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Thermo-mechanical damage of tungsten surfaces exposed to rapid transient plasma heat loads
Crosby, Tamer,Ghoniem, Nasr M. Techno-Press 2011 Interaction and multiscale mechanics Vol.4 No.3
International efforts have focused recently on the development of tungsten surfaces that can intercept energetic ionized and neutral atoms, and heat fluxes in the divertor region of magnetic fusion confinement devices. The combination of transient heating and local swelling due to implanted helium and hydrogen atoms has been experimentally shown to lead to severe surface and sub-surface damage. We present here a computational model to determine the relationship between the thermo-mechanical loading conditions, and the onset of damage and failure of tungsten surfaces. The model is based on thermo-elasticity, coupled with a grain boundary damage mode that includes contact cohesive elements for grain boundary sliding and fracture. This mechanics model is also coupled with a transient heat conduction model for temperature distributions following rapid thermal pulses. Results of the computational model are compared to experiments on tungsten bombarded with energetic helium and deuterium particle fluxes.
A Sociolinguistic Study of the Retroflex Variant of the Korean Liquid Phoneme
Drew Crosby 한국어학회 2024 한국어학 Vol.102 No.-
A retroflex approximant has recently been identified as a variant of the liquid in Standard Korean (Hwang et al., 2019). This article examines said variant primarily among speakers from Central and Gyeongsangdo Korean dialects in several syllabic and vocalic contexts. It utilizes data classified using an auditory methodology from two tasks with 13 speakers from Central dialect areas, 8 from Gyeongsangdo, and 2 from Jeollado to show that the retroflex variant is more common among men and speakers from Gyeongsangdo than women and speakers from Central dialect regions respectively. It further shows that it is women from the Gyeongsangdo that show stylistic variation in the usage of the retroflex suggesting that is acquiring the status of a sociolinguistic marker. Finally, the article shows that the retroflex variant is most likely to occur at the end of a word, before /h/, and after non-high vowels, back vowels, and rounded vowels.
Redox Regulation of Apoptosis before and after Cytochrome C Release
Chen, Quan,Crosby, Meredith,Almasan, Alex The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2003 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.7 No.1
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is one of the most studied areas of modern biology. Apoptosis is a genetically regulated process, which plays an essential role in the development and homeostasis of higher organisms. Mitochondria, known to play a central role in regulating cellular metabolism, was found to be critical for regulating apoptosis induced under both physiological and pathological conditions. Mitochondria are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) but they can also serve as its target during the apoptosis process. Release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria, the best known of which is cytochrome c, leads to assembly of a large apoptosis-inducing complex called the apoptosome. Cysteine pretenses (called caspases) are recruited to this complex and, following their activation by proteolytic cleavage, activate other caspases, which in turn target for specific cleavage a large number of cellular proteins. The redox regulation of apoptosis during and after cytochrome c release is an area of intense investigation. This review summarizes what is known about the biological role of ROS and its targets in apoptosis with an emphasis on its intricate connections to mitochondria and the basic components of cell death.
A Vestige-Theory Approach to the Variable Assimilation Pattern in Korean Nasal-Liquid Sequences
심록,Drew Crosby,D. Eric Holt 한국언어학회 2023 언어 Vol.48 No.4
This article explores variation in the assimilation pattern of the nasal-liquid sequence in Korean. Approaches to nasal-lateral assimilation in Korean (Kang 2002, Sohn 2006), based on researcher intuition, assume that assimilation is categorical and only depends on morphological structure. However, this article critically examines these assumptions and reveals variability within the assimilation pattern by conducting a survey carefully controlled for relevant factors. The results show that the factors that are relevant to the variation are ‘word-frequency’, ‘syllable count’ and ‘age’. Based on these findings, this article offers an optimality-theoretic account (Prince & Smolensky 1993/2004, McCarthy & Prince 1995) for the variation by adopting Vestige Theory (Kostakis 2010, 2017). Specifically, we argue that the constraint Max-OO[nas/cod] constraint has been demoted to below Max-IO[lat] leaving behind a vestige constraint: Vestige[Max-OO[nas/cod]]. The vestige constraint probabilistically flashes on and off based on the above-mentioned morphological and demographic factors licensing variation in the assimilation pattern of nasal-lateral sequences in Korean.
Simultaneous quantification of capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid from pungent peppers.
Bae, Haejin,Jayaprakasha, Guddadarangavvanahally K,Crosby, Kevin,Jifon, John L,Patil, Bhimanagouda S Preston Publications 2013 Journal of Chromatographic Science Vol.51 No.5
<P>The development of simultaneous extraction and determination of bioactive molecules from natural products is becoming more popular. The present study reports the development of a method for the simultaneous extraction and determination of both capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid in peppers. Capsaicin (341.61 ?g/g), dihydrocapsaicin (119.91 ?g/g) and ascorbic acid (2,109.60 ?g/g) were extracted with 3% metaphosphoric acid-ethanol (2:8) as a solvent. The efficient extraction of capsaicinoids (412.61 ?g/g) and ascorbic acid (2,785.93 ?g/g) was achieved at a sample-to-solvent ratio of 1:8 after 30 minutes of sonication. Simultaneous separation of capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid was achieved using a Gemini C18 column with a gradient elution of 0.03M phosphoric acid and methanol. Capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid were simultaneously detected at 282 and 254 nm, respectively. The recovery of capsaicinoids ranged from 96.21 to 108.71%, and the recovery of ascorbic acid ranged from 97.01 to 98.83%. The limits of detection for capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and ascorbic acid were 0.24, 0.21 and 0.26 ?g, respectively. Relative standard deviation for the intra-day and inter-day variability in the results was less than 3%, indicating that the method produced highly reproducible results. Therefore, this method enables the reproducible, simultaneous separation and quantification of capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid from peppers.</P>