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Synthesis and characterization of new silafluorene-based copolymers for polymer solar cells.
Bathula, Chinna D,Park, Song Ju,Lee, Jong-Cheol,Shin, Won Suk,Moon, Sang-Jin,Lee, Sang Kyu American Scientific Publishers 2014 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.14 No.8
<P>A series of silafluorene-based copolymers, poly[9-(2-ethylhexyl)-9-dodecyl-silafluorene-2,7-diyl-alt-5,5-(4',7'-di-2-thienyl-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (P1), poly[9-(2-ethylhexyl)-9-dodecyl-silafluorene-2,7-diyl-alt-2,5-bis-(thiophene-2-yl)thiazolo [5,4-d]thiazole] (P2), and poly[9-(2-ethylhexyl)-9-dodecyl-silafluorene-2,7-diyl-alt-5,5-(5',8'-di-2-thienyl-2,3-bis(4-octyloxyl)phenyl)quinoxaline] (P3), were synthesized and used as donor materials in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the copolymers were investigated. The results indicate that the acceptor units in the copolymers influenced the band gap, electronic energy levels, and photovoltaic properties of the copolymers significantly. The band gaps of the copolymers were in the range 1.82-2.10 eV. Under optimized conditions, the silafluorene-based polymers showed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for the PSCs in the range 1.31-1.69% under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm2). Among the three copolymers, P1, which contained a benzothiadiazole acceptor unit, showed a power conversion efficiency of 1.69% with a short circuit current of 4.59 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.88 V, and a fill factor of 0.42, under AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW/cm2).</P>
Bathula, Chinna,Song, Chang Eun,Badgujar, Sachin,Hong, Seong-Jin,Kang, In-Nam,Moon, Sang-Jin,Lee, Jaemin,Cho, Shinuk,Shim, Hong-Ku,Lee, Sang Kyu The Royal Society of Chemistry 2012 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.22 No.41
<P>Novel triisopropylsilylethynyl (TIPS)-substituted benzodithiophene-based copolymers, poly[4,8-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)benzo[1,2-<I>b</I>:4,5-<I>b</I>′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-<I>alt</I>-4,6-(2-ethylhexyl-thieno[3,4-<I>b</I>]thiophene-2-carboxylate)] (<B>P1</B>), poly[4,8-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)benzo[1,2-<I>b</I>:4,5-<I>b</I>′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-<I>alt</I>-[4,6-{(1-thieno[3,4-<I>b</I>]thiophen-2-yl)-2-ethylhexan-1-one}] (<B>P2</B>), and poly[4,8-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)benzo[1,2-<I>b</I>:4,5-<I>b</I>′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-<I>alt</I>-4,6-(2-ethylhexyl(3-fluorothieno[3,4-<I>b</I>]thiophene)-2-carboxylate)] (<B>P3</B>), were designed and synthesized for use in polymer solar cells (PSCs). We describe the effects of the different acceptor segment side groups on the optical, electrochemical, field-effect hole mobility, and photovoltaic characteristics of the resulting TIPS-based copolymers. The side groups in the copolymers were found to significantly influence the carrier mobilities and photovoltaic properties of the copolymers. The field-effect mobilities of the holes varied from 9 × 10<SUP>−5</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> in <B>P2</B> to 3 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> cm<SUP>2</SUP> V<SUP>−1</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP> in <B>P1</B>. Under optimized conditions, the TIPS-based polymers showed power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) for the PSCs in the range of 3.16–5.76%. Among the TIPS-based copolymers studied here, <B>P1</B> showed the best photovoltaic performance, with an open-circuit voltage (<I>V</I><SUB>oc</SUB>) of 0.82 V, a short-circuit current density (<I>J</I><SUB>sc</SUB>) of 12.75 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, a fill factor (FF) of 0.55, and a power-conversion efficiency of 5.76% using a <B>P1</B>:PC<SUB>71</SUB>BM blend film as the active layer under AM 1.5G irradiation (100 mW cm<SUP>−2</SUP>).</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Polymer solar cells made from the new TIP-substituted BDT-based copolymer yield a power conversion efficiency of 5.76% with a short-circuit density of 12.75 mA cm<SUP>−2</SUP>, an open-circuit voltage of 0.82 V, and a fill factor of 0.55. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2jm33466f'> </P>
Bathula, C.,Badgujar, S.,Belavagi, N. S.,Lee, S. K.,Kang, Y.,Khazi, I. A. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Journal of fluorescence Vol.26 No.1
<P>This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of novel donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers containing triisopropylsilylethyny(TIPS)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-diketopyrrolopyrrole (P1 and P2) through Stille co-polymerization method. Thermal stability, optical and electrochemical properties of these polymers were determined. Optical band gaps of the polymers as calculated from their film onset absorption edges were found to be 1.46 and 1.44 eV, respectively. Electrochemical studies revealed HOMO and LUMO energy levels to be -5.22, -5.60 eV, and -3.76, -4.16 eV, respectively. The polymers were thermally stable up to 400-440 A degrees C. Optoelectronic studies indicated that these materials to be promising candidates in solar cell applications.</P>
Synthesis and photophysical investigations of pyromellitic diimide based small molecules
Bathula, Chinna,Mallikarjuna, K.,Kadam, Abhijit,Shrestha, Nabeen K.,Khadtare, Shubhangi,Mane, Suresh D.,Kim, Haekyoung Elsevier 2019 Inorganic chemistry communications Vol.102 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The present work reports on the highly efficient microwave assisted Suzuki coupling reaction for obtaining pyromellitic diimide based symmetrical small molecules with donor-acceptor-donor (<I>D</I>-<I>A</I>-<I>D</I>) configuration. Electron rich bithiophene is employed as a donor and alkyl substituted pyromellitic diimide units are explored as acceptors to get the desired small molecules. In order to study the relation between chemical structures and material properties, the prepared compounds were characterized in detail using absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and thermograviometric analysis. The compounds exhibited good thermal stabilities with high decomposition temperature. Photophysical investigations of the newly synthesized pyromellitic diimide based small molecules, suggests these materials as potential candidates for organic electronic applications.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Two novel symmetrical π conjugated oligomers are synthesized. </LI> <LI> Microwave assisted PdCl<SUB>2</SUB>(dppf) catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. </LI> <LI> The shorter reaction time, high yields and simple isolation is the novelty of this method. </LI> <LI> Determination of photophysical studies and HOMO-LUMO levels. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Synthesis, Characterization and TFT Characteristics of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Based Copolymer
Bathula, Chinna,Jeong, Seunghoon,Chung, Jeyon,Kang, Youngjong American Scientific Publishers 2016 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.16 No.3
<P>A novel diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based low band gap polymer, poly[4,8-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl) benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b!]dithiophene-2,6-diyl-alt-[2,5-di-hexyl-3,6-dithiophen-2-ylpyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione] (PTIPSBDT-DPP) is synthesized by Stille polymerization for use in thin film transistor (TFTs). The new polymer contain extended aromatic pi-conjugated segments alternating with the DPP units and are designed to increase the free energy for charge generation to overcome current limitations in photocurrent generation. In this study we describe the synthesis, thermal stability, optical, electrochemical properties and TFT characteristics.</P>
Muralidhar Bathula V. A. S.,Sharma D. K.,Choudhury U. K.,Rao V. V. 대한전기학회 2021 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.16 No.3
High temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous machines are compact and light weight machines with higher torque to weight ratio, lower noise and better dynamic response for strategic and critical industrial applications. The development of HTS fi eld coil is one of the main technological challenges in realizing the HTS synchronous machines, as it involves the selection of HTS tape, winding technology, handling of the HTS tape while winding on a winding machine and testing of the developed HTS coil at desired cryogenic temperatures. With advancements in HTS tape technology, recent 2G HTS tapes are off ered with higher engineering current densities with respect to 1G HTS tapes even at higher magnetic fi elds. Hence, the replacement of 1G HTS fi eld coils of previously designed 200 kVA HTS synchronous machine with 2G HTS fi eld coils at the same operating cryo-temperature shows a potential to enhance its capacity to 350 kVA (more than 75% increase in machine output). In the present work the details of design, development and testing of a double pancake type 2G HTS fi eld coil are presented for capacity enhancement of earlier 1G based 200kVA HTS synchronous machine.