유럽에서의 환경영향평가

Bunge, Thomas 한국환경영향평가학회 1995 환경영향평가 Vol.4 No.3

The European Community (EC) began dealing with the subject of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the mid-1970s. After ten years of preparatory work and more than 20 draft versions, the EC Council of Ministers adopted, in 1985, the Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC). This directive requires the member states to make EIA mandatory for certain projects. Its Article 3 defines the purpose of the instrument: "The environmental impact assessment will identify, describe and assess the direct and indirect effects of a project. There are no rules on scoping or on post-project analysis. However, member states are free to adopt, in their domestic legislation, more stringent rules regarding the scope and procedure of EIA. Consequently, they have developed national EIA systems which differ considerably from each other. Also, EIA practice in each of these countries is different from that in the others. In 1992, the EC Council adopted the `Flora, Fauna, Habitat' Directive which lays down an additional EIA requirement. Member states will have to develop a network of `European' nature conservation areas. Each project or plan possibly endangering these areas will have to be assessed whether it is in line with the protection purposes laid down for them. Although the directive does not say so explicitly, this means that a kind of EIA will have to be carried out for those projects and plans. For several years, the Commission has been developing proposals for a directive on EIA of plans and programmes ("strategic EIA"). This would supplement directive 85/337/EED, and would require and EIA for plans and programmes influencing decisions on specific projects(e.g. agricultural plans or energy programmes). At present, procedural and methodological questions of strategic EIA are being discussed extensively both within and without the European Union.

低血壓과 循環器系 疾患

Bunge G. 醫藥係社 1958 綜合 醫學 Vol.3 No.8

Circulation Disorders in Aged People

BUNGE, G. 대한의학협회 1960 대한의학협회지 Vol.3 No.9

Environmental Impact Assessment in Europe : Legal Basis and Recent Developments

Bunge, Thomas 한국환경영향평가학회 1995 환경영향평가 Vol.4 No.3

The European Community (EC) began dealing with the subject of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in the mid-1970s. After ten years of preparatory work and more than 20 draft versions, the EC Council of Ministers adopted, in 1985, the Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment (85/337/EEC). This directive requires the member states to make EIA mandatory for certain projects. Its Article 3 defines the purpose of the instrument: "The environmental impact assessment will identify, describe and assess the direct and indirect effects of a project. There are no rules on scoping or on post-project analysis. However, member states are free to adopt, in their domestic legislation, more stringent rules regarding the scope and procedure of EIA. Consequently, they have developed national EIA systems which differ considerably from each other. Also, EIA practice in each of these countries is different from that in the others. In 1992, the EC Council adopted the 'Flora, Fauna, Habitat' Directive which lays down an additional EIA requirement. Member states will have to develop a network of 'European' nature conservation areas. Each project or plan possibly endangering these areas will have to be assessed whether it is in line with the protection purposes laid down for them. Although the directive does not say so explicitly, this means that a kind of EIA will have to be carried out for those projects and plans. For several years, the Commission has been developing proposals for a directive on EIA of plans and programmes ("strategic EIA"). This would supplement directive 85/337/EED, and would require and EIA for plans and programmes influencing decisions on specific projects(e.g. agricultural plans or energy programmes). At present, procedural and methodological questions of strategic EIA are being discussed extensively both within and without the European Union.

독일에서의 환경영향평가절차와 최근의 법규

Summerer, Stefan,Bunge, Thomas 한국환경영향평가학회 1993 환경영향평가 Vol.2 No.2

The following contribution deals with the objectives and scopes of the German Act on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and with the procedural implementation of this act. It begins with a presentation of the goal and content of EIA and the scope of its application. It then turns to the procedure of EIA, specially to the five distinct steps by which the EIA is to be carried out under German law. Finally some remarks are made on the role of EIA in the decision-making process and on the further development of EIA since the entry into force of the Act on EIA.

MR-histological Correlations of Wallerian Degeneration in Spinal Cord Injury

Cho, Kyoung-Suok,Bunge, Richard P.,Choi, Chang-Rak 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 척수 손상 후 위 또는 아래 level에서 wallerian degeneration의 MR 소견을 관찰하고, 척수 손상 후 magnetic resonance(MR)에 이상 소견이 나타나는 time interval 관찰하며 그리고 MR 소견과 post mortem histopathology 비교하는데 있다. 척수손상후 사망까지 생존 기간이 8일부터 22년까지 다양한 23명의 척수손상 환자에서 post mortem에 척수를 채취해서 T1과 T2 weighted MR imaging 얻었고, 조직검사는 MR section과 같은 level에서 axon, myelin, connective tissue stain 실시하여 MR 소견과 비교하였다. 결과는 척수손상 후 7주 이후에 사망한 모든 예에서, 손상된 척수 위 level의 dorsal column과 아래 level의 lat, corticospinal tract에서 MR 소견상 increased signal intensity 나타났다. 그리고 손상 후 8일만에 사망한 예에서는 MR 소견상 변화는 없지만, 조직 검사상 wallerian degeneration이 손상의 위 level dorsal column에서는 나타났지만 아래 level의 lat, corticospinal tract에서는 보이지 않았다. 그러나 12일 후 사망한 예에서는 wallerian degeneration이 척수손상 위 dorsal column과 아래 lat, corticospinal tract에서 MR의 이상 소견이 보였다. 결론적으로 척수손상 후 Wallerian degeneration이 나타나지만, 손상 level 위의 dorsal column과 아래의 lat, corticospinal tract의 wallerian degeneration은 최소한 7주 이상이 지나야 MR에서 변화가 보인다. MR로서 wallerian degeneration 관찰함으로 척수손상의 정확한 분석과, epicenter로부터 멀리 떨어진 부위의 MR signal 변화의 설명, 그리고 나아가서는 치료의 평가에도 유용하게 이용될 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study were to describe the magnetic resonance(MR) manifestations of wallerian degeneration occurring above and below a spinal cord injury site, to determine the post-injury time interval when the wallerian degeneration becomes evident in MR images, and to correlate the MR findings with post mortem histopathology. Twenty-three postmortem spinal cords, all from patients with cervical (14), thoracic (5), and lumbar (4) cord, injuries, were studied with axial T1- and T2-weighted spin-echo MR imaging. Injury to death intervals varied from 8 days to 22 years. We examined these specimen for abnormal cord contour and alteration of signal above and below the injury site. Histological studies of these cords with axon, myelin, and connective tissue stains were performed at levels equivalent to the MR sections. Studies using plastic embedded sections and antibodies to Glial Fibrillarg Acetic Protein(GF AP) were also performed on some of the above cords. Pathological-imaging correlations were made. MR images of the cord specimen showed increased signal intensity in the dorsal columns above the injury level as well as in the lateral corticospinal tracts below the injury level in all cases in which cord injury had occurred seven or more weeks premortem. In one case where cord injury had occurred eight days prior to death the MR showed no signal abnormalites : histological analysis showed evidence of early wallerian degeneration in the dorsal columns above the lesion but no change was detected in the lateral columns below the lesion. After 12 days, early stage wallerian degeneration was detected by histological examination in both the lateral columns below the lesion and in the dorsal columns above the lesion. Wallerian degeneration in spinal cords, as demonstrated by histological examination, was identified on MR as areas of increased T2 weighted signal intensity site in the dorsal column above the injury site and in the corticospinal tracts below the injury site in all specimen in which the injury-to-death interval was greater than 7 weeks. The ability to recognize wallerian degeneration on MR allows a more comprehensive analysis of the injury, explains abnormal MR signals at sites that are remote from the epicenter of injury, and may be helpful in the assessing of results of therapeutic interventions.

Leakage and swell in emulsion liquid membrane systems: Comparing continuous stirred-tank reactor and batch experiments

Randolph M. Pfeiffer,Annette L. Bunge 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.87 No.-

Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) systems can efficiently extract and concentrate dilute solutes in avariety of applications and chemistries. Internal phase leakage and swell reduce extraction efficiency andconcentration, which limits their use. Nearly all studies of ELM leakage and swell have been conducted inbatch systems, although continuousflow systems are preferred for industrial applications. The objectiveof this investigation was to assess the ability of batch experiments to predict continuous systemperformance with respect to internal phase leakage and swell. The effects offive factors (surfactantconcentration, osmotic pressure, membrane viscosity, internal phase volume fraction, and extractionvessel stir rate) on leakage and swell were measured in a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) systemwithout solute extraction. The results were compared with those reported previously for a batch systemwith the same experimental conditions and vessel geometry. Overall, the effects of thefive factors in theCSTR system are qualitatively consistent with the batch system observations, suggesting that theinfluential variables in the batch system are similarly influential in the CSTR system. Leakage and swell inthe CSTR and batch systems are correlated with similar amounts of swell in both systems but consistentlysmaller leakage in the CSTR configuration.

세분화된 특징점을 이용한 인쇄체 한글문자인식에 관한 연구

김병철,전병태 안성산업대학교 1992 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

한글문자 인식방법은 문자형을 분류하고 분류된 문자형에 따라 자음과 모음을 분리하고 분리된 자소를 각각 인식하였다. 본 시스템에서는 문자형 분류과정을 거치지 않고 세분화된 특징점을 이용하여 모음을 인식하면서 자음을 분리하는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 모음인식과 동시에 자음분리 방법의 장점은 문자형 분류과정이 생략되므로 입력영상의 반복적 재탐색이 불필요하기 때문에 인식속도를 높일 수 있으며, 분리된 자음은 단점의 방향성만을 이용하여 인식하므로 인식속도를 한층 더 개선시킬 수 있다. Usually Korean Character Recognitions is, first classifying seen-type and from the classified seen-type, separating consonants and vowels and then recognizing separated consonants and vowels respectively. This paper describes our new approach, without classifying seen-type, recognizing vowels using subdivided features and separating consonants. Recognizing vowels and separating consonants at the same time, with omitting seen=type classification and unnecessary repeated searching, can increase the recognition speed. Recognizing separated consonants with only the direction of terminal features, can enhance the recognition speed all the more.

초등학교 아동의 진로인식 수준과 기초적성 및 학업 흥미와의 관계

조붕환,김옥환 韓國進路敎育學會 1998 진로교육연구 Vol.9 No.-

1. The purpose of the study The purpose of this study was to find out the relationships among career awareness, basic aptitudes and scholastic interests of children. The problems of this study were as follows: First, are there any significant differences in the levels of career awareness, basic aptitudes and scholastic interests of children by sex? Second, are there any significant correlations between career awareness and basic aptitudes of children? Third, are there any significant correlations between career awareness and scholastic interests of children? Fourth, are there any significant correlations between basic aptitudes and scholastic interests of children? 2. The methods of the study The subject for this study were 620 primary school boys and girls(315 boys, 305 girls), which were randomly sampled out of five primary schools in Seoul area. The instruments used for this study were 「Career Awareness Scale」 which was developed by Shin(1997), 「Basic Aptitudes Test」 which was developed by Seoul Institute of Education Research and 「Scholastic Interests Test」 which was developed by Jung & Kim(1989). The data analyses were performed using SPSS/PC+ program with mean, standard deviation, t-test, simple correlation analysis. All statistic value were tested in the significant level of .05. 3. The result of the study The results of statistical analyses on this study were as follows: First, there were significant differences on career awareness by sex. Girls scored higher than boys. There were significant differences on career awareness ability(p<.001). However, no significant differences were found on career awareness attitude. There were significant differences on basic aptitudes by sex. Girls scored higher than boys. There were significant differences on verbal (p<.O5) and numerical aptitude(p<.O1). However, no significant differences were found on social and scientific aptitude(p<.05). There were significant differences on scholastic interests by sex. Girls scored higher than boys on literary , musical, artistic and domestic interest(p<.001). And boys scored higher than girls on social, scientific, mechanical, athletic interest(p<.001). Second, there were significant differences on basic aptitudes according to the level of career awareness attitude and ability(p<.01). There were significant correlations between career awareness and basic aptitudes(more than r=.70). Career awareness ability correlated with social aptitude(r=.79) highestly and with numerical aptitude(r=.53) lowestly. Career awareness attitude correlated with verbal, social and scientific aptitude(more than r=.60). Third, there were partially significant differences on scholastic interests according to the level of career awareness(p<.01). There were significant differences on scientific aptitude(p<.01) according to career awareness ability. And there Were significant differences on social aptitude(p<.01) according to career awareness attitude. There were significant correlations between career awareness and scholastic interests(more than r=.60). Fourth, there were partially significant differences on basic aptitudes according to the level of scholastic interests(p<.05). There were significant correlations between verbal aptitude and literary interest(r=.71), numerical aptitude and literary interest(r=.75), scientific aptitude and scientific interest(r=.75).

구조조정에 따른 합병ㆍ인수정책의 합법성 : 정당성에 관한 경제학적 접근

권병무 건국대학교 경제경영연구소 2001 商經硏究 Vol.26 No.1

Bislang haben wir analysiert, was die oekonomische Ansicht ueber das monopolische Unternehmen ist, was die unternehmerische Wachstumsstrategie und das Unternehmensverhalten sind, wie der unternehmerische Zusammenschluss auf Wettbewerbsbeschraenkungen, Marktmacht und Uebergewinne auswirkt, und was oekonomische Ergebnisse der externen Wachstumsstrategie sind. Wenn ein Zusammenschluss in Form von Fusionswellen erklaert werden soll, ist es notwendig zu wissen, durch welche Ziele die Unternehmungen zu diesem Verhalten motiviert worden sind. Es ist auch noch bedeutungvoll zu wissen, welche motivierenden Ziele dominierende Rolle gespielt hat- ob etwa das Gewinnstreben, das reine Wachstumsstreben, das Streben, den Wettbewerb zu beschraenken und die relative Marktmacht zu steigern, das Streben, die Existenz der Unternehmmungen durch eine mo‥glichst schnelle Diversifikation zu sichern, ausschlaggebend war. Wir haben zunaechst die Kriterien, die die Zusammenschluesse als Marktverhalten beschrieben, anschliessend die durch die durch die Zusammenschluesse bewirkten Veraenderungen der Marktstruktur und der Marktergebnisse geprueft. Die an den Kriterien Wettbewerbsbeschraenkung, Zunahme relativer Marktmacht und Erhaltung oder Steigerung von Uebergewinnen orientierte negative Beurteilung von Zusammenschluessen ist nur in erster Annaeherung akzeptierbar. Weitere als Beurteilungskriteien verwendbare Wirkungen der Zusammenschluesse sollten unter dem Thema oekonomische Ergebnisse von Zusammenschluessen analysiert werden. Nachdem eine groessere Anzahl moeglicher Kriterien zur wettbewerbspolitischen Beurteilung von Zusammenschluessen behandelt worden ist, soll es gefragt werden, welche Stellung gegenueber den Zusammenschluessen in Anbetracht der negativen und positiven Wertungen bezogen werden soll und ob wir dennoch im allgemeinen die Richtigkeit oder Gesetzlichkeit der Unternehmenszusammenschluesse akzeptieren sollen