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Jimé,nez Pé,rez, Zuly Elizabeth,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Markus, Josua,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Kang, Hyun Mi,Abbai, Ragavendran,Seo, Kwang Hoon,Wang, Dandan,Soshnikova, Veronika,Yang, Deok Chun DOVE MEDICAL PRESS 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.12 No.-
<P>There has been a growing interest in the design of environmentally affable and biocompatible nanoparticles among scientists to find novel and safe biomaterials. <I>Panax ginseng</I> Meyer berries have unique phytochemical profile and exhibit beneficial pharmacological activities such as antihyperglycemic, antiobesity, antiaging, and antioxidant properties. A comprehensive study of the biologically active compounds in ginseng berry extract (GBE) and the ability of ginseng berry (GB) as novel material for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (GBAuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (GBAgNPs) was conducted. In addition, the effects of GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs on skin cell lines for further potential biological applications are highlighted. GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs were synthesized using aqueous GBE as a reducing and capping agent. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for their size, morphology, and crystallinity. The nanoparticles were evaluated for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, antibacterial, and cytotoxicity activities and for morphological changes in human dermal fibroblast and murine melanoma skin cell lines. The phytochemicals contained in GBE effectively reduced and capped gold and silver ions to form GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs. The optimal synthesis conditions (ie, temperature and v/v % of GBE) and kinetics were investigated. Polysaccharides and phenolic compounds present in GBE were suggested to be responsible for stabilization and functionalization of nanoparticles. GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs showed increased scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals compared to GBE. GBAuNPs and GBAgNPs effectively inhibited mushroom tyrosinase, while GBAgNPs showed antibacterial activity against <I>Escherichia coli</I> and <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I>. In addition, GBAuNPs were nontoxic to human dermal fibroblast and murine melanoma cell lines, and GBAgNPs showed cytotoxic effect on murine melanoma cell lines. The current results evidently suggest that GBAgNPs can act as potential agents for antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and antibacterial activities. In addition, GBAuNPs can be further developed into mediators in drug delivery and as antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and protective skin agents in cosmetic products. Consequently, the study showed the advantages of using nanotechnology and green chemistry to enhance the natural properties of GBs.</P>
Couso, Inmaculada,Pé,rez-Pé,rez, Marí,a Esther,Martí,nez-Force, Enrique,Kim, Hee-Sik,He, Yonghua,Umen, James G,Crespo, José,L Oxford University Press 2018 Journal of experimental botany Vol.69 No.6
<▼1><P>Inhibition of autophagic flux prevented the synthesis of triacylglycerols, formation of lipid bodies, and degradation of ribosomal proteins RPS6 and RPL37 in nitrogen- or phosphate-starved <I>Chlamydomonas</I> cells.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that allows cells to recycle unneeded or damaged material to maintain cellular homeostasis. This highly dynamic process is characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which engulf and deliver the cargo to the vacuole. Flow of material through the autophagy pathway and its degradation in the vacuole is known as autophagic flux, and reflects the autophagic degradation activity. A number of assays have been developed to determine autophagic flux in yeasts, mammals, and plants, but it has not been examined yet in algae. Here we analyzed autophagic flux in the model green alga <I>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</I>. By monitoring specific autophagy markers such as ATG8 lipidation and using immunofluorescence and electron microscopy techniques, we show that concanamycin A, a vacuolar ATPase inhibitor, blocks autophagic flux in <I>Chlamydomonas</I>. Our results revealed that vacuolar lytic function is needed for the synthesis of triacylglycerols and the formation of lipid bodies in nitrogen- or phosphate-starved cells. Moreover, we found that concanamycin A treatment prevented the degradation of ribosomal proteins RPS6 and RPL37 under nitrogen or phosphate deprivation. These results indicate that autophagy might play an important role in the regulation of lipid metabolism and the recycling of ribosomal proteins under nutrient limitation in <I>Chlamydomonas</I>.</P></▼2>
Emission-line activity in type 2 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Villar-Martí,n, M.,Humphrey, A.,Martí,nez-Sansigre, A.,Pé,rez-Torres, M.,Binette, L.,Zhang, X. G. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2008 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Vol.390 No.1
<P>ABSTRACT</P><P>We have compared the optical emission-line ratios of type 2 quasars from Zakamska et al. with standard active galactic nucleus (AGN) photoionization model predictions, type 2 Seyfert galaxies, H <SMALL>II</SMALL> galaxies and narrow-line Fanaro–Riley type II radio galaxies. Moderate to high-ionization narrow-line radio galaxies and type 2 Seyfert galaxies are indistinguishable from type 2 quasars based on their optical line ratios. The standard AGN photoionization models, widely discussed for other type 2 AGN, can reproduce successfully the loci and trends of type 2 quasars in some of the main diagnostic diagrams. These models are not exempt of problems, and the discrepancies with the data are the same encountered for other type 2 AGN. As for these, realistic models must take into account a range of cloud properties, as widely demonstrated in the literature.</P><P>The Zakamska et al. sample is strongly biased towards objects with high line luminosities (L[O <SMALL>III</SMALL>] >10<SUP>42</SUP> erg s<SUP>−1</SUP>). We have found that stellar photoionization is obvious in a fraction of objects (3 out of 50) which are characterized by low [O <SMALL>III</SMALL>] luminosities compared with most type 2 quasars in the sample. We suggest that if the sample were expanded towards lower line luminosities (∼10<SUP>40–42</SUP> erg s<SUP>−1</SUP>) stellar photoionization might be evident much more frequently.</P><P>We explore an alternative scenario to pure AGN photoionization in which a varying contribution of stellar ionized gas contributes to the line fluxes. Although the models presented here are rather simplistic and not strong quantitative results can be extracted regarding the relative contribution of stellar versus AGN photoionization, our results suggest that adding a varying contribution of stellar photoionized gas works in the right direction to solve most of the problems affecting the standard AGN photoionization models. The ‘temperature problem’ on the other hand remains.</P>
Wang, Dandan,Markus, Josua,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Wang, Chao,Jimé,nez Pé,rez, Zuly Elizabeth,Ahn, Sungeun,Aceituno, Veró,nica Castro,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Yang, Deok Chun Dove Medical Press 2016 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.11 No.-
<P>A rapid biological synthesis of multifunctional gold nanoparticle (AuNp) and monodisperse silver nanoparticle (AgNp) was achieved by an aqueous extract of black <I>Panax ginseng</I> Meyer root. The physicochemical transformation into black ginseng (BG) greatly enhanced the pharmacological activities of white ginseng and its minor ginsenoside content. The optimal temperature conditions and kinetics of bioreduction were investigated. Formation of BG-AuNps and BG-AgNps was verified by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry at 548 and 412 nm, respectively. The biosynthesized BG-AgNps were spherical and monodisperse with narrow distribution, while BG-AuNps were icosahedral-shaped and moderately polydisperse. Synthesized nanoparticles exhibited long-term stability in buffers of pH 7.0–8.0 and biological media (5% bovine serum albumin) at an ambient temperature and at 37°C. BG-AgNps showed effective antibacterial activity against <I>Escherichia coli</I> and <I>Staphylococcus aureus</I>. BG-AuNps and BG-AgNps demonstrated increased scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals. In addition, BG-AuNps and BG-AgNps were nontoxic to HaCaT and MCF-7 cells; the latter showed no cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 10 µg/mL. At higher concentrations, BG-AgNps exhibited apparent apoptotic activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line through reactive oxygen species generation and nuclear fragmentation.</P>