Lithium 및 數種 睡眼劑가 家兎 血中酒精濃度에 미치는 影響에 關한 實驗的 硏究

金稔,愼鏞建,李起蘇,白尙昌 大韓神經精神醫學會 1972 신경정신의학 Vol.11 No.4

Lithium has been lately used in the manic-depressive psychosis and other psychotic excitements. Barbiturates have long been widely used as the hypnotics. Non-barbiturate hypnotics such as nitra-zepam and glutethimide has also been used in increasing frequency. It has been lately reported that lithium elevated significantly blood alcohol level in rabbits and that lithium prolonged significantly drug-induced sleep time. In view of these findings, the author conducted an animal experiment to investigate the effects of some barbiturate and non-barbiturate hypnotics, or in combination with lithium, on blood alcohol level in rabbits. Material and Method 1. The experimental work was done with mature rabbits of both sexes, weighing from 2.0kg to 3.0kg. 2. The experimental animals were devided into two groups; control and exprimental group. 3. Control group had two subgroups; alcohol alone group and alcohol+lithium group. And experimental group was devided as follows; alcohol+barbiturates group, alcohol+non-barbiturates group, alcohol+lithium+barbiturates group, alcohol+lithium+non-barbiturates group. (In this study, thiopental sodium, pentothal sodium and amobarbital sodium are barbiturates used, and nitrazepam and glutethimide are non-barbiturates used.) 4. To the experimental animals, hypnotics were administered into marginal ear vein by intravenous injection, or into gluteal muscle by intramuscular injection, or orally in capsules. 5. In alcohol+bariturates group: One among thiopental, pentothal and amobarbital sodium was given intravenously 20mg/kg of body weight, intravenously or intramuscularly at 10minutes before and just before alcohol administration. In alcohol+non-barbiturates group: It was given orally either 1mg of nitrazepam/kg or 50mg of glutethimide/kg of body weight at 30minutes before alcohol administration. 6. Lithium chloride solution, 6.3%, was given in a dose of 3.0mEg/kg of body weight daily for 4 days by intravenous route. The last dose was given 1 hour before alcohol administration. 7. In all groups, 20 vol.% ethanol solution was given intravenously in a dose of 5.0ml/kg of body weight in 5 minutes. 8. Blood specimens were obtained by cardiac puncture at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 9. Blood alcohol level was determined by Cavett's method. Results 1. Alcohol+barbituates group: a) In alcochol+thiopental sodium subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group (p<0.05 or less). b) In alcohol+pentothal sodium subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group except those in both 30 minutes after alcohol administration by intravenous route just before or at 10 minutes before alcohol administration (p<0.05 or less). c) In alcchol+amobarbital sodium subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group (P<0.05 or less). 2. Alcohol+non-barbiturates group: In either nitrazepam or glutethimide subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in these subgroups showed statistically no significant change, comparing with these in alone group (P>0.05). 3. Alcohol+lithium group: Blood alcohol levels in this group were all significantly higher than those in alcohol alone group (P<0.05 or less). 4. Alcohol+lithium+barbiturates combined group: a) In thiopental sodium with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in lithium alone group, and showed also statistically significant change comparing whith those in thiopental sodium alone subgroup(P<0.05 or less). b) In pentothal sodium with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantlly higher than those in lithium alone group except the group in which pentothal sodium was given 30 minutes before alcohol administration intramuscularly, and showed also statistically significant change comparing with those in alcohol+pentothal sodium subgroup except the subgroup in which pentothal was given either intravenously at 10 minutes before alchol administration, or pentothal sodium was given by intramuscularly just before alcohol administration (Both 30 minutes value: P<0.05 or less). c) In amobarbital sodium with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in this subgroup were all significantly higher than those in lithium alone group except the group amobarbital sodium was given by intravenous route 30 minutes before alcohol administration (10 minutes value), and showed also statistically significant change comparing with those in amobarbital sodium alone group except that the group amobarbital sodium was given by intravenous route at 30 minutes before alcohol administration (30 minutes value; P<0.05 or less). 5. Alcohol+lithium+non-barbiturates group: In either nitrazepam with lithium combined subgroup or glutethimide with lithium combined subgroup; Blood alcohol levels in these subgroups showed no statistically significant change, comparing with those in lithium alone group (P<0.05), but the alcohol levels were all significantly higher than those in nitrazepam or glutethimide alone subgroup respectively except 10 minutes value of glutethimide alone subgroup (P<0.05 or less). Conclusions 1. The intravenous injection of lithium chloride in a dose of 3.0mEq/kg/day for 4 days elevated significantly blood alcohol level in rabbits at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 2. Thiopental sodium, pentotal sodium and amobarbital sodium in barbiturate hypnotics elevated significantly in general on blood alcohol level in rabbits at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 3. Nitrazepam or glutethimide (non-barbiturate hypnotics) did not elevate statistically significant on blood alcohol level in rabbits at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration. 4. Thiopental sodium, penthal sodium and amobarbital sodium (barbiturate hypnotics) when given to lithium treated rabbits elevated significantly in general on blood alcohol level respectively at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration, comparing with lithium alone group, or thiopental sodium, pentothal sodium and amobarbital sodium subgroups. It seems that there exists synergic or potentiating effect in these cases. 5. Nitrazepam or glutethimide with lithium did not elevate blood alcohol level at 10 and 30 minutes after alcohol administration comparing with that lithium alone group. but generally showed significant elevation of blood alcohol level then comparing with that nitrazepam or glutethimide alone subgroup. It is suggestive of the fact that lithium alone effect the blood alcohol level in these cases.

Finding key vulnerable areas by a climate change vulnerability assessment

Kim, Ho Gul,Lee, Dong Kun,Jung, Huicheul,Kil, Sung-Ho,Park, Jin Han,Park, Chan,Tanaka, Riwako,Seo, Changwan,Kim, Ho,Kong, Wooseok,Oh, Kyusik,Choi, Jinyong,Oh, Young-Ju,Hwang, Gangseok,Song, Chang-Keun Springer Netherlands 2016 Natural hazards Vol.81 No.3

<P>Extreme climate events such as typhoons, heat waves, and floods have increased in frequency with climate change. Many municipalities within the Republic of Korea (ROK) have experienced damage from these events, necessitating countermeasures. Vulnerability assessment has been suggested in the implementation of a national plan for reducing damage resulting from climate change. Thus, in this study, we assess the vulnerability of the ROK and identify key vulnerable municipalities in support of the national adaptation plan. We create a framework for assessing the vulnerability of all 232 municipalities of the ROK with respect to 32 items in 7 fields. The framework regards decision makers' comprehension and availability of data as important factors. We assess the vulnerability index of each municipality by using variables of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity. The weights of variables are determined by the Delphi method. We used the representative concentration pathways 8.5 climate scenario to reflect future climate exposure for the vulnerability assessment. From the analysis, vulnerability maps are prepared for the 32 items of 7 fields, and key vulnerable municipalities are identified by aggregating the maps. The distribution of vulnerable municipalities changes with the future climate conditions. These maps provide a scientific and objective basis for the ROK government to establish adaptation plans and allocate resources. The ROK government can utilize the results to identify the characteristics of highly vulnerable areas, and municipalities can use the results as a basis for requesting support from the national government.</P>

소의 대동맥 내피세포에서 산화저밀도 지단백에 의한 아포프토시스에 백일해 독소 및 콜레라 독소가 미치는 영향

손호영(Ho Young Son),강성구(Sung Ku Kang),강무일(Moo Il Kang),차봉연(Bong Youn Cha),이광우(Kwang Woo Lee),장상아(Sang Ah Chang),최윤희(Yoon Hee Choi),문성대(Sung Dae Moon),안유배(Yoo Bae Ahn),손현식(Hyun Sik Son),윤건호(Kun Ho Yoon) 대한내과학회 1999 대한내과학회지 Vol.56 No.5

N/A Objectives : Oxidized LDL is thought to play a key role in atherogenesis. Among their wide variety of biological properties, oxidized LDL injures the endothelium as an early event of atherogenesis. However, the mechanisms by which oxidized LDL injures endothelial cells are not definitely known. In order to evaluate the involvement of GTP-binding protein on the mechanism of apoptosis, we studied the effects of pertussis and cholera toxin on oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis in bovine aortic endothelial cells(BAECs). Methods : Oxidized LDL elicited apoptosis in cultured BAECs as shown by characteristic morphological and biochemical changes. Chromatin condensation and nucleus fragmentation were visualized by using fluorescence microscopy of intact cells staining by acridine orange/ ethidium bromide. DNA fragmentation was quantified by an ELISA with specific antibody for bromodeoxyuridine- labelled DNA fragments and confirmed with DNA ladder formation. Results : Studies using a combination of bacterial toxins which change the function of GTP-binding protein suggest that oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis was regulated by GTP-binding protein. Oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis was not changed by pretreatment of BAECs with pertussis toxin. In contrast, pretreatment with cholera toxin completely prevented the oxidized LDL- induced apoptosis. Conclusion : These results show that oxidized LDL induces apoptosis of BAECs and suggest that cholera toxin-sensitive G-proteins are involved in signal transduction of oxidized LDL-induced apoptosis of BAEC.

단어생성시 기능적 자기공명영상을 통한 운동 언어중추의 국소화

정상욱,김주용,송인찬,이경민,이상건,장기현 대한신경과학회 1998 대한신경과학회지 Vol.16 No.5

球狀黑鉛鑄鐵의 鹽浴窒化

張忠根,金水泳,李相益 충남대학교 자연과학연구소 1977 學術硏究誌 Vol.4 No.1

Liquid nitriding is being is used for machine parts to improve fatigue strength and resistance to wear and seizure in spheroidal graphite cist iron. The difference in matrixes with as cast, pesrlite or ferritic structure in the iron has an important effect on nitriding. in the present work, spheroidal graphite cast irons with different matrixes nitrided by the tufftride process at 570 C for 1-6 hrs for a bask study on the nitriding of spheroids1 graphite castiron. The relationship between maximun hardness and nitriding time can be obtained as follows. In ferritic matris, hardness of matrix increased from 250Hv for 6hrs of nitriding time. In pearlite matrix, hardness of matrix increased from 390Hv to 560Hv. for 6 hrs of nitrding time.

웹 환경의 구성 요소를 고려한 보안 문제에 관한 연구

장상철,이진호,정도건 高麗大學校附設 컴퓨터科學技術硏究所 1999 JOURNAL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING TECHNOLO Vol.2 No.-

웹의 출현 이후, 급속한 기술의 발전으로 인해, 어느덧 우리사회의 전통적인 사회적인 프로토콜의 패러다임까지 변화시키기에 이르렀다. 웹의 역할은 이제, 웹 상에서 교환되는 정보의 기밀성뿐만 아니라, 웹을 사용하는 주체들의 안전성까지 보호받아야 될 필요성까지 포함할 정도로 매우 커지고 있다. 즉, 웹상에서 이루어지는 트랜잭션과 트랜잭션을 만들고 있는 객체까지도 보호받아야 될 대상에 포함되었다는 의미하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 실제 발생한 보안 사고들의 문제점과 대응책들이 발표되고 널리 공개되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 웹환경을 웹클라이언트, 웹서버, 네트워크 프로토콜의 3가지로 크게 분류하여, 지금까지 노출된 웹환경의 전반적인 보안관련 문제점들과 다양한 공격 방법들을, 웹을 구성하고 있는 구성요소별로 살펴보고, 보다 다양한 관점과 넓은 범위에서 문제점을 분석하고 대응책을 제안하였다. The rapid development of technologies in WWW brought us to require new ones from traditional paradigms in our society. Now, the role of WWW has enlarged more and more to keep not only the privacy of data in transmit on WWW, but also the security of subjects who play in WWW. It means that the security should be expanded to include those who make a transaction on the WWW as well as a transaction on the WWW itself. For this, so many accidents happened before and their recommendation patches have been published. In this paper, we classified the WWW environments as 3 composite elements : a web client, a web server, and a network protocol. Also, we analyzed the problems of WWW security and the attacks over the weakness, and, suggested the responses against them in a WWW environmental respect with more views and wider extent.

신경망 기본소자 MQW-IMD의 설계

박상정,송정근,홍창희 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1996 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.4 No.1

A novel semiconductor device called a MQW-IMD(Multi Quantum Well Injection Mode Device) is designed for the hardware implenentation of electronic pulse mode neural network. As the operation is analogous to biological neuron, the device can be used as basic PE(Processing Element) of artificial neural system. The neural trigger circuit consists of a MQW-IMD and paralled RC load. For the optimization of the trigger circuit, The electron energy accelerated in AlxGa₁- xAS/GaAs barrier was calculated Ensemble Monte Carlo method in according with the electric field for A1 mole fraction, x=0.4 In the consideration of electron temperature and average ionization rate as well as ionization cross section, we extracted the improved relationship between the pulse frequency and the input voltage.

시뮬레이션 기반의 인적자본지수 향상을 위한 실천전략에 관한 연구

이건창,민승기,김진성,정남호,권순재 한국기업윤리학회 2003 企業倫理硏究 Vol.7 No.-

In this study, we focus on defining a human capital, and measuring the human capital index (HCI) which can be used as a proxy of the amount of either human capital or knowledge. For this purpose, we applied a several literature, obtained relevant factors statically from the questionnaire data, and calculated a concrete HCI for each of firms under consideration. The questionnaire data were rigorously collected from 1500 persons of 42 firms in Korean Stock Market. On the basis of the HCI model, we performed HCI simulation. The simulation results showed that proposed approach could be used effectively for analyzing the human capital when the market is rapidly changing.

체육전공 대학생들의 건강에 대한 지식, 태도 및 행위간의 관련성 비교

박종성,이창근,유영규 명지대학교 예술체육대학연구소 2004 藝體能論集 Vol.15 No.-

The present writer carried out of a survey on physical education majors of some junior colleges to grasp their levels of health information and attitudes/behaviors to good health, and to compare and analyze the correlations between them with a view to developing health-improving programs for junior colleges, thereby affording a basic material for health guidance. The survey was conducted with questionnaires addressed to 567 male students and 263 female students of four junior colleges in Seoul and Kyeonggi province. As s result of statistical examination of the survey, the present writer has reached the following conclusions. 1. The level of health informaion obtained 14.98±4.54 points out of a possible 22, indicating 68.1% of correct information. There was no significant statistical difference between the information levels of male and female students. 2. The level of their attitude to health obtained 14.97±3.66 points out of a possible 22, indicating 68.0% of correct attitude. There was no big statistical difference between the attitude levels of male and female students. 3. The level of their behavioral action to good health obtained 10.56±3.52 points out of a possible 22, indicating on an average 48.0% of correct behavior. Regarding smoking, drinking,coffee intake, sexually transmitted disease, sexual relations, physical checkup, etc., female students indicaed by far the more desirable results than male students statistically. 4. In the comparison and analysis of correlations between the survey subjects' health information and attitudes/behaviors to good health, significant statistical difference were observed in the correlations between the subjects' health information attitudes(r=0.498, p<.01). 5. Comparing and analyzing the correlations between the survey subjects' health information and attitudes/behaviors to good health, the present writer has found more significant statistical correlations between their health information and attitudes(M:r=0.502,p<.01; F:r=0.497, p<0.1), attitudes and behavioral action(M:r=0.218, p<0.1; F:r=0.478,p<0.1),health information and behavioral action(M:r=0.203, p<0.1; F:r=0.349, p<0.1) of male students than of female students. In other words, compared with female students, male students failed to live up to their health information more frequently than female students. As This study was limited to the physical education majors of some junior colleges, a retional generalization cannot be deduced from the outcome of the survey. A survey is required, therefore, based on a larger scale. Again, since the basic health items were limited to eleven kinds, this study necessarily does not include all gealth problems; more comprehensive surveys are yet to be carried out. As a result of this survey, however, it was ascertained that there is relatively little correlation between the subjects' health information and their attitudes, attitudes and behavioral action, informaion and behavoioral action. Hopefully, health behavior-focused health education based on adequate health informaion should be carried out, instead of health guidance overemphasizing health information alone.

VDSL 시스템의 Near-Far FEXT 문제를 감소시키기 위한 PBO 방법의 성능평가

김성곤,김창선,이창호,변건식 동아대학교 정보기술연구소 2001 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.9 No.1

VDSL(Very high bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line) is the latest digital subscriber line technique for high speed communication on unshielded twisted-pair wires and offers bit rates up to 52 Mbps for telephone wires shorter than 1500 meters. The need for PBO(Power Back-Off) in the upstream direction of VDSL has recently been recognized in several standardization contributions. When the users are distributed along a cable bundle with different lengths, those furthest away from the central office may have almost no bit rate capacity in the upstream if all modems use the maximal allowed transmit power. This is due to the very strong FEXT(Far-End Crosstalk) that users on short wires introduce to the system. This problem is similar to the near-far problem and power control in CDMA systems. PBO is a way to reduce this problem and achieve a more even distribution of the available capacity among users with different wire lengths. In this paper, three different methods(Constant PBO, Reference length PBO, Reference FEXT PBO) were simulated. As a result, they each have pros and cons, but Reference FEXT PBO is superior to the others.