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Growth Characteristics of Ultrahigh-density Microalgal Cultures
Richmond, Amos The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengine 2003 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.8 No.6
The physiological characteristics of cultures of very high cell mass (e.g. 10g cell mass/L), termed“ultrahigh cell density cultures”is reviewed. A close relationship was found between the length of the optical path (OP) in flat-plate reactors and the optimal cell density of the culture as well as its areal (g m$\^$-2/ day$\^$-1/) productivity. Cell-growth inhibition (GI) unfolds as culture density surpasses a certain threshold. If it is constantly relieved, a 1.0cm OP reactor could produce ca. 50% more than reactors with longer OP, e.g. 5 or 10cm. This unique effect, discovered by Hu et al. [3], is explained in terms of the relationships between the frequency of the light-dark cycle (L-D cycle), cells undergo in their travel between the light and dark volumes in the reactor, and the turnover time of the photosynthetic center (PC). In long OP reactors (5cm and above) the L-D cycle time may be orders of magnitude longer than the PC turnover time, resulting in a light regime in which the cells are exposed along the L-D cycle, to long, wasteful dark periods. In contrast, in reactors with an OP of ca. 1.0 cm, the L-D cycle frequency approaches the PC turnover time resulting in a significant reduction of the wasteful dark exposure time, thereby inducing a surge in photosynthetic efficiency. Presently, the major difficulty in mass cultivation of ultrahigh-density culture (UHDC) concerns cell growth inhibition in the culture, the exact nature of which is awaiting detailed investigation.
Growth Characteristics of Ultrahigh-density Microalgal Cultures
Amos Richmond 한국생물공학회 2003 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.8 No.6
The physiological characteristics of cultures of very high cell mass (e.g. 10 g cell mass/L), termed “ultrahigh cell density cultures” is reviewed. A close relationship was found between the length of the optical path (OP) in flat-plate reactors and the optimal cell density of the culture as well as its areal (g m-2 day-1) productivity. Cell-growth inhibition (GI) unfolds as culture density surpasses a certain threshold. If it is constantly relieved, a 1.0 cm OP reactor could produce ca. 50% more than reactors with longer OP, e.g. 5 or 10 cm. This unique effect, discovered by Hu et al. [3], is explained in terms of the relationships between the frequency of the light-dark cycle (L-D cycle), cells undergo in their travel between the light and dark volumes in the reactor, and the turnover time of the photosynthetic center (PC). In long OP reactors (5 cm and above) the L-D cycle time may be orders of magnitude longer than the PC turnover time, resulting in a light regime in which the cells are exposed along the L-D cycle, to long, wasteful dark periods. In contrast, in reactors with an OP of ca. 1.0 cm, the L-D cycle frequency approaches the PC turnover time resulting in a significant reduction of the wasteful dark exposure time, thereby inducing a surge in photosynthetic efficiency. Presently, the major difficulty in mass cultivation of ultrahigh-density culture (UHDC) concerns cell growth inhibition in the culture, the exact nature of which is awaiting detailed investigation.
Towards A Peace with Global Justice? The Struggle within the International Peace Architecture
Oliver P. Richmond 이화여자대학교 국제지역연구소 2021 Asian International Studies Review Vol.22 No.1
The growing connection between peace and justice depends on a long history of expanded rights emanating from critical agency and global subalterns. Their political scripts have partly driven the development of the international peace architecture (IPA), a series of layers, sediments, and theories built up through international and local scale peace praxis over the last century. It has often required an alliance with powerful actors and an international consensus. Its evolution challenges the Western framed approach to peacemaking from various directions – regional, methodological, theoretical, and ethical. The logical scientific conclusion of this process appears to equate peace with post-colonial versions of global justice and sustainability, drawing on subaltern perspectives and epistemological advances. However, blockages, counterpeace dynamics, including spoiling and authoritarian outcomes in many peace processes across the world, tend to underline the limited pragmatic traction of the peace-justice nexus. Prefer what is positive and multiple, difference over uniformity, flows over unities, mobile arrangements over systems. Believe what is productive is not sedentary but nomadic. (Foucault, cited in Dean and Villadsen 2016, 92)
FRAPCON analysis of cladding performance during dry storage operations
David J. Richmond,Kenneth J. Geelhood 한국원자력학회 2018 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.50 No.2
There is an increasing need in the United States and around the world to move used nuclear fuel fromwet storage in fuel pools to dry storage in casks stored at independent spent fuel storage installations orinterim storage sites. Under normal conditions, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission limits claddingtemperature to 400 C for high-burnup (>45 GWd/mtU) fuel, with higher temperatures allowed for lowburnupfuel. An analysis was conducted with FRAPCON-4.0 on three modern fuel designs with threerepresentative used nuclear fuel storage temperature profiles that peaked at 400 C. Results wererepresentative of the majority of US light water reactor fuel. They conservatively showed that hoop stressremains below 90 MPa at the licensing temperature limit. Results also show that the limiting case forhoop stress may not be at the highest rod internal pressure in all cases but will be related to the axialtemperature and oxidation profiles of the rods at the end of life and in storage
곽영실,Arthur Richmond,안병호,조경석 한국우주과학회 2010 Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences Vol.27 No.3
To better understand the physical processes that maintain the high-latitude lower thermospheric dynamics, we have identified relative contributions of the momentum forcing and the heating to the high-latitude lower thermospheric winds depending on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and altitude. For this study, we performed a term analysis of the potential vorticity equation for the high-latitude neutral wind field in the lower thermosphere during the southern summertime for different IMF conditions, with the aid of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere-Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (NCAR-TIEGCM). Difference potential vorticity forcing and heating terms, obtained by subtracting values with zero IMF from those with non-zero IMF, are influenced by the IMF conditions. The difference forcing is more significant for strong IMF By condition than for strong IMF Bz condition. For negative or positive By conditions, the difference forcings in the polar cap are larger by a factor of about 2 than those in the auroral region. The difference heating is the most significant for negative IMF Bz condition, and the difference heatings in the auroral region are larger by a factor of about 1.5 than those in the polar cap region. The magnitudes of the difference forcing and heating decrease rapidly with descending altitudes. It is confirmed that the contribution of the forcing to the high-latitude lower thermospheric dynamics is stronger than the contribution of the heating to it. Especially, it is obvious that the contribution of the forcing to the dynamics is much larger in the polar cap region than in the auroral region and at higher altitude than at lower altitude. It is evident that when Bz is negative condition the contribution of the forcing is the lowest and the contribution of the heating is the highest among the different IMF conditions.