기획특집논문 : 민간투자사업 실시협약의 공법적 특수성

황창용 ( Changyong Hwang ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2015 法學硏究 Vol.25 No.3

민간투자사업은 행정주체와 민간사업자가 대등한 위치에서 체결하는 실시협약이란 계약을 통하여 시행하고 있다.계약은 본래 사인간의 이해를 형성하고 조정하기 위하여 전형적인 사법상 법형식으로 발전된 것이다 그래서 민간투자사업의 목적인“사회기반시설의 확충 및 공적 서비스의 지속적 제공”이라는 공적 과제를 실현하는 수단으로서 기능하기 위해서는 공법적 요소의 고려가 불가피하다.이로 인하여 사법적 계약원리가 수정될 수 있다.이로 인하여 나타나는 실시협약에서의 공법적 특징은 아래와 같다. 먼저,실시협약은 급부행정의 수단으로 민간투자법,관계법률,기타 평등의 원칙,비례의 원칙 등 공법적 원칙의 적용을 받는다.실시협약은 이 점에서 계약자유의 원칙이 제한된다. 다음으로,실시협약은 민간부문의 투자와 그 회수를 가능케 하는 쌍무유상계약으로서의 성질을 가지고 있다.쌍무유상계약에서 따른 동시이행의 항변,하자담보책임 등은 공익적 필요성의 범위 내에서 일정하게 수정된다. 셋째로,실시협약은 사법상 계약에 비하여 보다 폭넓게 위험을 다루고 있다.사법상 계약은 급부불능에 따른 위험만을 그 대상으로 하나,실시협약은 급부불능에 대한위험 뿐만 아니라 급부불능에 이르지 못한 외부적 사유에 의한 위험도 포함하고 있고,사법상 계약은 위험을 양당사자 중 일방이 부담하나,실시협약은 위험에 대한부담을 행정부문과 민간부문이 공유한다.또한 사업위험의 배분은 해당위험을 가장 관리,대응할 수 있는 자가 부담하는 기준으로 배분되고 있다. 마지막으로,민간투자법은 민간투자사업을 시행하는 수단으로 실시협약을 정하고 있다.하지만 민간투자법은 실시협약 이외에 공익적 이익을 보호하기 위하여 사업시행자 지정철회 등 행정행위도 개입시키고 있다 그러나 이렇게 중복적으로 법적수단을 사용하는 경우 협약당사자의 법률관계나 법적 구제에 혼란을 발생시킬 수있다. 그렇다고 사업시행자나 제3자 등의 보호장치가 충분하지 아니한 상태에서 실시협약만을 민간투자사업의 수단으로 정하는 것도 조심해야 할 것이다.특히 상대방의 동의라는 이름으로 행정주체의 과도한 권리행사가 발생할 우려가 있다.공익보호와 상대방인 사인보호를 모두 충족할 수 있는 실시협약,더 나아가 공법상 계약에 대한 법적 정비가 요구된다. Parties in PPPs(Public-Private-Partnerships), Public Authorities and Private Contractors, enter into PPP‘contract’at arm’s length to carry out PPPs successfully. Contracts have been developed as a typical manner by which mutual interest and balance between the Parties can be pursued in the field of civil law. So, it is required that the public purpose of PPPs, that is, ‘the provision of public infrastructure and the continual delivery of public services.’should be reflected in the contracts. Hence, public legal characters could change the civil legal ones. The distinctive public law elements of PPP contract are as follows. First, PPP contract, as a means of realization of public interest, should be regulated by PPPs Act, related Acts, and general principles of administrative law i.e., rule of equality, proportionality, the principle of the continuous public service. In other words, Liberty of contract should be restricted to that extent. Second, PPP contract has, in essence, the nature of bilateral contract and commutative contract to protect the investment and its reasonable return for the investment to Contractor. But to the extent where pubic interest should be protected, general principles of bilateral contract and commutative contract such as the plea of simultaneous performance, guarantee against defect, should also be modified. Third, PPP contract deals with the risks of PPP project more broadly when compared with private contract. PPP contract includes the risks for increased cost and reduced revenue caused by supervening events, besides the risk of impossibility of performance, whereas private contract deal with only the risk of impossibility of performance. And the risks in PPP contract are shared by contractor and government, whereas the risks in private contract are burdened by contractor or government unilaterally. Also risks are allocated by the criterion that a particular risk should be borne by the party most suited to deal with it, in terms of control or influence and costs. Finally, PPPs Act in Korea requires Authorities and Contractor to make PPP contract as a legal measure to implement PPPs. At the same time, PPPs Act allows Authorities to make necessary administrative dispositions(e.g. revocation of Contractor designation), in order to protect public interest. Both contractual and administrative faces are mingled in PPPs Act. These overlapped legal measures to implement PPPs make legal relation of parties complicated or the choice of legal remedies confused. But, if contract should be provided as the sole legal means to carry out PPPs without sufficient measures to protect Contractor and the third persons concerned, many legal issues would arise. Especially, it is worried that PPP contract will provide Authorities the power which can be exercised unilaterally and excessively in the name of ``agreement`` to which the Parties give the consent. Therefore PPP contract or public contract is required to be set forth as the legal measures which satisfy both public interest and private interest.

Intense pulsed white light assisted fabrication of Co-CoOx core-shell nanoflakes on graphite felt for flexible hybrid supercapacitors

Park, Changyong,Hwang, Jeonguk,Hwang, Yeon-Taek,Song, Chiho,Ahn, Suhyun,Kim, Hak-Sung,Ahn, Heejoon Elsevier 2017 ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA Vol.246 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, cobalt/cobalt oxide (Co-CoOx) core-shell nanoflakes were directly grown on flexible graphite felt (GF) using a facile one-step intense pulsed white light (IPWL) irradiation method. They were then used as a battery-type positive electrode for a high-performance asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor, which exhibited high rate capability and a long cycle life. The interconnected Co-CoOx thin nanoflakes grown on the GF offer large reaction sites and enough space for easy OH<SUP>−</SUP> ion transport due to their 3-dimensionally interconnected network structures. Cobalt metal at the core of the nanoflakes, directly connected to the current collector of the GF, provided pathways for electrons between the cobalt oxide and GF, leading to low internal resistance and high rate capability. The Co-CoOx/GF electrode had a high specific capacity of 108mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> at a specific current of 1Ag<SUP>−1</SUP> and maintained a capacity of 71mAhg<SUP>−1</SUP> at a high specific current of 20Ag<SUP>−1</SUP>. A two-terminal asymmetric hybrid supercapacitor, assembled using Co-CoOx/GF as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode with gel-electrolyte (PVA/KOH), exhibited an energy density of 30.1 Wh kg<SUP>−1</SUP> at a power density of 0.86kWkg<SUP>−1</SUP> and a high retention of 13.0 Wh kg<SUP>−1</SUP> at a power density of 20.4kWkg<SUP>−1</SUP>. In addition, the asymmetric device showed excellent cycling stability, with 114% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles.</P>

Electric Multipole Transitions of Resonant X-ray Scattering for Studying Orbital Specific Magnetization in TmB4

Sangyun Hwang,Changyong Song,Byeong-Gwan Cho,Taeyeong Koo,Sungdae Ji,Beongki Cho,Ki Bong Lee 한국물리학회 2020 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.76 No.6

Strongly intertwined interaction among spin, orbital and charge degrees of freedom is the essence to induce emergent materials properties, and the investigation to understand their interplay has been actively pursued. In particular, resonant X-ray scattering technique has demonstrated powerful applications in unveiling their long-range ordering behavior with its enhanced sensitivity to the aforementioned degree of freedom. Here, we further demonstrated the spectroscopic application of the technique by providing experimental evidence to reveal spin polarizations in 4f and 5d orbital of the magnetic Tm ions with the orbital-selectivity, which introduced a route to understand fundamental mechanism of spin polarization in the compound. The enhanced sensitivity of the resonant X-ray scattering to various electric multipole transitions expects to find strong applications in studying various spin and polar ordering in materials to include high-order moments.

배플을 갖는 액체수소 탱크 내부 슬로싱 현상 분석

이창용(Changyong Lee),황진율(Jinyul Hwang) 한국전산유체공학회 2023 한국전산유체공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2023 No.10

Adaptive Mean Shift Based Face Tracking by Coupled Support Map

Yongwon Hwang,Mun-Ho Jeong,Sang-Rok Oh,Changyong Yoon 한국지능시스템학회 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of FUZZY LOGIC and INTELLIGE Vol.17 No.2

The mean-shift algorithm is a local search technique that uses the similarity of the color distributed information between the target model and the local candidate image in the target. It has been proven to be superior in simplicity and stability of the technique and has been widely used for face tracking applications. However, one of the major problems in face tracking using color distribution is its vulnerability to backgrounds with similar color distribution, occlusion, and illumination changes. In this paper, we suggest a Coupled Support Map (CSM) to resolve the problem, and show the effectiveness of the robust adaptive mean-shift (AMS) face tracking method. Through series of experiments, we conclude the robustness of suggested algorithms against face size and sudden lighting changes.

외국인 학습자의 한국어 조사중첩 습득 연구

황종배(Hwang Jong-Bai),안희돈(Ahn Hee-Don),한정임(Han Jeong-Im),임인재(Lim Injae),홍진주(Hong Jinju),심창용(Sim Changyong) 한국외국어교육학회 2007 Foreign languages education Vol.14 No.4

  This study quantitatively investigates foreign learners" acquisition of double particles in Korean. Some of the particles in Korean are jointly used with other particles and some are not, and the sequence of the particles determines the grammaticality of the double particles. Chinese and Japanese learners of Korean participated in the experiment in which they were asked to judge the grammaticality of a combination of a noun and double particles. The participants" judgment of the grammaticality of the double particles and their reaction time for the judgment were analyzed. The results of the study revealed that Japanese learners whose native language has a particle system similar to that of Korean performed better in the grammaticality judgment than Chinese learners whose native language shows no use of double particles. The advanced learners of Korean, regardless of their native languages, showed better judgment on the grammaticality of the use of double particles. This study also found that the type of double particles also affected the learners" judgment and that in the grammaticality judgment of ungrammatical joint of adverbial particles, most of the participants, regardless of their native languages and their Korean proficiency, scored much lower than in the judgment of the other types of double particles. The analyses of the participants" reaction time for the judgment showed congruent results with those of their grammaticality judgement.

Strong thermal oxidation resistant copper electrodes using large pulsed electron beam sintering

Yunjae Hwang,Jisoo Kim,Changyong Yim,Hyung Wook Park 한국생산제조학회 2022 한국생산제조시스템학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.5

모아쌓은집

황정현(Junghyun Hwang),현창용(Changyong Hyun) 현대건축사 2021 월간 CONCEPT Vol.- No.270

전자빔을 이용한 내산화성 프린트 구리전극 제조

황윤재(YunJae Hwang),김지수(Jisoo Kim),임창용(Changyong Yim),박형욱(Hyung wook Park) 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.6

A framework for impact analysis of the international transfer of marine technology in a climate change era: an input-output analysis and analytic hierarchy process approach

Yoon, Byungun,Lee, Changyong,Hwang, Jinhwan Informa UK (Taylor Francis) 2011 ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION Vol.19 No.1