미량광물질 (微量鑛物質) 및 Ionophores 첨가가 반추위 미생물 Urease 활성에 미치는 영향

정기환(K . W . Chung),배희동(H . D . Bae),신형태(H . T . Shin) 한국영양사료학회 1991 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.15 No.4

납은 음식물올 이용한 사료자원이 흰쥐의 성장과 사료효율에 미치는 효과

정기환(K. H. Chung),장기호(K. H. Jang),박영준(Y. J. Park),홍영송(Y. S. Hong),신형태(H. T. Shin) 유기성자원학회 1999 유기물자원화 Vol.7 No.2

본 연구는 잔반을 가축의 사료로 이용하기 위하여 Asper밍llus와 Bacillus가 주요 미 생물인 접종물을 이용하여 50kg 용량의 발효장치에서 발효시킨 잔반사료의 사료적 가치를 조사하기 위하여 시판 흰쥐사료와 10% 및 20% 대체하여 처리당 세번 반복 반복당 4마리씩 총 36마리의 흰쥐를 완전임의 배치법에 의하여 배치한 후 증체량. 사료섭취량. 사료요구율 및 소화율을 측정하였다. 발효전 잔반의 조성분 함량은 건물 19.0%. 조회분 18.0%. 조단백질 21.7%. 조섬유 18.1% 및 조지방 15.4% 였고 제조된 잔반사료의 화학적 조성은 건물 88.5%. 조회분 13.0%. 조단백질 20.8%. 조섬유 13.6% 및 조지방 9.2% 였다. 생체중은 실험 개시 1주 후에는 잔반사료 급여량이 증가할수록 낮게 나타났으나 (p(05). 2주 및 3주 후에는 20% 대체구가 대조구 및 10% 대체구에 비하여 약 82% 의 생체중을 나타냈다(p(05) . 증체량은 실험개시 후1주동안 10% 및 20% 대체구가 대조구보다 각각 27.5%와 47.3% 낮은 증체량을 나타냈으며 (P(05) .. 1주에서 2주사이에는 10% 대체구가 다른 처리구 보다 높았으나(p(05). 2주에서 3주사이에는 20% 대체구의 증체량이 다른 처리구 보다 낮게 나타났다(p(05) . 총 증체량은 대조구와 10% 대체구는 차이가 없었으나 20% 대체구는 다른 처리구에 비하여 약 24% 낮은 증제량을 나타냈다(p(05) 사료 섭취량은 실험 후 1주 동안은 대조구에 비하여 20% 대체구가 낮았으나(p(05) ‘ 2주에서 3주 동안에는 잔반사료 대체수준이 높을수록 사료 섭취량이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며 (p(05), 총 사료 섭취량은 잔반사료 20% 대체구가 대조구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(P(05) . 사료 요구율은 처음 1주 동안은 잔반사료 대체수준이 증가할수록 높았으나 (p(05) . 실험후 2주 및 3주째 까지는 20% 대체구가 대조구에 비하여 높았다(p(05) . 실험사료의 건물 소화율(%)은 대조구와 잔반사료 10% 대체구에 비하여 20% 대체구가 낮게 나타났으며 (p(05) . 유기물 소화율(%)은 대조구가 잔반 사료 20% 대체구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(p<'OS). This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of food waste as a feed resources by fermentation and fermented food waste as a substitute of rat feed on the performance with measuring the liveweight gain. feed consumption. feed conversion and digestibility Sixty-two grams Sprague-Dawley line 36 rats were allocated three treatments 12 rats of each(3replication x 4 rats). The substitution level of fermented food waste to commercial broiler feed were control. 0:100: treatment 1. 10:90: treatment II. 20:80. The chemical composition of fermented food waste was appeared to follows : dry matter. 88.47%: crude ash. 12.95: crude protein. 20.82%: crude fiber. 13.62: ether extract. 9.15%. The body weight of treatment 1 and 11 at 1 weeks was significantly lower than those of controI(p<.05) and weekly weight gain of control at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment 1 and II(p<' 05). Those were higher in treatment 1 than those of rest groups at 1-2 weeks{p<. 05). Total weight gain of treatment 11 was significantly lower than those of control and treatment I(p<'05). Total feed consumption of treatment 11 was significantly higher than those of control (p<.05) and weekly feed consumption of control and treatment II at 3-4 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05). but those were higher in treatment 1 and 11 than those of control at 2-3 weeks(p<.05) ..Cummulative feed conversion of treatment II was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05) and weekly feed conversion of treatment II and III at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05). Dry matter digestibility of control and treatment 1 was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05) and organic matter digestibility was higher in control than those of treatment II(p<' 05).

승압용 커패시터를 이용한 단상 배전압 AC-DC 컨버터

정상화(S.H. Jung),김상돈(S.D. Kim),이수흠(S.H. Lee),이현우(H.W. Lee),전중함(J.H. Chun),정기환(K.H. Chung) 대한전기학회 2002 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2002 No.7

도축 반추위내용물을 이용한 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물 개발에 관한 연구

신형태,정기환,김봉석 한국축산학회 2000 한국축산학회지 Vol.42 No.1

This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of rumen contents as a substrate for production of Aspergillus oryzae culture, which have high enzyme activities(α-amylase, protease). The production of α-amylase and protease by Asergillus oryzae was investigated using different carbon sources{maize meal, wheat middling and wheat bran), steaming, the ratio of rumen contents to carbon source(1:1∼1:5), moisture contents(30∼70%) and incubation time(6∼60hr). Aspergillus oryzae was cultured at 30℃ for 48 hours in Koji box. The optimum pH and temperature of enzymes(α-amylase, protease) in Aspergillus oryzae culture were tested at pH 310 and temperature 30-100℃. Relative activities(%) of α-amylase and protease were higher with addition of maize meal, wheat middling and wheat bran after culture for 48 hours than without a carbon source(P$lt;.05), but did not differ in enzyme activities among carbon sources. Relative activities(%) of α-amylase and protease were increased with steaming than without steaming(P$lt;.05). The best conditions for producing α-amylase and protease in Aspergillus oryzae culture were respectively : moisture contents 30∼50%, 40% ; incubation time 24∼36hrs, 36∼48hrs ; in the ratio of rumen contents to wheat middling 1:2. The optimal pH and temperature of enzymes in Aspergillus oryzae culture were as follows : the α-amylase had an optimal pH between 5∼6, optimal temperature at 40∼50℃, and the protease had an optimal pH 7 and optimal temperature at 40℃.

Selenium 공급원이 우유 내 체세포 및 Se 함량에 미치는 영향

임태진,신형태,정기환,차승태 한국축산학회 1999 한국축산학회지 Vol.41 No.4

Selenium and vitamin E serve as classical anti-oxidants in the body and these two essential nutrients have mutual nutritional effects each other. Also selenium is necessary in growth, reproduction, and metabolism. The objectives of this research was to study the effect of different forms of dietary selenium on the transfer of selenium in milk. Twenty-seven dairy cows were allocated three treatments 9 dairy cows of each (3 replication x 3 cows). Cows given selenium per day were control, 5.00㎎; Na-selenite treatment, 15㎎ and Se-proteinate treatment, 15㎎. The addition of Se to the basal feed at 10㎎ per head per day did not significant increase in milk yield compared to the control and the persistancies of lactation of Na-selenite and Se-proteinate treatments were higher than those of control(p $lt; .05). Milk composition was not affected by addition of selenium during experimental period. Somatic cell counts of Na-selenite and Se-proteinate treatment was significantly lower than those of control(p$lt; .05), SCC was significantly (p$lt;.05) reduced to 33.0% and 36.4% by Na-selenite and Se-proteinate treatment respectively, compare with pretrial period. Selenium concentrations in milk of dairy cows were increased 1.7-1.9 times by addition of selenium(p $lt; .05), but did not different in milk selenium between two selenium sources. Selenium concentration in whole blood was increased in cows given Na-selenite and Se-proteinate (p$lt;.05), but there were no significant differences in selenium of the whole blood from two groups.

Lasalocid 첨가가 한국 재래산양의 반추위 발효특성 및 소화율에 미치는 영향

인석훈,신형태,백순용,정기환 한국동물자원과학회 2001 한국축산학회지 Vol.43 No.1

Four rumen-fistulated Korean native goats were assigned to a 2 × 2 switch back design, to four diets obtained from the fractional combination of two forage to concentrate ratios{20:80(Trial I) and 40:60(Trial II)} and two concentrations of lasalocid sodium(0 or 30ppm in concentrate). Rumen fluids were collected and examined just before feeding(0 hour) and 2, 6, 12 hours after feeding on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids(VFA), colony counts of Streptococcus bovis, ruminal NH₃-N, ruminal microbial protein synthesis and digestibility of experimental diets. Addition of lasalocid in Trial I and Il tended to significantly higher ruminal pH at 0, 2, 6 hours after feeding(p$lt;.05) and increase total ruminal VFA concentration (p$lt;.05) at 0, 2, 6, 12 hours after feeding. Ruminal propionate percentage was increased more by addition of lasalocid to the low forage diet than by addition of lasalocid to the high forage diet. Ruminal Streptococcus bovis colony counts tended to decrease when lasalocid was added to the low forage diet(p$lt;.05), and the result of Trial II was similar(p$lt;.05). Addition of lasalocid in Trial I and II tended to be lower ruminal NH₃-N concentration and lower ruminal microbial protein synthesis without affecting digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral. detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose.

Surface Active Agent on the Utilization of Forages and CMCase Activity in the Rumen In Vitro

허장욱,정기환,백순용 한국낙농학회 1999 韓國酪農學會誌 Vol.21 No.4

남은 음식물 발효사료 첨가가 육계의 성장과 사료효율에 미치는 효과

신형태,정기환 한국영양사료학회 1999 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.23 No.6

본 연구는 남은 음식물을 가축의 사료로 이용하기 위하여 50㎏ 용량의 발효장치에서 발효시킨 남은 음식물 발효사료를 시판 육계사료와 5%, 10% 및 15% 대체하여 육계의 중체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율 및 소화율에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 남은 음식물 발효사료의 사료적 가치를 조사하기 위하여 육계(♂)를 처리당 4 반복으로 반복당 10수씩 총 160수를 완전임의배치법으로 배치하여 생존율, 중체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율 및 소화율을 측정하였다. 남은 음식물의 조성분은 시료채취 시마다 변이가 심하여 15∼25%의 조단백질과 10∼25%의 조섬유가 함유되어 있었다. 남은 음식물의 발효 완숙도를 높이기 위한 발효조건은 수분 함량 60%, 온도 55℃ 및 C/N비율 30으로 하였으며, 제조된 남은 음식물 발효사료의 화학적 조성은 건물 88.47%, 조회분 12.95%, 조단백질 20.82%, 조섬유 13.62% 및 조지방 9.15%였다. 육계의 3주령에서 5주령 사이의 중체량(g)은 대조구와 남은 음식물 발효사료 5%, 10% 및 15% 대체구가 각각 958.1, 990.7, 1,015.7 및 971.0으로 5%와 10% 대체구가 대조구와 15% 대체구보다 높았으며(p<.05), 15% 대체구와 대조구간에는 차이가 없었다. 사료 섭취량을 대조구 5%, 10% 및 15% 대체구가 각각 1,914.7g 1,924.9g, 2,084.2g 및 2,076.6g으로 남은 음식물 발효사료 10% 대체구와 15% 대체구가 대조구와 5% 대체구보다 유의적으로 높았으며(p<.05), 사료 요구율은 각각 1.99, 1.94, 2.75 및 2.13으로 15% 대체구가 유의적으로 높았다(p<.05). 실험사료의 건물소화율(%)은 대조구와 5% 대체구가 각각 68.97과 67.63으로 10%와 15% 대체구의 64.26 및 63.96 보다 높았으며(p<.05), 유기물소화율(%)도 대조구와 5% 대체구가 각각 71.52와 71.12로 10%와 15% 대체구의 67.71 및 67.25 보다 높았다 (p<.05). This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of food waste as a feed resources by fermentation. Fermented food waste was used as a substitute of broiler feed to check the liveability, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and digestibility. Three weeks old Abar Acre line 160 broilers were allocated four treatments : 40 broilers of each(4 replication × 10 broiler). The substitution level of fermehted food waste to commercial broiler feed were control, 0:100 treatment I, 5 : 95 ; treatment II, 10 : 90 ; treatment III, 15:85. The conditions of fermentation for making of fermented food waste and chemical composition, of fermented food waste were appeared to-follows : moisture contents, 60%; temperature, 55℃ and C/N ratio, 30 and dry matter, 88.47%, crude ash, 12.95%; crude protein, 20.82%; crude fiber, 13.62%; ether extract, 9.15%. The body weight of treatments I and II at 5 weeks was significantly higher than those of control and treatment III (p<.05) and weekly weight gain of treatments I, II and III at 3∼4 weeks was significantly higher than those of control (p<.05). Total feed consumption of treatments II and III was significantly higher than those of control and treatment I (p<.05) and weekly feed consumption of treatments II and III at 3∼4 weeks was significantly higher than those of control and treatment I (p<.05). Cummplative feed conversion of treatment III was significantly higher than those of rest group (p<.05) and weekly feed conversion of treatments II and III at 3∼4 weeks was significantly higher than those of control and treatment I (p<.05). Dry matter digestibility of control and treatment I was significantly higher than those of treatments II and III (p<.05) and organic matter digestibility was also higher in control and treatment I than those of treatments II and III (p<.05). The substitution level of fermented food waste to broiler feed was 5 to 10% according to the weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion in this experiment.

요소 - 전분 단백질사료 제조조건 및 반추위내 소실율에 관한 연구

신형태,정기환,권오광 한국영양사료학회 1999 韓國營養飼料學會誌 Vol.23 No.5

본 연구는 요소와 옥수수, 타피오카 및 알팔파를 주원료로 extrusion하여 사료적 가치와 경제성이 높은 요소-전분 단백질사료를 만들기 위한 적정 배합비 작성과 extrusion 조건 및 제조 후 특성과 배양시간별(0.5, 1, 2, 4 및 8시간) 반추위내 소실을(in situ)을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 사료 및 경제적 가치가 높고 extrusion 효과가 양호한 배합비는 Ulea-Corn : urea 38%, corn 45%, alfalfa 12%, molasses 2% 및 tallow 3% ; Urea-Tapioca : urea 38%, tapioca 45%, alfalfa 12%, molasses 2% 및 tallow 3% ; Urea-Alfalfa : urea 40%, Tapioca 10%, alfalfa 45%, molasses 2% 및 tallow 3%였다. 경제적 가치가 높은 요소-전분 단백질사료 제조조건은 원료사료의 수분 함량, 10∼15%; mesh size, 2㎜ 이하; 요소 40% 이하였으며 extruder의 screw speed, 400rpm; extrusion 온도, 120∼150℃; die size, 5∼10 ㎜ 였다. 제조된 요소-전분 단백질사료의 조단백질 함량은 Urealea-Corn이 105.2%, Urya-Tapioca가 105.0%였고 Urea-Alfalfa는 109.85%로 제조과정에서 조단백질 함량이 다소 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. Urea-Corn, Urea-Tapioca 및 Urea-Alfalfa의 팽화율은 각각 1.11%, 1.5% 및 1.38%로 나타나 Urea-Tapioca의 팽화율이 높았으나 처리간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. Extruding 후 Urea-Corn(UC)은 전분을 싸고 있는 protein matrix가 파괴되어 전분의 일부가 외부로 노출되는 것으로 나타났으며, Urea-Tapioca(UT)는 endosperm cell의 안정된 구조가 파괴되어 전분의 노출정도가 높은 것으로 관찰되었다. 압출공정 후 공기중에서 2개월이 지난 후에도 사료의 외관상 부패현상이 일어나지 않았으며 가스 발생도 없었다. 반추위내 배양 후 30분과 1시간째 Urea-alfalfa(UA)의 반추위내 건물소실율(%)은 Urea-corn (UC)이나 Urea-tapioca(UC) 보다 유의적으로 높았으며(p<.05) 배양 4시간과 8시간째에는 Urea-tapioca의 건물소실율이 UC나 UA보다 높았다(p<.05). 배양초기(30분 및 1시간) 반추위내 조단백질 소실율(%)은 UA와 UC가 UT보다 높았는데 UC의 조단백질 함량은 배양 30분 후 약 67%가 소실되었으며, 배양 2시간째 약 84%가 소실된 후 8시간째까지 큰 차이가 없었다. UT의 경우 배양 30분 후 약 44%의 조단백질이 소실되었으며, 이후 4시간째까지 86%가 소실되었으나, 4시간 이후에는 약 2%만이 소실되어 조단백질은 급여 4시간 이전에 주로 소실되는 것으로 나타났다. UA의 반추위내 조단백질 소실율도 배양 30분 후 약 50% 정도가 소실된 후 4시간째까지 85%가 서서히 소실되었으나 8시간째에는 약 86%가 소실되어 4시간 이후에는 소실율이 낮았다. These studies were conducted to promote usage of urea as a protein source for ruminants. Extruded urea-starch complex(USC) were made through extrusion using urea as a high protein source, corn and tapioca as a starch source, and alfalfa to produce economical and nutritional protein feed for ruminants. The rate of degradation of the dry matter and crude protein of urea-starch complex, when incubated in nylon bags in the rumen, was studied in rumen cannulated Holstein cows The economical formula of extruded urea-starch complex were three types, Urea-Com(UC) urea(38%), corn(45%), alfalfa(12%), molasses(2%) and tallow(3%); Urea-Tapioca(UT) : urea(38%), tapioca(45%), alfalfa(12%), molasses(2%) and tallow(3%); Urea-Alfalfa(UA) : urea(40%); tapioca(10), alfalfa(45%), molasses(2%) and tallow(3%) respectively. The optimum condition of extruder for making of extruded urea-starch complex were as follows : moisture contents, 10∼15%; mesh size, maximum 2㎜; screw speed, 400 rpm; temperature, 120∼150℃ and die size, 5∼9㎜. Crude protein contents of UC, UT and UA were 105.20%, 105.00% and 109.85%, respectively. The expansion rate of UC, UT and UA were 1.11%, 1.50% and 1.38%, respectively In situ dry matter disappearance of UC at 0.5 and 1 hour in the rumen was siginificantly higher compared with UT and UA and, UT showed higher values of in situ dry matter disappearances than that of Urea-Alfalfa and Urea-Corn at 4 and 8 hour after incubation(p<.05), but no significant difference was observed between UC and UA. In situ crude protein disappearance of UT and UA at 0.5, 1 and 2 hour in the rumen was siginificantly lower compared with UC, but no significant difference was observed between treatments at 4 and 8 hours.

활성제 첨가가 흰쥐의 증체 및 장내 미생물균총에 미치는 영향

김영옥,신형태,정기환,김용국 한국축산학회 1994 한국축산학회지 Vol.36 No.2

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on the performance and intestinal microbiota of growing rats. Sprague-Dawley rats, approximately 65.0g, were used to measure body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and intestinal pH values and the number of intestinal microorganisms. Experimental diets were prepared as basal diet (C), C + antibiotics (virginiamycin, V), C + live yeast culture (YC) and C + live yeast (LY). Average daily gain (g), daily feed intake (g) and feed conversion ratio of C, V, YC and LY treatments were 3.01, 9.94, 3.30; 3.61, 10.15, 2.81, 3.60, 9.91, 2.75 and 3.43, 9.48, 2.76, respectively. Dry matter digestibility (%) and crude protein digestibility (%) of C, V, YC and LY treatments were 91.75, 84.54, 91.97, 88.56, 93.85, 91.50 and 92.66, 89.99, respectively. The pH values of intestinal contents of C, V, YC and LY treatments in the first week and the fourth week of experiment were 6.45, 6.20, 6,81, 6,78, 7.30, 7.30, 7.40, 7.10, respectively. Colony counts of Lactobacillus were decreased by antibiotic (V) supplementation and increased by probiotics (YC, LY). Colony counts of Coliforms and E Coli were decreased by antibiotic (V) supplementation and increased by probiotics (YC, LY).