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Fong, James,Gyaneshwar, Rajaneshwar,Lin, Sophia,Morrell, Stephen,Taylor, Richard,Brassil, Ann,Stuart, Anne,McGowan, Catherine Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2014 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.15 No.24
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of VIA screening with cryotherapy and to record normative values for indicators anticipated in similar low resource settings. Women aged 30-49 years were targeted, resulting in 1961 women screened and treated at two primary health care (PHC) centres near Suva, Fiji. Recruitment was through provision of information, education and communication (IEC). Referrals to a gynaecology outpatient department (OPD) at a referral hospital occurred throughout the screening pathway. Participation was 32% (95%CI 31-33%), higher in iTaukei (Melanesians) women (34%, 95%CI 33-36) compared to Fijians of Indian descent (26%, 95%CI 24-28). Regression analysis, adjusted for confounders, indicated significantly lower participation in those of Indian descent, and age groups 35-39 and 45-49 years. Of those examined by VIA, 190 were positive with aceto-white lesions (9.9%), within the expected range of 8-15%, with minor geographic and ethnic variation. Positive VIA results were more common in the peri-urban area, and in those aged 35-39 years. Of women aged 30-49 years, 59 received cryotherapy (none of whom had significant complications), 91 were referred to OPD, two cervical carcinomas were identified and eight cervical intra-epithelial neoplasms (CIN) II-III were diagnosed. These results provide normative findings from a community-based VIA screening program for other similar low resource settings.
Great Power Competition in Non‐sovereign Entities: US–China Tug‐of‐War over Hong Kong, 1950–2020
Fong Brian C. H. 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2022 Pacific Focus Vol.37 No.2
The theory of offensive realism postulates that when a potential hegemon and an existing hegemon clash, their intense security competition will span all corners of the globe. This study advances the literature by investigating the impact of great power on non-sovereign entities, using Hong Kong as a case study. Drawing on archival and published data, this study examines the geopolitical status of Hong Kong as a function of the changing US–China great power relations. The findings of this study demonstrate that as a consequence of the changing US–China relations, Hong Kong has been transformed from a geopolitical buffer zone in the 1950s and 1960s (US–China restrained competition) and the 1970s through the 2000s (US–China rapprochement) into a geopolitical hot spot since the 2010s (US–China intense competition). This study contributes to the literature by fostering dialogues between great power studies and the non-sovereignty literature.
Fong, S.,Cho, K.,Mohammed, O.,Fiaidhi, J.,Mohammed, S. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 The Journal of supercomputing Vol.72 No.10
<P>Biosignal classification is an important non-invasive diagnosis tool in biomedical application, e.g. electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG), and electromyogram (EMG) that helps medical experts to automatically classify whether a sample of biosignal under test/monitor belongs to the normal type or otherwise. Most biosignals are stochastic and non-stationary in nature, that means their values are time dependent and their statistics vary over different points of time. However, most classification algorithms in data mining are designed to work with data that possess multiple attributes to capture the non-linear relationships between the values of the attributes to the predicted target class. Therefore, it has been a crucial research topic for transforming univariate time series to multivariate dataset to fit into classification algorithms. For this, we propose a pre-processing methodology called statistical feature extraction (SFX). Using the SFX we can faithfully remodel statistical characteristics of the time series via a sequence of piecewise transform functions. The new methodology is tested through simulation experiments over three representative types of biosignals, namely EEG, ECG and EMG. The experiments yield encouraging results supporting the fact that SFX indeed produces better performance in biosignal classification than traditional analysis techniques like Wavelets and LPC-CC.</P>
Fong, J.J.,Li, P.P.,Yang, B.T.,Zhou, Z.Y.,Leache, A.D.,Min, M.S.,Waldman, B. Academic Press 2016 Molecular phylogenetics and evolution Vol.97 No.-
The Oriental fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis) is a commonly used study organism, but knowledge of its evolutionary history is incomplete. We analyze sequence data from four genetic markers (mtDNA genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, cytochrome b, and 12S-16S rRNA; nuDNA gene encoding recombination activating gene 2) from 188 individuals across its range in Northeast Asia to elucidate phylogeographic patterns and to identify the historic events that shaped its evolutionary history. Although morphologically similar across its range, B. orientalis exhibits phylogeographic structure, which we infer was shaped by geologic, climatic, and anthropogenic events. Phylogenetic and divergence-dating analyses recover four genetically distinct groups of B. orientalis: Lineage 1-Shandong Province and Beijing (China); Lineage 2-Bukhan Mountain (Korea); Lineage 3-Russia, Northeast China, and northern South Korea; and Lineage 4-South Korea. Lineage 2 was previously unknown. Additionally, we discover an area of secondary contact on the Korean Peninsula, and infer a single dispersal event as the origin of the insular Jeju population. Skyline plots estimate different population histories for the four lineages: Lineages 1 and 2 experienced population decreases, Lineage 3 remained stable, while Lineage 4 experienced a sharp increase during the Holocene. The timing of the population expansion of Lineage 4 coincides with the advent of rice cultivation, which may have facilitated the increase in population size by providing additional breeding habitat.
Turbid Density Current Venting through Reservoir Outlets
Fong-Zuo Lee,Jihn-Sung Lai,Yih-Chi Tan,Chia-Chi Sung 대한토목학회 2014 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.18 No.2
The planning and design of an outlet operation by releasing a turbid density current from a reservoir requires accurate prediction ofoutflow concentration for sluicing sediment through outlet structures. This study investigates outflow concentration and ventingefficiency through reservoir outlets in a reservoir sluicing operation related to turbid density current. A 3D numerical model isemployed to simulate a venting operation for a turbid density current in typhoon-induced flood events. A simple and efficientformula derived from theoretical analysis with experimental data is proposed for estimating outflow concentration and ventingefficiency. By adopting the proposed formula to avoid time-consuming calculation using the 3D numerical model, the estimatedoutflow concentration and venting efficiency through reservoir outlets have shown good agreement with the measured and simulatedresults in typhoon flood events. This demonstrates that the formula provides an efficient approach for engineering practice in realtimereservoir venting operations.
Fong Francis Jia Yi,Lim Chee Yit,Tan Jun-Hao,Hey Hwee Weng Dennis 대한척추외과학회 2024 Asian Spine Journal Vol.18 No.1
Among interbody implants used during anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), structural allografts and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) are the most used spacers. Currently, no consensus has been established regarding the superiority of either implant, with US surgeons preferring structural allografts, whereas UK surgeons preferring PEEK. The purpose of this systematic review (level of evidence, 4) was to compare postoperative and patient-reported outcomes between the use of structural allografts PEEK interbody spacers during ACDF. Five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane) were searched for articles comparing the usage of structural allograft and PEEK interbody spacers during ACDF procedures from inception to April 10, 2023. The searches were conducted using the keywords “Spine,” “Allograft,” and “PEEK” and were performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. Subsequent quality and sensitivity analyses were performed on the included studies. Nine studies involving 1,074 patients were included. Compared with the PEEK group, the structural allograft group had comparable rates of postoperative pseudoarthrosis (<i>p</i>=0.58). However, when stratified according to the number of levels treated, the 3-level ACDF PEEK group was 3.45 times more likely to have postoperative pseudoarthrosis than the structural allograft group (<i>p</i>=0.01). Subsequent postoperative outcomes (rate of subsidence and change in the preoperative and postoperative segmental disc heights) were comparable between the PEEK and structural allograft groups. Patient-reported outcomes (Visual Analog Scale [VAS] of neck pain and Neck Disability Index [NDI]) were comparable. This study showed that for 3-level ACDFs, the use of structural allografts may confer higher fusion rates. However, VAS neck pain, NDI, and subsidence rates were comparable between structural allografts and PEEK cages. In addition, no significant difference in pseudoarthrosis rates was found between PEEK cages and structural allografts in patients undergoing 1- and 2-level ACDFs.