Science [etc.] 2009 Journal of Animal Science Vol.87 No.14
<P>It is well documented that grain feeding stimulates adipogenesis in beef cattle, whereas pasture feeding depresses the development of adipose tissues, including intramuscular (i.m.) adipose tissue. Additionally, production practices that depress adipocyte differentiation also limit the synthesis of MUFA. Marbling scores and MUFA increase in parallel suggesting that stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) gene expression is closely associated with and necessary for marbling adipocyte differentiation. Similarly, marbling scores and fatty acid indices of SCD activity are depressed in response to dietary vitamin A restriction. In bovine preadipocytes, vitamins A and D both decrease glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity, an index of adipocyte differentiation, whereas incubation of bovine preadipocytes with l-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate increases GPDH activity. Exposing bovine preadipocytes to zinc also stimulates adipogenesis, putatively by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production. However, incubation of bovine preadipocytes with arginine, a biological precursor of NO, strongly promotes differentiation in concert with increased SCD expression. This suggests that the effect of either arginine or zinc on adipogenesis is independent of NO synthesis in bovine preadipocytes. Enhanced expression of SCD is associated with a greater accumulation of MUFA both in bovine preadipocyte cultures and during development in growing steers. In bovine preadipocytes, trans-10, cis-12 CLA strongly depresses adipocyte differentiation and SCD gene expression, thereby reducing MUFA concentrations. The bovine preadipocyte culture studies suggest that any production practice that elevates vitamins A or D or trans-10, cis-12 CLA in bovine adipose tissue will reduce i.m. adipose tissue development. Conversely, supplementation with vitamin C or zinc may promote the development of i.m. adipose tissue.</P>
The sensitivity of harassment to orbit: mass loss from early-type dwarfs in galaxy clusters
Smith, R.,Sá,nchez-Janssen, R.,Beasley, M. A.,Candlish, G. N.,Gibson, B. K.,Puzia, T. H.,Janz, J.,Knebe, A.,Aguerri, J. A. L.,Lisker, T.,Hensler, G.,Fellhauer, M.,Ferrarese, L.,Yi, S. K. Oxford University Press 2015 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol.454 No.3
Strategies for Worksite Health Interventions to Employees with Elevated Risk of Chronic Diseases
Meng, Lu,Wolff, Marilyn B.,Mattick, Kelly A.,DeJoy, David M.,Wilson, Mark G.,Smith, Matthew Lee Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2017 Safety and health at work Vol.8 No.2
Chronic disease rates have become more prevalent in the modern American workforce, which has negative implications for workplace productivity and healthcare costs. Offering workplace health interventions is recognized as an effective strategy to reduce chronic disease progression, absenteeism, and healthcare costs as well as improve population health. This review documents intervention and evaluation strategies used for health promotion programs delivered in workplaces. Using predetermined search terms in five online databases, we identified 1,131 published items from 1995 to 2014. Of these items, 27 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria; reporting data from completed United States-based workplace interventions that recruited at-risk employees based on their disease or disease-related risk factors. A content rubric was developed and used to catalogue these 27 published field studies. Selected workplace interventions targeted obesity (n = 13), cardiovascular diseases (n = 8), and diabetes (n = 6). Intervention strategies included instructional education/counseling (n = 20), workplace environmental change (n = 6), physical activity (n = 10), use of technology (n = 10), and incentives (n = 13). Self-reported data (n = 21), anthropometric measurements (n = 17), and laboratory tests (n = 14) were used most often in studies with outcome evaluation. This is the first literature review to focus on interventions for employees with elevated risk for chronic diseases. The review has the potential to inform future workplace health interventions by presenting strategies related to implementation and evaluation strategies in workplace settings. These strategies can help determine optimal worksite health programs based on the unique characteristics of work settings and the health risk factors of their employee populations.
Woo, W.,An, G.B.,Kingston, E.J.,DeWald, A.T.,Smith, D.J.,Hill, M.R. Elsevier Science 2013 ACTA MATERIALIA Vol.61 No.10
Spatial variations of residual stresses were determined through the thickness of 70mm thick ferritic steel welds created using low (1.7kJmm<SUP>-1</SUP>) and high (56kJmm<SUP>-1</SUP>) heat inputs. Two-dimensional maps of the longitudinal residual stress were obtained by using the contour method. The results were compared to neutron diffraction measurements through the thickness at different locations from the weld centerline. The deep hole drilling technique was utilized to confirm the maximum stress locations and magnitudes. The results show that significant tensile stresses (~90% of yield strength) occur along the weld centerline near the top surface (within 10% of the depth) in the low heat-input specimen. Meanwhile, in the high heat-input weld, the peak stress moved towards the heat-affected zone at a depth of ~40% of the thickness. Finally, the influence of residual stresses on potential fracture behavior of the welded joints is discussed.