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김병덕(Kim, Byeong―Deog) 한국비평문학회 2013 批評文學 Vol.- No.49
본고는 1970년대의 부조리한 정치상황을 비판ㆍ고발한 조해일의 작품을 살핀 글이다. 작가는 당대의 엄혹한 상황에서 나름의 ‘정치적 알레고리’를 사용한 작품들을 통해 작의를 드러냈다. 하지만 그러한 작품세계에 대한 세심한 분석은 이루어지지 못한 것이 사실이다. 본고에서는 그 점에 주목하여 조해일의 작품을 고찰했다. 그 결과로 본고에서 논한 작품들에서 다음과 같은 의미를 발견할 수 있었다. 첫째 조해일의 작품이 1970년대 한국사회의 암담한 정치적 상황에 저항하고 있다는 점이다. 작가는 어두운 현실의 타개책으로 평범한 국민들의 연대의 힘이 절대적으로 필요하다는 점을 강변한다. 둘째로 당대 사회에서 지식인의 역할에 작가는 주목한다. 조해일은 불의의 시대에 한탄만 하는 지식인보다, 미약한 힘으로나마 현실에 맞서는 지식인들에게 우호의 눈길을 보내는 것이다. 셋째 박정희 정권 시기에 억압당하는 시위의 자유에 대해 작가는 문제제기를 한다. 동시에 그 자유를 억압하는 주체들에 작가는 책임을 묻는데, 그들이 당시의 지배층이라는 것에는 의심의 여지가 없다. 조해일의 당대 정치적 현실에 대한 소설적 응전은 비록 소극적이었을지라도 나름의 의미가 있다. 작가는 그것을 알레고리 기법을 동원해 수행하는데, 이는 작가의 소설의 미학성에 대한 중시, 1970년대 박정희 정권의 문화ㆍ예술인들에 대한 핍박, 팍팍한 정치현실에서 작가가 소망하는 세계에 대한 열망 등의 이유로 행해진다. This thesis is a study of Cho, Hae Il’s literary works which criticized and satirized the situation of social irregularities in the 1970’s by an allegoric technique. It is a fact that the writer’s intention by an allegory and a detailed analysis for the works have not been accomplished until now. The researcher who attached importance to that respect in this thesis investigated Cho, HaeIl’s literary works which made use of by the political allegory. As the results of this thesis, this researcher found that his works discussed in this thesis had meaning as in the following. First. His works stands against the Korean social irregularities in the 1970’s and he stressed the need of a national power of solidarity in order to find a way out of the difficult realities. Second, He turns his warmer eyes on the intelligent to face up squarely to the difficult realities to add even their weak power than those of deploring the immoral society. Third, The writer accused an oppressor of oppressing the freedom, and also there can be no two opinions on this point that is, the oppressor is the ruling classes in those days. This researcher has had an interest in why he had an awareness of the issues about reality in those days. Probably, it is why he made passive response, that is, interest in a fictional beauty, oppression against literary men by the Park, JungHee Administration in the 1970s, escape from a difficult political reality, and so on.
전덕재(Jeon Deog-jae) 한국목간학회 2010 목간과 문자 Vol.5 No.-
본 논고는 신라가 마립간시기에 干支관등을 설치한 과정과 아울러 520년 무렵에 고구려의 관등을 참조하여 大舍와 그 이하의 하위관등을 설치하였음을 살핀 것이다. 마립간시기에 처음으로 干支를 칭한 존재나 그에 버금가는 왕족 등을 及干支와 沙干支로 구분하여 位階化하고, 그 이후에 壹吉干支, 阿干支, 波珍干支, 壹干支, 壹伐干支를 단계적 또는 한꺼번에 사간지의 상위 관등으로 설치하였다. 일벌간지와 파진간지, 일길간지는 壹伐(一伐), 彼旦(彼日), 壹吉이란 관등에다 干支를 덧붙여 생성된 관등이고, 壹干支와 阿干支는 技能人에서 유래한 壹尺과 阿尺관등을 참조하여 설치한 것이었다. 이사금 시기에 이미 舒弗邯을 설치하였음이 확인되는데, 마립간시기에 새로이 일벌간지를 설치하면서 두 관등의 성격은 동일한 것으로 이해되었다. 520년(법흥왕 7)에 京位17관등과 외위 관등을 정비하였는데, 이때에 고구려의 使者, 兄, ?衣, 先人관등을 염두에 두고 대사와 그 이하의 하위관등을 새로 설치하였고, 이와 동시에 壹伐, 壹尺등을 外位관등으로 轉化시켜 새로이 지방의 지배세력에게 수여한 외위제를 정비하였다. 6부체제가 해체된 6세기 전반에 喙部와 沙喙部이외의 나머지 6부 지배자들을 17관등체계에, 지방의 지배층을 외위의 관등에 모두 편제하면서 비로소 국왕 중심의 일원적인 관등체계가 성립되었다. The Process for the Establishment of the Silla's Government Officials Ranking System Based on the sixth century Silla Monument Jeon Deog-jae This study is focused on the process for the establishment of the Silla's Ganji (干支) ranking system during the Maripgan Period and the introduction of Daesa (大舍) and lower ranks in about 520 following the system established by Goguryeo. It was during the Maripgan Period that Silla divided the ruling class in Ganji ranks and minor royals into Geup-Ganji (及干支) and Sa-Ganji (沙干支), and introduced, at a time or by stages, the five Ganji posts, Ilgil-Ganji (壹吉干支), A-Ganji (阿干支), Pajin- Ganji (波珍干支), Il-Ganji (壹干支) and Ilbeol-Ganji (壹伐干支) as higher ranks of Sa-Ganji. Among the new ranks, Ilbeol-Ganji, Pajin-Ganji and Ilgil-Ganji were formed by attaching a common term Ganji to the titles of Ilbeol (壹伐/一伐), Pidan (彼旦) or Piil (彼日) and Ilgil (壹吉) which refer to higher government posts while Il-Ganji and A-Ganji were conceived from Il-Cheok (壹尺) and ACheok (阿尺) originated from the technical expert. Records show that the rank of Seobulhan (舒弗 邯) was established during the Isageum Period and that it is the same rank as Ilbeol-Ganji established during the Maripgan Period. It was in 520, the 7th year of the King Beopheung, that Silla established 17 government officials ranking system for the capital and the local government officials ranking system, including Daesa (大舍) and its lower ranks conceived from the Goguryeo posts such as Saja (使 者), Hyeong (兄), Joui (.衣) and Seonin (先人). Records also show that Silla gave some of its central posts such as Ilbeol (壹伐) and Ilcheok (壹尺) to the local government officials ranks as a part of the effort for the centralizaiton of the kingdom. It was after the dissolution of the 6-Pu System in the early 6th century that Silla established a king-centered unitary government system via incorporating the rulers of 6-Pu excluding Hwebu (喙部) and Sahwebu (沙喙部) into the 17 Rank System and the local ruling class into the local government officials ranking system.
문덕환,도수영,이채관,황용식,선병관,손병철,김대환,이창희,김휘동,이채언 인제대학교 백병원 2002 仁濟醫學 Vol.23 No.5
Objective : For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data and assessing the status of exposure level of chemical substances and physical agents. Methods and Material : Such as noise, two types of dust, four types of metals, seventeen types of organic solvents, and four types of other materials classified by specific chemical substances in 21 metal product plating factories classified by 28 processes. The author determined exposure level on those hazardous materials from Jan. to Dec. 2001. Results : The results were as follows: 1. The exposure level for noise was exceeded to Threshold Limit Value(TLV) in the process of 6 cases of Machining, 5 and 4 cases of pre and post-buffing, and 6 cases of waterdrop-removing, the mean noise level of all of processes was not exceeded to compliance level. 2. The exposure level for dust was not exceeded to TLV at all. 3. The exposure level for Chromium(Cr) was exceeded to TLV in Chromium plating process, metal exposure level including Zinc(Zn), Manganese(Mn), and Lead(Pb) was not exceeded to TLV. 4. The exposure level of toluene in case of organic solvents was exceeded to TLV in 1 case of finishing/cleaning, coating/developing process, respectively. 5. The exposure level of four types of other materials classified by specific chemical substances were not exceeded to TLV. 6. The exposure level for dust and metal including Zn, Mn, and Pb was decreased in comparison with two results of air monitoring performed. There was no difference of the exposure level for Cr, noise, and four types of other materials classified by specific chemical substances, and the exposure level for organic solvents was slightly increased. 7. The exposure level for noise in factories employing more than 21 workers was higher than that for noise in foadtories employing less than 20 workers. The more workers, the lower exposure level in metal including Zn, Mn. The exposure level for Cr was increasing in factories employing more than 51 workers, and the more workers the lower exposure level in organic solvents. Conclusion : According to above results, this study suggests positive work environment managements in processes exceeding exposure limit value as well as continuously consecutive work environment management in processes not exceeding exposure limit value and revealing no chronological difference of exposure level should be needed.
문덕환,김정하,김필자,박명희,황용식,이채관,이창희 한국산업위생학회 2001 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.11 No.3
Objective : For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data and health promotion and control program on organic solvents in air of manufacturing industry. Methods : The author surveyed number of organic solvent components which was used in working site and also determined the organic solvents concentration in air of 927 manufacturing industries and 1,267 working process with gas chromatography(NIOSH manual) for five years from 1995 to 1999. Results : Mean numbers of solvents components by type of industry, working process was number of 12. There were exceeded to TLV of 1,2-dichloroethane in textile manufacturing industry N,N-dimethyl furan in tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear manufacturing industry and chemical and chemical product manufacturing industry by type of industry. There were exceeded to TLV of 1,2-dichloroethane in handwriting and drawing process, cellosolove in adhesive spreading process, N,N-dimethly furan in production of solvent process and adhesion process by working process. Total exceeded rate to threshold limit values of organic solvents mixture were 12.9% for EI(Exposure index) and 10.0% for Em(Estimation of mixture) by type of industry, 11.3% for EI and 8.2% for Em by type of working process. The highest exceed rate was 36.7% for EI in tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear manufacturing industry and 29.0% for Em in textile manufacturing industry. the highest exceeded rate was 23.1% for EI and 12.5% for Em in adhesive spreading process by working process. Mean values of total subjects by type of industry and type of working process were 0.7±1.8 for EI and 0.7±1.7 for Em respectively. Conclusions : As above results, the author suggest that it makes the environmental control program on 1.2-dichloro-ethane, N,N-dimethyl furan, cellosolve by kind of organic solvent and on textile manufacturing industry, tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage, handbags, saddlery harness and footwear manufacturing industry by type of industry, and on handwriting, drawing process and adhesive spreading process and adhesion process by type of working process.
저항운동프로그램이 뇌졸중 환자의 활동체력 증진에 미치는 영향
정덕조 서원대학교 응용과학연구소 2002 응용과학연구 Vol.11 No.1
The purpose of this study was to compare activity fitness of daily living(AFDL) in elderly stroke patients. Six older stroke patients(M: 2, F:4, 74.5±9.0yr) were participated in the AFDL test before and after 12weeks exercise programs(resistance exercise by Thera-band, therapeutic exercise, two times per week, twenty-sixty minute per day, performing one to three sets of 4-12 repetitions). Six items representing various parts of the body(i.e., arm, leg, shoulder) and categories of movement(i.e., manipulation, locomotion, and stability) were selected, and defined as the human movement abilities. Six performance test(grip strength, arm curl, catching a dropped bar, carrying beans using chopsticks, manipulating pegs in a pegboard, stepping) items related to the AFDL were measured in test before and after by the same investigators, using the same instruments. The results of the comparison with the 3 items between the test before and after showed that the test after were significantly(P<0.05) superior in catching a dropped bar, carrying beans using chopsticks, manipulating pegs in a pegboard. No difference existed in grip strength, arm curl, stepping. These results suggest that resistance training programs utilizing elastic tubing can serve as practical and effective means of eliciting strength gains in stroke patients. From these results, it can be concluded that the higher activity fitness of daily living(AFDL) level would contribute to a lifestyle of more engagement in exercise or physical activity.
제주마의 번식과정에 있어서 혈중 Steroid Hormone수준변화에 관한 연구 Ⅲ : Ⅲ. PGF_(2)α처리에 의한 무발정 제주마의 치료효과
장덕기,양기천,김중계,서문현 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1991 畜産論叢 Vol.6 No.1
The effects of PGF_(2α) on the conception rate and the plasma levels of estradiol- 17β and progesterone of anestrus Cheju mares were investigated at the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The results obtained from this studies are as follows; 1. The durations of the estrus and diestrus after PGF_(2α) treatment persisted shorter than control cycle (p<O.05), but ovulation time was fast. 2. The levels of estradiol-17β and progesteron before PGF_(2α) treatment showed 103.8pg/ml, 8.Ong/ml in breeding season and 72.8pg/ml, 4.7ng/ml in non-breeding season, respectively. 3. The levels of estradiol-17β rose to 115.4-154.Opg/ml. and 90.8-127.Opg/ml from 2nd to 6th day after the treatment of PGF_(2α), in breeding and non-breeding seasons, respectively, while progesterone level dropped to Ing/ml with the sign of estrus and at 8th day rose in breeding season (p<O.05) 4. Of thirty anestrus mares investigated for PGF_(2α) administration, 87.5% showed estrus on an average of 3.8 days after treatment and the conception rate was 62.5% in breeding season, but the estrus and conception rates dropped 40%, and 20% in non-breeding season, respectively.
한국·일본의 지방주도형 첨단과학기술단지 개발전략 비교연구
吳德成,車相龍 충남대학교 지역개발연구소 2000 地域開發論叢 Vol.12 No.-
This study aims to find out the fundamental ways of establishing the development strategies of technoparks initiated by local government. In particular, we attempt to suggest the critical strategic points which will be useful for practical development of technoparks through the analysis of case parks in Korea and Japna. This study consists of three stages: Firstly, After understanding the concept of technoparks which have been reviewed through related-theories and pro-studies the main components of development are classified as「planning concept」,「main activities and facilities」,「physical development model」,「major type of industry and support system for venture firms」. We suggested the analytic framework for case study based on above mentioned components and factors. Secondly, 6 cases in Korea and Japan(「Kumamoto Technopolis」,「Kanakawa Science Park」, 「Fukuoka Soft-research Park」,「Taegu Technopark」「Kyoungbuk Technopark」,「Chungnam Technopark」) have been analyzed according to the framework. As a result, we understood the specified features of technoparks development and the difference between the Korean technoparks and Jpapanese. Thirdly, we evaluated the development strategies of technoparks based on the research results of case studies in both countries. The critical success factors for developing the technoparks have been identified. As a result through those comprehensive research, we were able to propose the critical strategic points for establishing the successful development strategy of local technopark.