Localization of Germin Genes and Their Products in Developing Wheat Coleoptiles

Caliskan, Mahmut,Ozcan, Birgul,Turan, Cemal,Cuming, Andrew C. Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2004 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.37 No.3

Germination is a process which characterized with nescient synthesis of genes. Among the genes synthesized during the germination of wheat embryos, germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were defined. Germin is a water soluble homopentameric glycoprotein which is remarkable resistant to degradation by a broad range of proteases including pepsin. Germin proteins found to have strong oxalate oxidase activity which produces hydrogen peroxide by degrading oxalic acid. The current study, aimed to localize the germin genes, proteins and enzymatic activities in developing coleoptiles which is a rapidly growing protective tissue of leaf primordium and shoot apex. Non-radioactively abeled germin riboprobes were employed to localize germin mRNAs in situ. FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) and alkaline phosphatase linked anti-germin antibodies were used to localize germin proteins under the fluorescence and light microscopy and finally germin enzymatic activity was localized by using appropriate enzyme assay. The results revealed that in coleoptiles germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were predominantly associated with the cells of epidermis and vascular bundle sheath cells.

Isolation and Localization of New Germination-related Sequences from Wheat Embryos

Caliskan, Mahmut,Bashiardes, Stavros,Ozcan, Birgul,Cuming, Andrew C. Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2003 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.36 No.6

Subtractive library hybridization was used to isolate the cDNA clones that corresponded to the transcripts that were specifically up-regulated during wheat embryo germination. The clones with numbers 5, 6, 7, 8, 24, and 26 appeared to be more abundant in germinating wheat embryos. Among the isolated clones, we identified four new members of the wheat "germin" gene family. We also identified two novel sequences which exhibited distinct germination up-regulation, and displayed characteristic spatial patterns of expression. One of these, represented by clone pSB10, was principally expressed in the root tissue of germinating embryos. The second was represented by the pSB7 clone and was expressed in both the root and shoot primordia of the embryonic axis, as well as within the coleoptile.

Isolation and Localization of New Germination-related Sequences from Wheat Embryos

( Mahmut Caliskan ),( Stavros Bashiardes ),( Birgul Ozcan ),( Andrew C. Cuming ) 생화학분자생물학회 2003 BMB Reports Vol.36 No.6

Subtractive library hybridization was used to isolate the cDNA clones that corresponded to the transcripts that were specifically up-regulated during wheat embryo germination. The clones with numbers 55, 6, 7, 8, 24, and 26 appeared to be more abundant in germinating wheat embryos. Among the isolated clones, we identified four new members of the wheat germin gene family. We also identified two novel sequences which exhibited distinct germination up-regulation, and displayed characteristic spatial patterns of expression. One of these, represented by clone pSB10, was principally expressed in the mot tissue of germinating embryos. The second was represented by the pSB7 clone and was expressed in both the mot and shoot primordia of the embryonic axis, as well as within the coleoptile.

Localization of Germin Genes and Their Products in Developing Wheat Coleoptiles

( Mahmut Caliskan ),( Birgul Ozcan ),( Cemal Turan ),( Andrew C. Cuming ) 생화학분자생물학회 2004 BMB Reports Vol.37 No.3

Germination is a process which characterized with nescient synthesis of genes. Among the genes synthesized during the germination of wheat embryos, germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were defined. Germin is a water soluble homopentameric glycoprotein which is remarkable resistant to degradation by a broad range of proteases including pepsin. Germin proteins found to have strong oxalate oxidase activity which produces hydrogen peroxide by degrading oxalic acid. The current study, aimed to localize the germin genes, proteins and enzymatic activities in developing coleoptiles which is a rapidly growing protective tissue of leaf primordium and shoot apex. Non-radioactively labeled germin riboprobes were employed to localize germin mRNAs in situ. FITC(Fluorescein isothio-cyanate) and alkaline phosphatase linked anti-germin antibodies were used to localize germin proteins under the fluorescence and light microscopy and finally germin enzymatic activity was localized by using appropriate enzyme assay. The results revealed that in coleoptiles germin genes, proteins and their enzymatic activity were predominantly associated with the cells of epidermis and vascular bundle sheath cells.

American Responsibility and the Massacres in Cheju Conference on Overcoming the Past: Healing and Reconciliation -- Cheju and the World in Comparison

Bruce Cumings 세계환경사회거버넌스학회 2016 World Environment and Island Studies Vol.6 No.4

On Cheju Island something happened in ‘peacetime’ under the American Occupation-namely a major peasant war-and after decades of repression Cheju people finally have came forward to tell their stories and demand compensation, and no special pleading about the exigencies of wartime will suffice to assuage the American conscience. What formerly classified American materials document is a merciless, wholesale assault on the people of this island. No one will ever know how many died in this onslaught, but the American data, long kept secret, ranged between 30,000 and 60,000 killed, with upwards of 40,000 more people having fled to Japan (where many still live in Osaka). There were at most 300,000 people living on Cheju Island in the late 1940s.1 This happened when the U.S. was legally responsible for actions taken under its command, but as it happened, instead of punishing the criminals, American leaders directed the suppression of the rebellion and were pleased when it was crushed. The effective political leadership on Cheju until early 1948 was provided by strong leftwing people’s committees that first emerged in August 1945, and later continued under the American Occupation (1945-1948). The Occupation preferred to ignore Cheju rather than to do much about the committees; it appointed a formal mainland leadership but let the people of the island run their own affairs. The result was an entrenched leftwing, one with no important ties to the North and few to the South Korean Workers Party (SKWP) on the mainland; the island was also well and peaceably governed in 1945-47, particularly by contrast to the mainland. In early 1948 as Syngman Rhee and his American supporters moved to institute his power in a separate southern regime, however, the Cheju people responded with a strong guerrilla insurgency that soon tore the island apart.

On the History and Practice of Unilateralism in East Asia: Or, the More Things Change, the More They Remain the Same

Bruce Cumings 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 2008 Pacific Focus Vol.23 No.2

This paper argues that multilateralism continues to be weak in East Asia, an outcome that traces back to the post-World War II settlement and the Korean War. Hot war and cold war divisions hindered (and often completely blocked) horizontal relations and communications among the East Asian countries. Most diplomatic communication was vertical, that is, from the foreign ministries in Tokyo, Seoul, Manila or Taipei to Washington and back again. This vertical diplomacy was punctured horizontally by economic forces, which since the 1960s have eroded and bypassed Cold War boundaries, bringing former adversaries together—but primarily through business contacts and pop culture, not through multilateral institutions. The key anomaly in the past 60 years is China, which was the subject of the single most important breach in the structure and logic of American Cold War power in the region—the Nixon/Carter opening to China in the 1970s. If the first phase of the Cold War emphasized security considerations and divided the region, and the second phase exemplified the ascendancy of economic development and accelerated regional integration, it is important to remember that both these tendencies occurred primarily because of basic shifts in American foreign policy and the resulting pressures on East Asian states. Again, China’s turn outward to the world economy and its rapid growth is the best expression of this tendency today, but China is also replicating what Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan did in the past. Contemporary obstacles to deeper integration in the region also trace back to Washington (although not only to Washington). Rightly or wrongly, the U.S. still holds the key to East Asian regional security and cooperation. The U. S. remains the key enabler of either multilateralism or unilateralism in East Asia, and East Asian leaders are still on the outside looking in.

Epilogue to “(De)Memorializing the Korean War: A Critical Intervention”

Bruce Cumings 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2015 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.14

Cold War Structure and Korea's Regional and Global Security

Bruce Cumings 고려대학교 아세아문제연구소 2002 亞細亞硏究 Vol.45 No.1

[INTERVIEW] From the Korean War to a Unified Korea

Bruce Cumings,Paik Nak-chung The Academy of Korean Studies 1992 Korea Journal Vol.32 No.4

냉전의 중심, 한국

브루스 커밍스(Bruce Cumings),나지원(번역자) 서울대학교 아시아연구소 2016 아시아리뷰 Vol.5 No.2

제2차 세계대전 이후 붕괴된 세계 경제를 되살리고, 공산권에 맞서 ‘자유세계’를 수호하며, 구(舊)식민지들이 수십 개의 독립국으로 세계 정치에 등장한 상황을 통제해야 하는 세 가지 거대한 문제에 직면한 미국은 소련을 봉쇄하고 일본에서 서유럽에 이르는 거대한 초승달 지대를 정치경제적으로 장악하는 방식으로 문제를 해결하려 했다. 그러나 주류 사관이 암묵적으로 전제해온 것과는 달리, 봉쇄(containment)전략 채택은 결코 순탄한 과정이 아니었으며 격퇴(rollback)전략과의 지속적인 변증법을 통해, 그리고 미국 국내 정치에서 일어난 투쟁과 합의도출의 과정이자 결과로서 그 형태를 서서히 갖추어 가게 되었다. 뿐만 아니라 미국이 정의한 ‘자유세계’의 경계선 역시 처음부터 명확한 것은 아니었으며, 여러 번의 시행착오― 그리고 결정적 실수와 우연의 연속 ― 라고 할 만한 과정을 통해 점차 획정되었다. 이러한 암중모색(暗中摸索) 과정의 한가운데에 한국이 있었다. 일본의 패전 이후, 미군이 한반도를 점령하고 질서를 부여하는 과정, 그리고 곧바로 이어진 한국전쟁의 전개 과정에서 한반도에서 미국 전략을 설정하며 보여주었던 혼란과 난맥상이야말로 전술(前述)한 세 가지 문제에 대해 세계 차원의 해답을 찾으려 고심하던 패권으로서 미국 전략의 축소판이었다. 하지만 그 결과 도달한 초당파적 합의, 즉 중도적 국제주의 대외정책으로의 수렴조차 세 번째 문제였던 반식민주의(anti-colonialism)와 혁명적 민족주의의 분출은 성공적으로 통제할 수 없었고 한국은 이 문제에서도 미국 냉전 전략의 과정과 그 귀결을 반영하는 거울이었다. After World War II the United States faced three daunting tasks of revitalizing the global economy, preserving the “free world” against global communism, and managing a changed world of newly independent nationstates that just emerged from colonialism. The U.S. pursued the strategy of containing the Soviet Union and politically and economically dominating a vast crescent-shaped area stretching from Japan to western Europe. But unlike what has been taken for granted by mainstream historical perspectives, the containment strategy did not go so smoothly and required a constant dialectic with the rollback strategy, amid the struggles and compromises in domestic politics that helped shape the outcome and the strategy. Furthermore, the “free world” was not so clearly demarcated from the start, but rather gradually defined through a continuum of mistakes, shortcomings, and coincidences. At the very center of this haphazard process of groping in the dark stood Korea. The confusion and chaos evident in the American strategy concerning Korea as the United States occupied the peninsula and attempted to establish order in the wake of Japan’s defeat and during the subsequent Korean War were but a localized epitomization of the difficulties America experienced in finding appropriate solutions to the global challenges the new hegemon faced. However, the resultant bipartisan consensus and convergence towards a moderate internationalist foreign policy could not successfully manage the third problem of erupting anti-colonialism and revolutionary nationalism, of which Korea proved to be a primary reflection of the process and consequences of American Cold War strategy.