A Comparative Analysis of Aguk yeojido: A Map of Ussuriysky Krai, a Region Situated on the Border between Russia and Korea

Akulenko Vadim(Akulenko Vadim ) 한국고지도연구학회 2023 한국고지도연구 Vol.15 No.1

「아국여지도」은 1858년의 청 제국과 아이군조약, 천진조약 그리고 1860년 베이징조약을 통해 러시아가 획득한 영토를 묘사한 한국 최초의 지도로 널리 인정받고 있다. 이 지도의 제작 의도와 저자는 여전히 논란의 대상이지만, 그 창작 시기에 대해서는 학계에서 어느 정도 합의가 이루어진 상태다. 이 지도는 러시아 제국의 극동지역 일부를 보여주며, 러시아와 조선 간의 국경 확립 이후 러시아로 이주한 한국인의 인구와 생계에 대한 통찰력 있는 정보를 제공한다는 점에서 흥미롭다. 이 논문에서는 「아국여지도」에 대한 간결하면서도 체계적인 설명을 제공하고, 같은 시기 러시아 제작의 다른 지도와 여러 가지 문서를 통해 그 내용을 분석하였다. 분석 결과로, 「아국여지도」는 풍경 요소의 대략적인 배치와 정착지의 위치 등 독특한 지형적 특징을 보유하고 있다. 도로와 전력선, 군사 및 산업 구조의 위치를 상당히 정확하게 묘사하는 점이 주목할 만하다. 또한, 지도에는 정보적 가치는 없지만 장식적인 요소들이 포함되어 있음이 확인되었다. 더불어, 특정 텍스트 요소들도 밝혀졌다: 도교의 풍수에 따른 구호에 대한 우화적 묘사, 군대의 수와 위치에 대한 반복적인 언급, 다양한 역사적 사건의 기록, 기술 혁신에 대한 상세한 설명 등이 그것이다. 따라서 「아국여지도」의 지형적 특성과 문헌적 요소는 이 지도가 한국 주변 러시아 영토의 군사적, 산업적 잠재력을 보여주기 위한 목적이었음을 시사한다. 이는 지도가 단순히 정확한 지리적 설명을 제공하는 것보다는, 이러한 목적을 가지고 제작된 것임을 보여준다. The “Aguk yeojido”(俄國輿地圖) is currently recognized as the earliest Korean attempt to portray the territories that Russia obtained through the signing of the Aigun and Tianjin Treaties with the Qing Empire in 1858, and the Beijing Treaty of 1860. The intent behind and authorship of this map continue to be subjects of debate; however, there is some consensus within the academic community regarding its time of creation. The map's content is quite intriguing, given that it not only illustrates a portion of the Russian Empire's Far Eastern territories but also provides insightful data regarding the population, and its livelihood of Koreans who migrated to the Russian Empire following the establishment of a shared border between Russia and Joseon. This paper provides a concise description of the “Aguk yeojido”, and also undertake an analysis of its content through the lens of maps created in Russia within the same time period, and various historical documents. As a result of the analysis undertaken, I conclude “Aguk yeojido” possesses distinct topographic features, such as approximate placement of landscape elements and the positioning of settlements. However, it's noteworthy to recognize the relative accuracy when delineating the locations of military and industrial structures, along with roads and power lines. It is worth noting the incorporation of various decorative elements into the maps, despite not carrying any informational value. My analysis also unveils its certain textual features: the use of allegorical descriptions of relief, drawing from the Taoist practice of Feng shui(風水), recurring references to the number and locations of troops, the narration of various historical events, and the detailed accounts of technical innovations. Hence, the topographic and textual features of “Aguk yeojido” suggest that the map was intended more to display the military and industrial potential of Russian territories near Korea, rather than providing a meticulous geographical description.

Shuttles of the Ethnic Borders -Case of the Mixed Identity of Chagubya and Argubya in Vladivostok, Russia-

Vadim Akulenko 국제한국문학문화학회 2022 사이 Vol.32 No.-

Despite the fact that increasing mobility of the population and the disappearance of barriers for free migration of the population today which contribute to increase of ethnic diversity of modern nation, hence the emergence of an increasing number of persons with mixed ethnic identity, the study of the problem of mixed ethnic identities of children from mixed marriages surprisingly has been minimum. This paper examines the phenomenon of mixed identities and the ability of people with them to cross ethnic borders. In this case, attention is focused on the children from interethnic marriages, who can choose an ethnic identity and change their choice throughout their lives depending on various circumstances. The object of the study is descendants from mixed marriages. The paper considers a case of descendants of marriages of Koreans and representatives of other ethnic groups living in Vladivostok. The subject of the study is ethnic borders and the conditions of their crossing. The aim of the work is to try to find out how and under what conditions the crossing of the borders of large ethnic groups by descendants of marriages of Koreans and representatives of other ethnic groups occurs. The theoretical basis of the research are the concept of the ethnic border of F. Barth, concept “situational” identity of T. Ericksen and the hypothesis of K. Verderi that descendants of mixed marriages can manipulate their identity. In order to conduct this study I used such methods as survey, semi-structured interview, participant observation and analysis of documents. The field stage of the study was made in the spring and autumn of 2017 by conducting of surveys and semi-structured interviews of 21 representatives of the Korean diaspora in the city of Vladivostok, 16 of them were so-called chagubya or argubya. The study revealed that the ethnic border between Russians and Koreans began to form immediately after the beginning of the resettlement of Koreans to the territory of the Ussuri Region. Korean peasant settlers were able to find an empty niche in the economy of Primorye, which allowed them to isolate themselves and live separately until the resettlement in 1937. In Vladivostok the situation could have developed in a different way, but here the city administration created an artificial border, isolating the majority of Koreans in the so-called ‘Novaya Koreyskaya slobodka’ (New Korean settlement or Shinhanch’on). Nowadays, the ethnic border is formed according to slightly different principles. Despite the fact that Koreans are still carriers of a vibrant and distinctive culture, they have largely lost their native language. At the same time, after deportation to Central Asia, or even earlier, Koreans acquired an interesting adaptation, expressed in a combination of two practices-condemnation of marriages with representatives of other ethnic groups and stigmatization of children born as a result of such marriages. In addition, these two practices are complemented by the complete absence of incorporation of new members, since the right to be Korean is given by birth. At the same time, Koreans themselves are fully incorporated into modern Russian society. There are representatives of all walks of life and professions among Koreans, although there are a number of occupations that Koreans prefer (trade, agriculture). All this forms a stable ethnic border, which, however, descendants of mixed marriages can easily cross. Thus children from mixed marriages may be compared with shuttles. They can “cross” the boundaries of ethnic groups, where they are met by “pure” representatives of ethnic groups, who, allow or do not allow them to enter the territory of the ethnic group depending on certain conditions such as external similarity, degree of kinship, etc. The states not only record but also influence and stimulate crossing of this boundaries by the certain policies.

Влияние православия на становление идеологии русского национализма в Российской Империи

AKULENKO VADIM 한국러시아문학회 2015 러시아어문학 연구논집 Vol.51 No.-

The article deals with the problem of influence of Orthodox Christianity over the emergence of Russian nationalistic ideology. The aim of this work is to find out whether the current enthusiasm of Russian nationalists toward Orthodox Christianity is a historical, or a modern phenomenon, and to analyze what was the particular influence of Orthodox Christianity. Taking into account the statement of B. Anderson about possibility of comparing nationalism with broad cultural systems, author supposes a possibility of comparing the basic tenets of Orthodox Christianity with the ideas of Russian nationalism. The paper begins with the brief description of the development of the main trends of the Russian nationalism in the Russian Empire and continues with the analysis of the Orthodox Christianity’s influence over ideology of Official Nationality, Slavophilia movement, The Black Hundreds movement and Russian National liberalism. Research confirmed an enormous influence of Orthodoxy on the ideology of the main trends of Russian Nationalism in the Russian Empire and proved that the phenomenon of deep connection of Russian nationalism with Orthodoxy at the present stage can be explained historically. This work also led author to conclude that this influence can be seen in such characteristics of Russian nationalistic ideology as messianism, anti-Semitism and unification of Russian-ness and Orthodoxy. .

Employment Contracts as a Source of Information on the First Stage of Labor Migration of North Korean Workers to the Far East of the USSR (1946 - 1957)

AKULENKO VADIM 한양대학교 아태지역연구센터 2024 중소연구 Vol.47 No.4

This study analyzed the contents of 37 employment contracts of North Korean workers, concluded between 1947 and 1957. The research established these contracts as valuable sources of information regarding the initial phase of North Korean workers' labor migration to the USSR’s Far East (1946-1957). The contracts not only corroborate existing data but also yield new insights into the migration’s progression and characteristics, the working conditions of North Korean workers at Soviet enterprises, and their interactions with employers. In order to conduct this study additional sources, such as interviews with descendants of North Korean workers who were sent to work in Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka, and the documents they provided were also used.

30년 개관: 한-러 양국 관계의 진화와 현재 동향

바딤아쿨렌코 ( Vadim Akulenko ) 조선대학교 동북아연구소 2024 동북아연구 Vol.39 No.1

본 연구는 러시아 연방과 대한민국 간의 지난 30년 걸친 양국 관계의 역사와 현황을 분석한다. 이 긴 발전 기간 동안 양국은 동아시아의 평화와 번영을 목표로 하는 상호 이익을 바탕으로 한 협력 관계를 구축해 왔다. 1990년 두 나라는 수교 이후 러시아는 한국으로부터의 무역 확대와 상당한 투자 유치를 기대했고, 한국은 러시아가 북한에 미치는 영향력을 활용할 기회를 모색했다. 그 이유로 초기 단계에서 양국의 이해관계가 명확하게 일치하지 않아, 1990년대 중반까지 양국 관계의 발전이 주춤하게 되었다. 예브게니 프리마코프가 러시아 연방의 외무장관으로 임명된 것은 한-러 관계에 새로운 장을 열었다는 평가를 받는다. 이는 그가 취임하면서 이전의 외교 정책 방식에서 변화를 가져왔기 때문이다. 특히, 김대중 대통령의 햇볕정책은 러시아의 전략적 이익과 조화를 이루었고, 이로 인해 모스크바는 서울의 이니셔티브를 지지하는 입장을 취했다. 2000년대 초반부터는 양국 관계가 급속도로 발전하며 전략적 파트너십 수준에 접근했다. 이 시기에는 양국 지도자들의 상호방문이 활발해졌으며, 경제 및 인도적 유대 관계가 크게 확대되었다. 이러한 변화는 러시아 연방과 대한민국 간의 상호 유익한 협력의 시대를 여는 데 결정적인 역할을 했다. 러시아와 서방 국가들 사이의 증가하는 대립은 한국과 러시아 관계에도 영향을 미치며, 지난 2년간 이 관계는 점차 악화되는 양상을 보였다. 이러한 상황은 한국이 일방적으로 양국 간 협력을 축소하기 시작한 것으로 보인다. 현재 한-러 간의 관계 수준은 지난 30년 동안 아마도 최저점에 도달했다면 과언이 아니라고 생각한다. 그러나 문화와 과학 분야에서는 한-러 관계가 여전히 활발하게 유지되고 발전하고 있으며, 이는 양국 관계가 완전히 단절되지 않았음을 보여준다. 이러한 지속적인 교류는 외부 정치적 상황이 개선될 때 양국 관계의 정상화를 향한 희망을 제공한다. This work examines the history of bilateral relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea over three decades and their current state. Throughout this extended period of progressive development, the parties have been able to build mutually beneficial cooperation aimed at peace and prosperity in East Asia. After the establishment of official diplomatic relations between the countries in 1990, Moscow hoped to receive significant investments in its economy and the development of bilateral trade from Seoul, while Seoul saw in it an opportunity to use Moscow's influence on Pyongyang. The absence of clear points of intersection of interests at the initial stage led to a decrease in the dynamics of their development by the mid-1990s. The appointment of Yevgeny Primakov as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, which changed the previous approach to foreign policy, opened a new chapter in Russian-South Korean relations. President Kim Dae-jung's Sunshine Policy aligned with Russia's interests in the region, hence Moscow supported Seoul's initiatives. With the beginning of the 2000s, a prolonged era of progressive development of bilateral relations began, closely approaching strategic partnership level. Visits by leaders of the two countries and the active development of economic and humanitarian ties opened an era of mutually beneficial cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea. However, the escalating confrontation between Russia and the West has inevitably left its mark, leading in the last two years to increasing tension and the commencement of unilateral withdrawal from cooperation by South Korea. Unfortunately, the level of bilateral relations between the countries is currently at perhaps the lowest point in the past three decades, yet it still retains its functionality. Nevertheless, cultural and scientific ties between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Korea continue to function and develop, fostering hope for the normalization of bilateral relations in the future, when external political conditions permit.