Activity Guided Isolation of Antioxidant Tannoid Principles from Anogeissus latifolia

Raghavan Govindarajan1*,Madhavan Vijayakumar1,,Annie Shirwaikar2,,Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat1,,Shanta Mehrotra1,,Palpu Pushpangadan1 한국생약학회 2005 Natural Product Sciences Vol.11 No.3

Oxidative stress is an important causative factor in several human chronic diseases, such asatherosclerosis, cardiovascular disorders, mutagenesis, cancer, several neurodegenerative disorders, and the agingprocess. Phenolics and tannins are reported to be good antioxidants. Anogeissus latifolia (Combretaceae) bark hasnot available till date. Hence the present study was undertaken to isolate antioxidant compounds by activity-guided isolation. Inhibtion of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPH) and Xanthine oxidase along with photoc-hemiluminescence assay were used as bioassay for antioxidant activity. Activity guided isolation was carried outusing silica column and the compounds were quantified using HPLC. Ethyl acetate and butanol fraction exhibitedpotent antioxidant activity. Bioassay-guided isolation led to isolation of ellagic acid (1) and dimethyl ellagic acid(2these three major tannoid principles present in A. latifolia, are responsible for the antioxidant potential andpossibly their therapeutic potential.

Ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; Pharmacological potentials for the coronavirus (COVID-19)

Ajay Vijayakumar,Jong-Hoon Kim The Korean Society of Ginseng 2024 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.48 No.2

Since its outbreak in late 2019, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly caused global morbidity and deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has major complications in cardiovascular and pulmonary system. The increased rate of mortality is due to delayed detection of certain biomarkers that are crucial in the development of disease. Furthermore, certain proteins and enzymes in cellular signaling pathways play an important role in replication of SARS-CoV-2. Most cases are mild to moderate symptoms, however severe cases of COVID-19 leads to death. Detecting the level of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin, creatine kinase, creatine kinaseMB, procalcitonin and Matrix metalloproteinases helps in early detection of the severity of disease. Similarly, through downregulating Renin-angiotensin system, interleukin, Mitogen-activated protein kinases and Phosphoinositide 3-kinases pathways, COVID-19 can be effectively controlled and mortality could be prevented. Ginseng and ginsenosides possess therapeutic potential in cardiac and pulmonary complications, there are several studies performed in which they have suppressed these biomarkers and downregulated the pathways, thereby inhibiting the further spread of disease. Supplementation with ginseng or ginsenoside could act on multiple pathways to reduce the level of biomarkers significantly and alleviate cardiac and pulmonary damage. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential of ginseng extract and ginsenosides in controlling the cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases by COVID-19.

Ginsenoside improves physicochemical properties and bioavailability of curcumin-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier

Ajay Vijayakumar,Rengarajan Baskaran,맹한주,유봉규 대한약학회 2017 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.40 No.7

The aim of this study was to develop a ginsenoside- modified nanostructured lipid carrier (G-NLC) dispersion containing curcumin. The NLC was prepared by melt emulsification with slight modification process. Different G-NLC dispersion systems were prepared using lipid carrier matrix composed of ginsenoside, phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, and hydrogenated bean oil. TEM image of the nanoparticles in the NLC dispersion showed core/shell structure, and there was corona-like layer surrounding the particles in the G-NLC. The mean particle size of G-NLC dispersion was in the range of about 300–500 nm and stayed submicron size up to 12 months. The in vitro release of curcumin was faster in pH 1.2 compared to pH 6.8 and it showed linear release pattern after lag time of 1 h. When the G-NLC dispersion was orally administered to rats, Cmax of the free curcumin was 15.2 and 32.3 ng/mL at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, while it was below quantification limit when curcumin was administered as of dispersion in distilled water. Based on these results, it is certain that ginsenoside modulated the NLC dispersion, leading to enduring shelflife of the dispersion system and enhanced bioavailability. These results strongly suggest that ginsenoside holds a promising potential as a pharmaceutical excipient in the pharmaceutical industries to increase the utility of various bioactives.

Free Radical Scavenging and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibition Potential of Hygrophila auriculata

Madhavan Vijayakumar,Raghavan Govindarajan,Arun Shirwaikar,Vivek Kumar,Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat,Shanta Mehrotra,Palpu Pushpangadan 한국생약학회 2005 Natural Product Sciences Vol.11 No.1

Hygrophila auriculata (K. Schum.) Heine is a wild herb comonly found in moist places on thebanks of tanks, ditches and paddy fields throughout India and is one of the main sources of Ayurvedic ?Rasayanadrug. The free radical scavenging potential of 50% aqueous alcoholic extract of H. auriculata (HAEt) was studiedfor DPPH scavenging activity, nitric oxide, hydroxyl radical and ferryl bipyridyl complex scavenging activity(TBARS) in rat liver homogenate. Integral antioxidative capacity was determined by photochemiluminescence assay.HAEt showed good radical scavenging activity at various concentrations (200-1000 g/ml) against 1,1 diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (32.32-77.02%) with moderate scavenging activity against Nitric oxide (12.46-52.84%),hydroxyl radical (11.69-55.26%), ferryl bipyridyl complex (17.66-58.67%) and lipid peroxidation (0.829-0.416nmoles/mg protein). The above results indicate HAEt varied therapeutic activities claimed for the plant in the Indian indigenous systems of medicine may be in part dueto the free radical scavenging and/ or potent antioxidant activity.Keywords Hygrophila auriculata, free radical scavenging, Lipid peroxidation, Photochemiluminescence assay

Bone marrow stem cells incubated with ellipticine regenerate articular cartilage by attenuating inflammation and cartilage degradation in rabbit model

호싸인암자드,Soyeon Lim,Kiran D. Bhilare,Md Jahangir Alam,Baicheng Chen,Ajay Vijayakumar,Hakyoung Yoon,Chang Won Kang,Jong-Hoon Kim 대한수의학회 2023 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.24 No.6

Background: Ellipticine (Ellip.) was recently reported to have beneficial effects on the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into mature chondrocyte-like cells. On the other hand, no practical results have been derived from the transplantation of bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) in a rabbit osteoarthritis (OA) model. Objectives: This study examined whether autologous BMSCs incubated with ellipticine (Ellip.+BMSCs) could regenerate articular cartilage in rabbit OA, a model similar to degenerative arthritis in human beings. Methods: A portion of rabbit articular cartilage was surgically removed, and Ellip.+BMSCs were transplanted into the lesion area. After two and four weeks of treatment, the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were analyzed, while macroscopic and micro-computed tomography (CT) evaluations were conducted to determine the intensity of cartilage degeneration. Furthermore, immuno-blotting was performed to evaluate the mitogen-activated protein kinases, PI3K/Akt, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in rabbit OA models. Histological staining was used to confirm the change in the pattern of collagen and proteoglycan in the articular cartilage matrix. Results: The transplantation of Ellip.+BMSCs elicited a chondroprotective effect by reducing the inflammatory factors (TNF-α, PGE2) in a time-dependent manner. Macroscopic observations, micro-CT, and histological staining revealed articular cartilage regeneration with the downregulation of matrix-metallo proteinases (MMPs), preventing articular cartilage degradation. Furthermore, histological observations confirmed a significant boost in the production of chondrocytes, collagen, and proteoglycan compared to the control group. Western blotting data revealed the downregulation of the p38, PI3K-Akt, and NF-κB inflammatory pathways to attenuate inflammation. Conclusions: The transplantation of Ellip.+BMSCs normalized the OA condition by boosting the recovery of degenerated articular cartilage and inhibiting the catabolic signaling pathway.