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The pathogenesis and treatment of chronic allograft nephropathy
Li, Can,Yang, Chul Woo Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2009 Nature reviews. Nephrology Vol.5 No.9
<P>Despite improvements in immunosuppressive therapy, long-term allograft survival after kidney transplantation remains as low as 50%. Chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN) is a major cause of late graft loss in renal transplant recipients. The histopathologic signs of CAN-interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, glomerulopathy and vasculopathy-are nonspecific; therefore, the 2007 Banff classification dispensed with the term CAN in favor of 'interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy without evidence of any specific etiology'. In this Review, however, the term CAN is used to describe a clinical syndrome that is characterized by progressive decline in renal function from 3 months after transplantation, accompanied by the development of proteinuria and hypertension. The pathogenesis of CAN is complex and incompletely understood, and involves several immunological and non-immunological factors. We discuss the contributory roles of acute rejection, donor age, anti-human-leukocyte-antigen antibodies, calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxic effects, viral infection, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. The prevention and treatment of CAN needs multidisciplinary strategies. Early detection by means of protocol biopsy and calculation of glomerular filtration rate is the first step, followed by management of modifiable risk factors.</P>
Li, Can,Lim, Sun Woo,Choi, Bum Soon,Lee, Suk Hee,Cha, Jung Ho,Kim, In San,Kim, Jin,Yang, Chul Woo S. Karger AG 2005 American journal of nephrology Vol.25 No.6
<P><I>Background/Aims:</I> Overexpression of transforming growth factor β1-inducible gene h3 (βig-h3) is associated with renal scarring in several models of renal disease. We investigated the inhibitory effect of pravastatin on βig-h3 expression in a rat model of chronic cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced nephropathy. <I>Methods:</I> Adult Sprague Dawley rats kept on a low salt diet (0.05% sodium) were treated daily for 4 weeks with vehicle (olive oil, 1 ml/kg), CsA (15 mg/kg) or both CsA and pravastatin (20 mg/kg in drinking water). The effect of pravastatin on βig-h3 expression was evaluated using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting. Functional parameters, histopathology (tubulointerstitial fibrosis, TIF, and arteriolopathy), and levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase were compared for the different treatment groups. <I>Results:</I> Co-administration of pravastatin significantly inhibited βig-h3 mRNA production and gene expression within the tubulointerstitium of the CsA-treated kidneys, and this paralleled an attenuation of TIF (12.7 ± 2.2 vs. 35.9 ± 5.4%, p < 0.01 vs. CsA) and the expression of TGF-β1 mRNA (279 ± 40 vs. 719 ± 85%, p < 0.01 vs. CsA). Pravastatin treatment reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein levels and reversed the renal dysfunction caused by CsA. Neither CsA nor pravastatin affected total serum cholesterol or triglyceride levels in the treatment groups. <I>Conclusion:</I> Pravastatin thus effectively abrogated the upregulation of βig-h3 gene expression and associated TGF-β1 production, and this was associated with attenuated TIF in this model of chronic CsA-induced nephropathy.</P><P>Copyright © 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel</P>
New multi-port hybrid DC circuit breaker for DC power grids
Can Ding,Guang Pu,Kaiming Li,Yinbo Ji 전력전자학회 2024 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.24 No.3
In the field of fault isolation and clearance in flexible DC power grids, hybrid DC circuit breakers (HDCCB) have been widely used because of their advantages. However, their development is limited by high construction costs and inapplicability in some fault cases. In addition, adaptive reclosing capability is required for overhead DC lines with high fault probability. Therefore, this paper proposes a new type of multi-port hybrid DC circuit breaker (MP-HDCCB) with current limiting, breaking, and self-charging capabilities. The capacitor polarity reversal circuit is designed to reduce the influence of capacitor pre-charging on the normal operation of the system and to solve the problem of two consecutive line faults occurring in a short period of time. In addition, the circuit breaker can limit the current and break in the face of a single line fault, multiple line faults at the same time, and bus faults. It also has the ability of adaptive reclosing and normal operation of the line after a bus fault. Based on the proposed topology, a 500 kV four-terminal DC system is designed, and a model is established in PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the capabilities of the circuit breaker. Results show that the circuit breaker has adaptive reclosing capability and can realize fault current limiting and breaking under diff erent fault conditions.
Bandwidth Efficient Video-on-Demand Streaming Scheme based on P2P Network
Can Li,Sung-Kwon Park 대한전자공학회 2007 ITC-CSCC :International Technical Conference on Ci Vol.2007 No.7
With the rapid development of Internet technologies, applications of VOD are ever increasing. If a VOD server has to transmit VOD data to extremely many people concurrently and independently by IP unicast, the server may have to suffer heavy load exceeding its capacity threshold. Recently suggested multicast and P2P (Peer-to-Peer)-based VOD approaches require additional bandwidth consumption for the management data transfer and experience occasional interrupts. This paper introduces a bandwidth efficient P2P-Based VOD approach in the application layer. The proposed approach makes use of host buffers and upstream channels of users. The new approach uses efficient peer searching, initial buffering, and dynamic monitoring of peers to maintain high QoS (Quality-of- Service). From simulation results, we achieved satisfying bandwidth efficiency and QoS.
The Effect of h-BN Buffer Layers in Bilayer Graphene on Co (111)
Can Li,Yan Liu,Bin Zhang,Tao Wang,Qing Guo,Kuang Sheng,You Yin 한국물리학회 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.66 No.10
Understanding of the interface of Co/graphene is essential for applications of graphene-based devices, as well as in the process of graphene synthesis. In this paper, the Co/graphene interface, including five structures of bilayer graphene (BLG) on Co (111) surface with bilayer or monolayer BN buffer sheets, is investigated by using density functional theory calculations. The corresponding atomic and electronic structures and Mulliken charge populations are also analyzed. The bilayer BN sheets are found to be the thinnest insulator for the backside Co metal gate, which shields BLG from Co substrate pining, decreases the charges influenced by the substrate, and improves BLG transport mobility.
Bandgap Engineering of Monolayer MoS2 under Strain: A DFT Study
Can Li,Bowen Fan,Weiyi Li,Luowei Wen,Yan Liu,Tao Wang,Kuang Sheng,You Yin 한국물리학회 2015 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.66 No.11
In this paper, density functional theory calculations are used to investigate the monolayer MoS2 in terms of the strain by analyzing the structure parameters: the bandgap, the density of states (DOS) and the Milliken charges. The calculations indicate that an increasing external stain tends to depress the ripple structure with a shorter S-S interlayer spacing and to enlarge the length of the Mo-S bond. Tensile strain dramatically alteres the bandgap; however, compressive strain almost does not. The change in the bandgap is explained by an analysis of the DOS, the partial density of states (PDOS), the structure parameters and the Mulliken charge distribution. The effects of strain on the Mulliken charge and the length of the Mo-S band cause bandgap differences under tensile and compressive strain.
Li, Can,Sun, Bo Kyung,Lim, Sun Woo,Song, Joon Chang,Kang, Shin-Wook,Kim, Yu Seun,Kang, Duk Hee,Cha, Jung Ho,Kim, Jin,Yang, Chul Woo Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2005 Transplantation Vol.79 No.11
BACKGROUND.: Statins and angiotensin II type I receptor blockers have synergistic effects on vascular smooth–muscle-cell proliferation and the progression of renal diseases. We evaluated whether combined treatment with losartan (LSRT) and pravastatin (PRVT) affords superior protection compared with their respective monotherapies in treating chronic cyclosporine (CsA)-induced nephropathy in rats. METHODS.: Rats maintained on a low salt diet were given vehicle, CsA (15 mg/kg), CsA and LSRT (10 mg/kg), CsA and PRVT (5 mg/kg), or a combination of CsA, LSRT, and PRVT for 28 days. Basic parameters (renal function, systolic blood pressure, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], and lipid profiles), histopathology (arteriolopathy, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration), and inflammatory and fibrotic factors (intrarenal CRP, angiotensin II, osteopontin, and transforming growth factor [TGF]-&bgr;1) were studied. RESULTS.: LSRT or PRVT treatment significantly attenuated the histopathologic changes induced by CsA, and combined treatment with LSRT and PRVT further decreased these parameters compared with giving each drug alone. Increased levels of angiotensin II, intrarenal CRP, osteopontin, and TGF-&bgr;1 in CsA-treated rat kidney were reduced by treatment with either LSRT or PRVT and were further decreased by the combination of the two drugs. There were no significant differences in systolic blood pressure or serum lipid parameters between groups. CONCLUSIONS.: Combined treatment with LSRT and PRVT provided synergistic effects in attenuating inflammatory and fibrotic processes in a rat model of chronic CsA-induced nephropathy, and this effect was independent of their hypolipidemic and hypotensive actions.