중국에서의 한국어 교육의 현황과 전망

王丹 ( Wang¸ Dan ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2009 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.12 No.-

본 연구는 중국에서의 한국어 교육의 발전 과정을 살펴보고 교육 현황을 점검하며 앞으로의 발전 방향을 가늠하는 데에 목적을 두고 있다. 논문의 1장에서는 중국에서의 한국어 교육의 발전 과정을 초창기(1945년~1972년), 침체기(1972년~1992년), 도약기(1992년~2002년), 성장기(2002년~현재)로 나누어 중국에서의 한국어 교육이60년 동안 어떻게 발전되어 왔는지에 대하여 간단하게 살펴보았다. 이런 고찰을 통하여 그동안 중국에서의 한국어 교육은 양적인 면에서나 질적인 면에서 모두 비약적인 발전을 해 왔고 괄목할 만한 성과를 거두었다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 논문의 2장에서는 한국어 교육의 외적 측면과 한국어 교육의 내적 측면으로 나누어 중국에서의 한국어 교육의 현황과 문제점에 대하여 논의하였다. 교육의 외적 측면에서 볼 때 현 단계의 한국어 교육은 정규 교육과 비정규 교육이 병행되는 것이 분명하다는 점, 내부적으로 지역별 편차가 크고 지역별 상황도 다르다는 점, 중국내 한국어 교육 학계와의 협력, 한국과의 협력이 아직까지 체계적이지 못하다는 점 등 세 가지 특징을 띠고 있다는 결론을 추려낼 수 있다. 그리고 한국어 교육의 현황과 문제점을 교육의 내적 측면, 즉 교육과정론, 교사론, 교재론, 교수학습론, 평가론 등의 관점에서도 살펴보았다. 논문의 4장에서는 앞서 서술한 내용을 바탕으로 향후 중국에서의 바람직한 한국어 교육 발전을 위하여 한국어 교육학의 학문적 토대 구축, 한국어 교육의 다양화 지향, 한국어 고급 인재의 양성, 한국어 교사 자질의 향상, 한국어 교육ㆍ연구 역량의 결집 등 다섯 가지 제안을 하였다. 本研究的主要目的是追溯中国韩国语教育的发展过程, 考察韩国语教育现状, 并指出今后的发展方向。 在论文的第二章中, 将中国韩国语教育的发展历程分为初创期 (1945年~1972年), 停滞期(1972年~1992年), 飞跃期(1992年~2002年)、成长期(2002年~现在)四个阶段, 通过考察得知在过去的六十年间中国的韩国语教育在质与量上都得到了长足发展, 取得了许多令人瞩目的成果。在论文的第三章中, 从教育的外部因素及内部因素两个方面对中国韩国语教育的现状与问题做了具体阐述。从教育外部因素来看, 现阶段的韩国语教育有正规教育与非正规教育并行、各地区存在着明显的不平衡、国内的协作及与韩国的协作尚不活跃等特点。本文还从教育的内部因素, 即课程设置与课程标准论、教师论、教材论、教授学习论、评价论等方面对现今韩国语教育的现状与问题做了简要剖析。论文的第四章主要在上述内容的基础上, 提出了加强韩国语教育学学术基础的建设、谋求韩国语教育多元化发展、培养高级韩国语人才、提高韩国语教师素质、促进韩国语教育、研究力量协作等促进今后中国韩国语教学发展的五种方案。

Assessment of Esophageal Motor Disorders Using High-resolution Manometry in Esophageal Dysphagia With Normal Endoscopy

Dan Wang,Xiu Wang,Yao Yu,Xiaowen Xu,Jing Wang,Yuting Jia,Hong Xu 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2019 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.25 No.1

Background/Aims The distribution and esophageal motor characteristics of Chinese patients with esophageal dysphagia who exhibit no structural abnormalities on esophagogastroduodenoscopy remain unclear. Our aim is to assess the esophageal motor patterns using high-resolution manometry (HRM) and classify them according to the Chicago classification version 3.0 (CC v3.0). Furthermore, we compared the CC v3.0 and the previous version 2.0 (CC v2.0) for diagnosis of motor disorders. Methods Two hundred thirty-six (mean age 48.4 ± 12.2 years, 61.9% female) patients with esophageal dysphagia were included for analysis of motor function using HRM. All participants were administered a questionnaire to determine Eckardt scores before HRM. Results According to the CC v3.0, 57 (24.2%) patients showed evidence of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction and were classified as Group 1. Eighteen (7.6%) patients with major disorders of peristalsis were classified as Group 2. Minor disorders of peristalsis (Group 3) were much more frequent (129 [54.7%] patients). Thirty-two (13.6%) patients had normal esophageal manometry were classified as Group 4. All patients with abnormal pH or pH impedance monitoring (n = 44) had minor motor disorders (ineffective esophageal motility [IEM] = 34, fragmented peristalsis = 10). Based on motor category, the Eckardt score was 4.7 ± 0.1 in Group 1, 4.5 ± 0.3 in Group 2, 3.5 ± 0.1 in Group 3, and 3.9 ± 0.1 in Group 4. Conclusions IEM was the most common esophageal motor disorder in patients with esophageal dysphagia who showed no structural abnormality on endoscopy. While a high Eckardt score suggests outflow obstruction or a major motor disorder, a low score suggests IEM.

Glycosyltransformation of ginsenoside Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides using recombinant glycosyltransferase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its in vitro applications

Dan-Dan Wang,Yeon-Ju Kim,Nam In Baek,Ramya Mathiyalagan,Chao Wang,Yan Jin,Xing Yue Xu,Deok-Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.1

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 is well known for many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antidiabetes, antiinflammatory, and antiobesity properties. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are ubiquitous enzymes present in nature and are widely used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and novel derivatives. We aimed to synthesize new ginsenosides from Rh2 using the recombinant GT enzyme and investigate its cytotoxicity with diverse cell lines. Methods: We have used a GT gene with 1,224-bp gene sequence cloned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LRGT) and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant GT protein was purified and demonstrated to transform Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides, and they were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: Two novel ginsenosides with an additional glucopyranosyl (6/1) and two additional glucopyranosyl (6/1) linked with the C-3 position of the substrate Rh2 were synthesized, respectively. Cell viability assay in the lung cancer (A549) cell line showed that glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited cell viability more potently than ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 at a concentration of 10 μM. Furthermore, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect in murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7), mouse embryo fibroblasts cells (3T3-L1), and skin cells (B16BL6) at a concentration of 10 μM compared with ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3. Conclusion: This is the first report on the synthesis of two novel ginsenosides, namely, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 and diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 from Rh2 by using recombinant GT isolated from L. rhamnosus. Moreover, diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 might be a new candidate for treatment of inflammation, obesity, and skin whiting, and especially for anticancer.

6-Shogaol reduces progression of experimental endometriosis in vivo and in vitro via regulation of VGEF and inhibition of COX-2 and PGE2-mediated inflammatory responses

Wang, Dan,Jiang, Yiling,Yang, Xiaoxin,Wei, Qiong,Wang, Huimin The Korean Society of Pharmacology 2018 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.22 No.6

Endometriosis (EM) is one of the most common gynaecological disorder affecting women in their reproductive age. Mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of EM remains poorly understood, however inflammatory responses have been reported to be significantly involved. The efficacy of 6-shogaol on proliferation of endometriotic lesions and inflammatory pathways in experimentally-induced EM model was explored in this study. EM was stimulated in Sprague-Dawley rats by implantation of autologous endometrium onto the peritoneum abdominal wall. Separate groups were treated with 6-shogaol (50, 100 or 150 mg/kg b.wt/day) via oral gavage for one month period. Gestrinone (GTN) group received GTN (0.5 mg/kg/day) as positive control. Five weeks after implantation, the spherical volume of ecto-uterine tissues was determined. Treatment with 6-shogaol significantly reduced the implant size. Histological analysis reported atrophy and regression of the lesions. 6-shogaol administration effectively down-regulated $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling, VEGF and VEGFR-2 (Flk-1) expression in the endometriotic lesions. Excess production of $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 (pro-inflammatory cytokines), PGE2 and nitric oxide (NO) were reduced. Overall, the results of the study reveal the efficacy of 6-shogaol against endometriosis via effectively suppressing proliferation of the lesions and modulating angiogenesis and $COX-2/NF-{\kappa}B$-mediated inflammatory cascades.

Expression of lipid metabolism genes provides new insights into intramuscular fat deposition in Laiwu pigs

Wang, Hui,Wang, Jin,Yang, Dan-dan,Liu, Zong-li,Zeng, Yong-qing,Chen, Wei Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.3

Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the special expression pattern of lipid metabolism genes and investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in Longissimus dorsi muscle of Laiwu pigs. Methods: Thirty-six pigs (Laiwu n = 18; Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire n = 18) were used for the measurement of the backfat thickness, marbling score, IMF content, and expression of lipid metabolism genes. Results: Significant correlations were found between IMF content and the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes. Of the 14 fat deposition genes measured, fatty acid synthase (FASN) showed the strongest correlation (r = 0.75, p = 0.001) with IMF content, and of the 6 fat removal genes, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1B (CPT1B) exhibited the greatest negative correlation (r = -0.66, p = 0.003) with IMF content in Laiwu pig. Multiple regression analysis showed that CPT1B, FASN, solute carrier family 27 member 1 (SLC27A1), and fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) contributed 38% of the prediction value for IMF content in Laiwu pigs. Of these four variables, CPT1B had the greatest contribution to IMF content (14%) followed by FASN (11%), SLC27A1 (9%), and FABP3 (4%). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the combined effects of an upregulation in fat deposition genes and downregulation in fat removal genes promotes IMF deposition in Laiwu pigs.

Angelica Sinensis Polysaccharide Induces Erythroid Differentiation of Human Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia K562 Cells

Wang, Lu,Jiang, Rong,Song, Shu-Dan,Hua, Zi-Sen,Wang, Jian-Wei,Wang, Ya-Ping Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.9

Leukemia is a clonal disorder with blocked normal differentiation and cell death of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Traditional modalities with most used radiation and chemotherapy are nonspecific and toxic which cause adverse effects on normal cells. Differentiation inducing therapy forcing malignant cells to undergo terminal differentiation has been proven to be a promising strategy. However, there is still scarce of potent differentiation inducing agents. We show here that Angelica sinensis polysaccharide (ASP), a major active component in Dong quai (Chinese Angelica sinensis), has potential differentiation inducing activity in human chronic erythro-megakaryoblastic leukemia K562 cells. MTT assays and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that ASP inhibited K562 cell proliferation and arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. ASP also triggered K562 cells to undergo erythroid differentiaton as revealed by morphological changes, intensive benzidine staining and hemoglobin colorimetric reaction, as well as increased expression of glycophorin A (GPA) protein. ASP induced redistribution of STAT5 protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Western blotting analysis further identified that ASP markedly sensitized K562 cells to exogenous erythropoietin (EPO) by activating EPO-induced JAK2/STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, thus augmenting the EPO-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway. On the basis of these findings, we propose that ASP might be developed as a potential candidate for chronic myelogenous leukemia inducing differentiation treatment.

Molecular characterization and expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, 2 and 3 under acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in pufferfish, Takifugu fasciatus

Dan Wang,Xin Wen,Xinyu Zhang,Yadong Hu,Xinru Li,Wenxu Zhu,Tao Wang,Shaowu Yin 한국유전학회 2018 Genes & Genomics Vol.40 No.11

Hypoxia seriously affects the innate immune system of fish. However, the roles of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS), pivotal anti-inflammatory genes, in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation remain largely unexplored. The primary objective of this study was to elucidate the function of SOCS genes under acute hypoxia and reoxygenation in pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus). In the present study, SOCS1, 2 and 3 were identified in T. fasciatus referred to as TfSOCS1, 2 and 3. Then, qRTPCR and western blot analysis were employed to assess their expressions at both the mRNA and protein levels. Tissue distribution demonstrated that the three SOCS genes were predominantly distributed in gill, brain and liver. Under hypoxia challenge (1.63 ± 0.2 mg/L DO for 2, 4, 6 and 8 h), the expressions of TfSOCS1 and 3 in brain and liver at the mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased, while their expressions showed an opposite trend in gill. Different from the expressions of TfSOCS1 and 3, the expression of TfSOCS2 was inhibited in gill, along with its increased expression in brain and liver. After normoxic recovery (7.0 ± 0.3 mg/L of DO for 4 and 12 h), most of TfSOCS genes were significantly altered at R4 (reoxygenation for 4 h) and returned to the normal level at R12 (reoxygenation for 12 h). SOCS genes played vital roles in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation challenge. Our findings greatly strengthened the relation between innate immune and hypoxia stress in T. fasciatus.

Rare ginsenoside Ia synthesized from F1 by cloning and overexpression of the UDP-glycosyltransferase gene from Bacillus subtilis: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro melanogenesis inhibition activity in BL6B16 cells

Wang, Dan-Dan,Jin, Yan,Wang, Chao,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Perez, Zuly Elizabeth Jimenez,Baek, Nam In,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Markus, Josua,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2018 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.42 No.1

Background: Ginsenoside F1 has been described to possess skin-whitening effects on humans. We aimed to synthesize a new ginsenoside derivative from F1 and investigate its cytotoxicity and melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16BL6 cells using recombinant glycosyltransferase enzyme. Glycosylation has the advantage of synthesizing rare chemical compounds from common compounds with great ease. Methods: UDP-glycosyltransferase (BSGT1) gene from Bacillus subtilis was selected for cloning. The recombinant glycosyltransferase enzyme was purified, characterized, and utilized to enzymatically transform F1 into its derivative. The new product was characterized by NMR techniques and evaluated by MTT, melanin count, and tyrosinase inhibition assay. Results: The new derivative was identified as (20S)-$3{\beta},6{\alpha},12{\beta}$,20-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene-20-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside(ginsenoside Ia), which possesses an additional glucose linked into the C-3 position of substrate F1. Ia had been previously reported; however, no in vitro biological activity was further examined. This study focused on the mass production of arduous ginsenoside Ia from accessible F1 and its inhibitory effect of melanogenesis in B16BL6 cells. Ia showed greater inhibition of melanin and tyrosinase at $100{\mu}mol/L$ than F1 and arbutin. These results suggested that Ia decreased cellular melanin synthesis in B16BL6 cells through downregulation of tyrosinase activity. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the mass production of rare ginsenoside Ia from F1 using recombinant UDP-glycosyltransferase isolated from B. subtillis and its superior melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16BL6 cells as compared to its precursor. In brief, ginsenoside Ia can be applied for further study in cosmetics.

An Autonomous Driving Approach Based on Trajectory Learning Using Deep Neural Networks

Wang Dan,Wang Canye,Wang Yulong,Wang Hang,Pei Feng 한국자동차공학회 2021 International journal of automotive technology Vol.22 No.6

Autonomous driving approaches today are mainly based on perception-planning-action modular pipelines and the End2End paradigm respectively. The End2End paradigm is a strategy that directly maps raw sensor data to vehicle control actions. This strategy is very promising and appealing because complex module design and cumbersome data labeling are avoided. Since this approach lacks a degree of interpretability, safety and practicability. we propose an autonomous driving approach based on trajectory learning using deep neural networks in this paper. In comparison to End2End algorithm, it is found that the trajectory learning algorithm performs better in autonomous driving. As for trajectory learning algorithm, the CNN_Raw-RNN network structure is established, which is verified to be more effective than the original CNN_LSTM network structure. Besides, we propose an autonomous driving architecture of a pilot and copilot combination. The pilot is responsible for trajectory prediction via imitation learning with labeled driving trajectories, while the copilot is a safety module that is employed to verify the effectiveness of the vehicle trajectory by the results of the semantic segmentation auxiliary task. The proposed autonomous driving architecture is verified with a real car on urban roads without manual intervention within 40 km.

Impact of Cu2O doping on high dielectric properties of CuO ceramics

Dan-Dan Wang,Feng-Zi Zhou,Jing-Xiao Cao,Li-Ben Li,Guo-Ling Li 한국물리학회 2017 Current Applied Physics Vol.17 No.5

Single-phase CuO ceramic samples were prepared with the starting nano powders of CuO þ xCu2O (x ¼ 0, 1, 3, 7% in mole ratio) via solid state reaction method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and scanning electron microscopy. For all the samples, the temperature dependences of dielectric constants and losses were measured at the frequencies of 102, 103, 104, 105 and 106 Hz, respectively. With increasing doping content of Cu2O, a strong correlation is demonstrated at given temperature and frequency between the measured dielectric constants and the unit-cell volumes of CuO. The strong correlation is argued in terms of the change in densities of Cu]O defects (e.g. Cu/O vacancies and/or interstitial Cu impurities) due to Cu2O doping, which is supported by the formation energies of Cu]O defects and the corresponding unit-cell volume from first-principles calculations. The high dielectric constant (~103e105) of CuO ceramic is therefore attributed to the reduction in resistance due to Cu/O defects in the grain by Maxwell-Wagner mechanism.