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Abbai, Ragavendran,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Markus, Josua,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Wang, Chao,Singh, Priyanka,Ahn, Sungeun,Farh, Mohamed El-Agamy,Yang, Deok Chun DOVE MEDICAL PRESS 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.11 No.-
<P>Pharmacologically active stem of the oriental herbal adaptogen, Siberian ginseng, was employed for the ecofriendly synthesis of Siberian ginseng silver nanoparticles (Sg-AgNPs) and Siberian ginseng gold nanoparticles (Sg-AuNPs). First, for metabolic characterization of the sample, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (indicated the presence of eleutherosides A and E), total phenol content, and total reducing sugar were analyzed. Second, the water extract of the sample mediated the biological synthesis of both Sg-AgNPs and Sg-AuNPs that were crystalline face-centered cubical structures with a Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 126 and 189 nm, respectively. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that proteins and aromatic hydrocarbons play a key role in the formation and stabilization of Sg-AgNPs, whereas phenolic compounds accounted for the synthesis and stability of Sg-AuNPs. 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay determined that Sg-AgNPs conferred strong cytotoxicity against MCF7 (human breast cancer cell line) and was only slightly toxic to HaCaT (human keratinocyte cell line) at 10 µg⋅mL<SUP>−1</SUP>. However, Sg-AuNPs did not display cytotoxic effects against both of the cell lines. The disc diffusion assay indicated a dose-dependent increase in the zone of inhibition of <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I> (ATCC 6538), <I>Bacillus anthracis</I> (NCTC 10340), <I>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</I> (ATCC 33844), and <I>Escherichia coli</I> (BL21) treated with Sg-AgNPs, whereas Sg-AuNPs did not show inhibitory activity. In addition, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay demonstrated that both Sg-AgNPs and Sg-AuNPs possess strong antioxidant activity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report unraveling the potential of <I>Eleutherococcus senticosus</I> for silver and gold nanoparticle synthesis along with its biological applications, which in turn would promote widespread usage of the endemic Siberian ginseng.</P>
Markus, Josua,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Abbai, Ragavendran,Singh, Priyanka,Ahn, Sungeun,Perez, Zuly Elizabeth Jimenez,Hurh, Joon,Yang, Deok Chun Elsevier 2016 Enzyme and microbial technology Vol.95 No.-
<P>A straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNps) is achieved by novel probiotic Lactobacillus kimchicus DCY51(T) isolated from Korean kimchi via an intracellular membrane-bound mechanism. The bioreduction of HAuCI4 into AuNps was verified by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry at similar to 540 nm. AuNps were spherical with varying sizes of 5-30nm. AuNps maintained an average crystallite size of 13 nm and demonstrated long-term stability in physiological buffer and biological media. Furthermore, the protective capping layer consisted of amino acid residues and surface-bound proteins rendered them non-toxic to murine macrophage (RAW264.7) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29) cell lines. Finally, biosynthesized AuNps served as superior free radical scavengers against 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in contrast to their corresponding gold salt. In short, this green synthesis is cost-effective and advantageous for the development of a new class of probiotics mediated and nontoxic carriers in targeted drug delivery systems, cancer diagnostic, photothermal therapy, biosensing, and medical imaging. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</P>
Farh, Mohamed El-Agamy,Kim, Yu-Jin,Abbai, Ragavendran,Singh, Priyanka,Jung, Ki-Hong,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.2
Background: The valuable medicinal plant Panax ginseng has high pharmaceutical efficacy because it produces ginsenosides. However, its yields decline because of a root-rot disease caused by Ilyonectria mors-panacis. Because species within Ilyonectria showed variable aggressiveness by altering ginsenoside concentrations in inoculated plants, we investigated how such infections might regulate the biosynthesis of ginsenosides and their related signaling molecules. Methods: Two-year-old ginseng seedlings were treated with I. mors-panacis and I. robusta. Roots from infected and pathogen-free plants were harvested at 4 and 16 days after inoculation. We then examined levels or/and expression of genes of ginsenosides, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also checked the susceptibility of those pathogens to ROS. Results: Ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly suppressed and increased in response to infection by I. mors-panacis and I. robusta, respectively. Regulation of JA was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots, while levels of SA and ROS were significantly higher in I. mors-panacis-infected roots. Catalase activity was significantly higher in I. robusta-infected roots followed in order by mock roots and those infected by I. mors-panacis. Moreover, I. mors-panacis was resistant to ROS compared with I. robusta. Conclusion: Infection by the weakly aggressive I. robusta led to the upregulation of ginsenoside production and biosynthesis, probably because only a low level of ROS was induced. In contrast, the more aggressive I. mors-panacis suppressed ginsenoside biosynthesis, probably because of higher ROS levels and subsequent induction of programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, I. mors-panacis may have increased its virulence by resisting the cytotoxicity of ROS.
Castro-Aceituno, Veró,nica,Abbai, Ragavendran,Moon, Seong Soo,Ahn, Sungeun,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Kim, Yu-Jin,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Yang, Deok Chun EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER 2017 BIOMEDICINE AND PHARMACOTHERAPY Vol.93 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P> <I>Pleuropterus multiflorus</I> (Hasuo) is a widely used medicinal plant in Korea and China for treating amnesia, isnomia, heart throbbing etc. With the constructive idea of promoting the wide-spread usage of <I>P. multiflorus</I>, we propose its indirect usage in the form of biologically active silver (Pm-AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (Pm-AuNPs). The synthesized nanoparticles were predominantly spherical, crystalline with the Z-average hydrodynamic diameter of 274.8nm and 104.8nm respectively. Also, proteins and phenols were identified as the major players involved in their synthesis and stability. Further, Pm-AgNPs at 25μg/mL were significantly cytotoxic to lung cancer cells, whereas, Pm-AuNPs were not cytotoxic to both normal keratinocyte and lung cancer cells even at 100μg/mL. In addition, further evaluation of the anti-cancer activity of these new nanoparticles, such as migration and apoptosis, shown that Pm-AgNPs have a potential therapeutic effect on A549 lung cancer cell treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report dissecting out the ability of the endemic <I>P. multiflorus</I> for the synthesis of bioactive silver and gold nanoparticle which would open up doors for its extensive usage in medicinal field.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
Mohamed El-Agamy Farh,Yu-Jin Kim,Ragavendran Abbai,Priyanka Singh,Ki-Hong Jung,Yeon-Ju Kim,Deok Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2020 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.44 No.2
Background: The valuable medicinal plant Panax ginseng has high pharmaceutical efficacy because itproduces ginsenosides. However, its yields decline because of a root-rot disease caused by Ilyonectriamors-panacis. Because species within Ilyonectria showed variable aggressiveness by altering ginsenosideconcentrations in inoculated plants, we investigated how such infections might regulate the biosynthesisof ginsenosides and their related signaling molecules. Methods: Two-year-old ginseng seedlings were treated with I. mors-panacis and I. robusta. Roots frominfected and pathogen-free plants were harvested at 4 and 16 days after inoculation. We then examinedlevels or/and expression of genes of ginsenosides, salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and reactiveoxygen species (ROS). We also checked the susceptibility of those pathogens to ROS. Results: Ginsenoside biosynthesis was significantly suppressed and increased in response to infection byI. mors-panacis and I. robusta, respectively. Regulation of JA was significantly higher in I. robustaeinfectedroots, while levels of SA and ROS were significantly higher in I. mors-panaciseinfected roots. Catalaseactivity was significantly higher in I. robustaeinfected roots followed in order by mock roots and thoseinfected by I. mors-panacis. Moreover, I. mors-panacis was resistant to ROS compared with I. robusta. Conclusion: Infection by the weakly aggressive I. robusta led to the upregulation of ginsenoside productionand biosynthesis, probably because only a low level of ROS was induced. In contrast, the moreaggressive I. mors-panacis suppressed ginsenoside biosynthesis, probably because of higher ROS levelsand subsequent induction of programmed cell death pathways. Furthermore, I. mors-panacis may haveincreased its virulence by resisting the cytotoxicity of ROS.
Kim, Chun Gon,Castro-Aceituno, Veró,nica,Abbai, Ragavendran,Lee, Hyun A.,Simu, Shakina Yesmin,Han, Yaxi,Hurh, Joon,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Yang, Deok Chun Elsevier 2018 BIOMEDICINE AND PHARMACOTHERAPY Vol.99 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Siberian ginseng (<I>Eleutherococcus senticosus</I>) was used for the synthesis of an ecofriendly silver nanoparticle (Sg-AgNP), which has exhibited antibacterial, antioxidant effect and lower cytotoxicity to normal cells in comparison to human cancer cells. Although, the potential anticancer activity of Sg-AgNP has not been determined. In this study, two cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity and apoptotic effect of Sg-AgNP along with the determination of the role of the Caspase-3 / p38 MAPK pathways. Results shown that Sg-AgNP reduced the cell viability of colon cancer cells HT29 and lung cancer cells A549. The cytotoxic effect was higher than the effect exhibited by a commercial silver nanoparticle and Cisplatin. Reactive oxygen species were observed to be superior in both cell lines in the presence of Sg-AgNPs than c-AgNPs and Cisplatin. It was observed an activation of <I>MAPK14</I> gene and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK protein in both cell lines induced by Sg-AgNPs treatment. Furthermore, induction of morphological changes in the nucleus was done by Sg-AgNPs at 10 μg/mL in both cell lines. On the other hands, the activation of <I>CASP3</I> gene and Caspase-3 protein was observed in HT29 cells but only at protein level in A549 cells. These results, suggest that Sg-AgNPs anticancer potential activity might be linked to the induction of apoptosis though the generation of ROS by activation of the Caspase-3/p38 MAPK pathway.</P>
Jimé,nez Pé,rez, Zuly Elizabeth,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Markus, Josua,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Kang, Hyun Mi,Abbai, Ragavendran,Seo, Kwang Hoon,Wang, Dandan,Soshnikova, Veronika,Yang, Deok Chun DOVE MEDICAL PRESS 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.12 No.-
<P>There has been a growing interest in the design of environmentally affable and biocompatible nanoparticles among scientists to find novel and safe biomaterials. <I>Panax ginseng</I> Meyer berries have unique phytochemical profile and exhibit beneficial pharmacological activities such as antihyperglycemic, antiobesity, antiaging, and antioxidant properties. A comprehensive study of the biologically active compounds in ginseng berry extract (GBE) and the ability of ginseng berry (GB) as novel material for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (GBAuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (GBAgNPs) was conducted. In addition, the effects of GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs on skin cell lines for further potential biological applications are highlighted. GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs were synthesized using aqueous GBE as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their size, morphology, and crystallinity. The nanoparticles were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity activities and for morphological changes in human dermal fibroblast and murine melanoma skin cell lines. The phytochemicals contained in GBE effectively reduced and capped gold and silver ions to form GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs. The optimal synthesis conditions (ie, temperature and v/v % of GBE) and kinetics were investigated. Polysaccharides and phenolic compounds present in GBE were suggested to be responsible for stabilization and functionalization of nanoparticles. GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs showed increased scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals compared to GBE. GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs effectively inhibited mushroom tyrosinase, while GBAgNPs showed antibacterial activity against <I>Escherichia coli</I> and <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I>. In addition, GBAuNPs were nontoxic to human dermal fibroblast and murine melanoma cell lines, and GBAgNPs showed cytotoxic effect on murine melanoma cell lines. The current results evidently suggest that GBAgNPs can act as potential agents for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and antibacterial activities. In addition, GBAuNPs can be further developed into mediators in drug delivery and as antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and protective skin agents in cosmetic products. Consequently, the study showed the advantages of using nanotechnology and green chemistry to enhance the natural properties of GBs.</P>