가방 하중의 크기와 방식에 따른 척추 정적 자세의 변화

박용현,김영관,김윤혁,Park, Yong-Hyun,Kim, Young-Kwan,Kim, Yoon-Hyuk 대한의용생체공학회 2011 의공학회지 Vol.32 No.3

The aim of this study was to investigate the alteration of lumbar spine and trunk postures on different load-carrying types and amounts under static loading. Two load-carrying types(unilateral carrying: UC vs. bilateral carrying: BC) and four different loads(0, 5, 10, and 15 kg) were randomly tested in this study. Carrying a heavy bag would affect human body posture, specifically lumbar spine curvature, which is considered as one of sources of back problems. Previous studies have not paid attention to the approach of the multisegment model of the lumbar spine and trunk. This study separated two compartments of trunk segment(the lumbar and thorax) in the analysis. The multisegment model of the lumbar spine in addition to Helen-Hayes marker set was used. Eight motion analysis cameras and a force plate were utilized. Ten male subjects(mean mass, $70.6{\pm}3.97$ kg; mean height, $178{\pm}4.18$ m) having no musculoskeletal disease participated in this study. We analyzed trunk angles in three anatomical planes and the spinal curvature in sagittal and frontal planes. Increased loading in both UC and BC significantly resulted in increases in trunk forward lean but only UC induced increases in trunk lateral lean. In addition, increased loading in BC produced flatten lumbar curvature in sagittal plane. As far as coupling motion, subjects tended to use axial rotation of the lumbar spine in transverse plane in response to increased UC loading. Finally, it is concluded that the increased static loading in UC rather than in BC tends to causes combined alterations of the spinal postures(sagittal and transverse planes together), which would be vulnerable to improper mechanical stresses on the spine.

간장 ( 肝臟 ) , 담도 ( 膽道 ) 및 췌장 ( 膵臟 ) : 담낭 담석환자의 복부피하 지방조직의 지방산 구성

박용현(Yong Hyun Park),서경석(Kyung Suk Suh),최재운(Jae Woon Choi),송영진(Young Jin Song),이홍규(Hong Kyu Lee) 대한소화기학회 1991 대한소화기학회지 Vol.23 No.3

N/A The role of dietary fatty acids on the gallstone formation is not yet clear, and several studies have reported conflicting results. The purpose of this study is to access the hypothesis of a relationship between gallstone disease and the type of habitual diet and lipid metabolism by analysing the fatty acids composition of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with Gas Liquid Chromatography. Included in this study was 31 pigment gallbladder stone patients (male 15, female 16) and 38 cholesterol gallbladder stone patients (male 17, female 21). Thirty seven persons (male 18, female 19) without evidence of gallstone disease were used as control group. Each group was further divided by sex. Results are as follows; No significant differences in the composition of the abdominal subcutaneous fatty acids were observed between the pigment stone group and the control group in both sexes. In the cholesterol stone groups, there were no differences in the composition of the subcutaneous fatty acids in the female group. But in the male group, the level of linoleic acid was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.005). And the level of oleic and palmitoleic acid decreased (p < 0.05). The ratio of palmitoeic/palmitic decreased in cholesterol stone group in both sexes. The level of linoleic acid was higher in all female group than in male group, but was statistieally significant only in the control group (p < 0.05).In conclusion, these results suggest that 1) dietaly fat composition does not contrbute to the formacion of pigment stone, 2) in the male group, although we can not explain the machamism, linolelc acid may play come role on the formation of cholesterol stone and 3) higher level of Hnoleic acid in gemale group gives us some clue to explain female prevalence of gallstone disease.

기니 피그에서 콜레시스토키닌 투여가 고탄수화물 , 저지방 , 저단백질식에 의한 색소성 담석의 형성에 미치는 영향

박용현(Yong Hyun Park),서경석(Kyung Suk Suh),김선희(Sun Whe Kim) 대한소화기학회 1994 대한소화기학회지 Vol.26 No.1

N/A W e reported an animal model of pigment gallstone induced by carbohydrate-rich diet main- ly composed with rice. However, the machanisms have not been clearly understood. Under the hypothesis that high-carbohydrate diet (CHO) might induce gallstone formation via the mechanism of the relative bile stasis caused by low secretion of cholecystokin (CCK), the aim of this study was to examine whether exogenous CCK administration inhibits gall- stone formation induced by CHO in guinea pig. Male guinea pigs were divided into 3 groups(Group 1: control chow-fed group, Group 2: high carbohydrate fed group, Group 3: high cabohydrate fed and CCK injected group). High carbo- hydrate diet was 63.2% carbohydrate(45.8% in control chow), mainly composed of rice, and Group 3 received a daily injection of cholecystokinin(0.5nmol/kg). After 6 weeks of feeding, the guinea pigs were sacrificed. The stones were analyzed by infrared spectrophotornetry and gallbladder bile was analyzed by using commercial kits. In group 1, gallstone was found in one case out of 10 animals, in Group 2, 9 out of 14(p<0.05 vs Group 1) and in Group 3, 3 out of 12(p<0 05 vs Group 2). There were no differences in the concentrations of total calcium, total bilirubin, cholesterol, phospholipid and bile acid of gall- bladder bile among 3 groups. The stones were mainly composed of calcium bilirubinate, cho- lesterol, calcium phosphate, and calcium palmitate, which were similar to human calcium bilirubinate stone. The prevalence of stone formation was lowered with administration of CCK in CHO fed animals. A possible mechanism is that exogenous CCK may recover the low CCK release by CHO. It is suggested that bile stasis caused by poor CCK release which may be due to CHO be the one of the contributing factors in the formation of pigment stones in guinea pigs. (Korean J Gastroenterol 1 994; 26: 151 156)

6 . 15 남북공동선언의 실천에 따른 국제법적 문제 - 정전체제를 중심으로 -

박용현(Yong Hyun Park) 조선대학교 동북아연구소 2001 동북아연구 Vol.14 No.-

N/A

한 (韓) , 일간 (日間) 대륙붕 (大陸棚) 경계획정 (境界劃定) 문제

박용현(Yong Hyun Park) 조선대학교 동북아문제연구소 1989 동북아연구 Vol.7 No.-

혈액투석중인 만성 신부전 환자에서 혈청 Neopterin 농도에 관한 연구

박용현(Yong Hyun Park),문경협(Kyung Hyub Hyub),박광기(Kwang Ki Park),조규웅(Kyu Woong Cho),음선홍(Sun Hong Eum),김광선(Kwang Sun Kim),최기철(Ki Chul Choi),강영준(Young Joon Kang) 대한내과학회 1990 대한내과학회지 Vol.39 No.2

N/A Neopterin is a low-molecular-weight product released by human macrophages upon stimulation with interferon gamma. It permits the quantification of the level of cellulalr immune activation in vivo. We measured the level of serum neopterin and creatinine concentrations in 20 patients before and after hemodialysis in order to test whether hemodialysis induces specific activation of the T-lymphocyte macrophage axis. The results were as follows: 1) In normal adults, the serum neopterin level was 6.7±1.3 nmol/L with no sex difference. 2) In 20 hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level before hemodialysis was 246.2±97.6 nmol/L and increased significantly compared to normal adults (p<0.001). 3) In 20 hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level was 163.0±76.7 nmol/L after hemodialysis and decreased significantly (p<0.001), the neopterin/creatinine ratio was 25.4±14.7, 32.8±23.7 before and after hemodialysis, respectively, and there was no significant difference between both groups. 4) In groups of short-term hemodialysis (less than three months), the serum neopterin level was 248.4±100.6, 181.7±91.2nmol/L before and after hemodialysis, respectively. In groups of long-term hemodialysis (more than one year), the neopterin level was 244.0±99.9, 144.2±57.6 nmol/L before and after hemodialysis, respectively, and decreased significantly after hemodialysis in both groups (p<0.001), and there was no significant difference between both groups. 5) In 12 male hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level was 226.4±97.6, 145.5±60.5nmol/L before and in after hemodialysis, respectively, and in eight female hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level was 275.9±96.0, 189.1±94.4 nmol/L before and after hemodialysis, respectively, and decreased significantly in both groups (p<0,05, respectively). There was no significant difference between both groups.Neopterin is a low-molecular-weight product released by human macrophages upon stimulation with interferon gamma. It permits the quantification of the level of cellulalr immune activation in vivo. We measured the level of serum neopterin and creatinine concentrations in 20 patients before and after hemodialysis in order to test whether hemodialysis induces specific activation of the T-lymphocyte macrophage axis. The results were as follows: 1) In normal adults, the serum neopterin level was 6.7±1.3 nmol/L with no sex difference. 2) In 20 hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level before hemodialysis was 246.2±97.6 nmol/L and increased significantly compared to normal adults (p<0.001). 3) In 20 hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level was 163.0±76.7 nmol/L after hemodialysis and decreased significantly (p<0.001), the neopterin/creatinine ratio was 25.4±14.7, 32.8±23.7 before and after hemodialysis, respectively, and there was no significant difference between both groups. 4) In groups of short-term hemodialysis (less than three months), the serum neopterin level was 248.4±100.6, 181.7±91.2nmol/L before and after hemodialysis, respectively. In groups of long-term hemodialysis (more than one year), the neopterin level was 244.0±99.9, 144.2±57.6 nmol/L before and after hemodialysis, respectively, and decreased significantly after hemodialysis in both groups (p<0.001), and there was no significant difference between both groups. 5) In 12 male hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level was 226.4±97.6, 145.5±60.5nmol/L before and in after hemodialysis, respectively, and in eight female hemodialysis patients, the serum neopterin level was 275.9±96.0, 189.1±94.4 nmol/L before and after hemodialysis, respectively, and decreased significantly in both groups (p<0,05, respectively). There was no significant difference between both groups.

Governance Review of Global Cooperation Scheme for Counter-terrorism

박용현(Park Yong-Hyun) 한국법학회 2007 법학연구 Vol.27 No.-

인류의 역사와 함께 해 왔다는 테러와 이와 관련된 문제들은, 오늘날 모든 국가들의 중대한 현안과제로 대두되었다. 즉 2001년 미국의 9ㆍ11테러를 전환점으로 하여 연이은 뉴테러리즘의 만연으로 세계 각국은 지금 이 시각에도 테러의 공포에 휩싸여 있으며, 이에 대한 대응책 마련에 골머리를 앓고 있는 것이다. 하지만 이러한 각국의 노력에도 불구하고 테러의 발생 양태와 그 반작용은 갈수록 커져만 가고 있는데, 이는 현재의 뉴테러리즘은 이미 어느 한 국가 차원에서 해결 할 수 없는 국제적 성격의 문제가 되었기 때문이다. 이와 같은 인식에 기인하여, 국제사회는 1963년의 항공기 내에서 범한 범죄 및 기타 행위에 관한 협약, 일명 Aircraft Convention을 시발로 하여 12개의 개별 협약을 체결하였고, 또한 1971년 OAS 반테러 협약을 중심으로 하는 지역적 협약을 체결하여, 테러와 이의 관련문제에 대응하기 위한 협력을 강화하고 있다. 특히 미국의 9ㆍ11사건 이후에는 테러 문제의 해결을 위한 UN 차원에서의 국제적 협력을 위한 “포괄적 반테러 협약안(a draft Comprehensive Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism)”의 성안을 위해 세계 각국이 노력하고 있는 현실이다. 하지만 테러와 이와 관련된 문제들은 각국의 이해가 첨예하게 대립하는 분야로써, 그 심각성의 인식에 비해 아직까지 괄목할만한 대응책이 제시되지 않고 있는 현실이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 다양한 형태의 협력을 통한 문제해결을 지향하는 거버넌스의 이론에 입각하여 테러 대응을 위한 국제협력 방안의 시사점을 검토해 보았다. Nowadays terrors existing with history of human beings and terror-related problems rear up as serious current issue of all nations. Due to the widespread series of New Terrorism after a turning point of a terror of World Trade Center in the US in September 11, 2001, all countries of the world are seized with fear of terror now and are annoyed in preparation of countermeasures. But despite of each nation’s efforts, occurrence aspects and reactions of terror grows with the lapse of time and that is because the present New Terrorism already becomes international problem which can’t be solved by a nation. Attributed to this recognition, the international society contracted the twelve individual conventions with the beginning of Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft, Aircraft Convention in 1963 and reinforced the cooperation for response against terror and terror-related problems by contracting the local conventions like ‘The 1971 OAS Convention to Prevent and Punish Acts of Terrorism Taking the Form of Crimes Against Persons and Related Extortion that are of International Significance’. Especially after a terror of World Trade Center in the US in September 11, 2001, all countries of the world are trying to form a draft Comprehensive Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism into a definite plan for international cooperation in solving terror problems at the U.S. level. But terrors and terror-related problems are in the field where each nation’s interests are in collision and thus countermeasures haven’t been suggested until now in comparison with recognition of the seriousness. So this research reviewed the implications about methods of international cooperation for counter-terrorism, based on the theory of Governance toward solution of problems through the various types of cooperation

담즙의 대량배출에 대한 임상적 고찰

박용현(Yong Hyun Park),최상경(Sang Kyong Choi) 대한소화기학회 1985 대한소화기학회지 Vol.17 No.2

N/A Daily amount of bile that drains through T-tube usually does not exceed 500 cc. If this amount is exceeding the daily normal output, one should suspect obstruction of distal common bile duct. Rut there were known cases in which we could find the daily amount of bile is over 2,000 cc without any obstruction of distal common bile duct. Lenthal et al reported 7 cases of excessive drainage of bile in 1970 and termed it as bilorrhea. There after, sporadic cases were reported in the literature and possible mechanisms were postulated. Authors experienced 5 cases of excessive drainage of bile in recent 5 years at the Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. All of them draind more than 2, 000 cc of bile daily, more than one day, post-operatively through T-tube without any obstruction of distal common bile duct. Clinical analysis were done on these cases and possible mechanisms for these phenomenan were discussed. We found that if we can divert the flow of bile to intestine by any means, there is no difficulty in dealing with these patients because it is a temporary phenomenon after relief of obstruction of bile duct.

국제법상 ‘결정적 기일(critical date)’ 이론의 신전개(新展開)와 독도 영유권 문제

박용현(Park, Yong-Hyun) 조선대학교 법학연구원 2011 法學論叢 Vol.18 No.2

최근 ‘결정적 기일’ 이론 및 개념은 법원칙 내지는 법규칙으로서의 지위 여부와는 상관없이 영토분쟁 사건을 다룬 대다수의 국제재판소에서 원용되어 왔으며 판례가 集積되어 오고 있다. 그것은 동이론 및 개념의 유용성을 입증하여 주는 것이라 할 것이다. 물론 ‘결정적 기일’의 설정이 다분히 재판소의 재량적 결정에 크게 의존되어 있기 때문에 재판소가 동 이론 및 개념을 의무적으로 적용해야 하는 것은 아니라고 본다. 그러나 일단 재판소가 ‘결정적 기일’을 설정하게 되면 당해 영토분쟁의 ‘존재’ 및 그 ‘시점’이 객관적으로 명확하게 확정되고, 영토분쟁 당사국의 지위는 ‘결정적 기일’에서 결정되어 그 일자에 동결되고 結晶化(cystallize)된다. 그리고 ‘결정적 기일’ 이전에 발생한 사실 또는 행위만이 증거로 인정되며, 그 이후에 이루어진 당사국들의 작위적 행위는 일단 분쟁사안에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 간주된다. 따라서 독도 영유권 문제로 일본과 갈등관계에 있는 우리로서는 ‘결정적 기일’ 이론에 대하여 깊은 관심을 가질 수밖에 없으며 동 이론에 대한 체계적인 연구는 학문적인 측면에서는 물론이지만 정책적 측면에서도 매우 긴요하다고 본다. 이와 같은 필요성에 입각하여 본 연구는 ‘결정적 기일’ 이론에 대하여 개관하여 보고, 학설과 국제판례의 동향을 분석함으로써 ‘결정적 기일’ 이론이 어떻게 전개되고 있는지를 살펴보고자 한다. 그리고 국제관계의 변화에 의하여 독도 영유권 문제가 국제재판에 회부되는 상황이 도래될 수 있다는 가정 하에 ‘결정적 기일’ 이론의 독도 영유권과의 관련성 문제를 고찰한다. 이어서 결론적 제언으로서 독도 영유권과 관련한 ‘결정적 기일’ 설정문제에 대한 접근 방법으로서 국제판례의 새로운 경향을 기초로 하여 단선적 접근이 아닌 복합적ㆍ체계적ㆍ전략적인 대응 논리로 접근하여야 함을 제언하고자 한다. The theory of ‘critical date’, notwithstanding their status as the principle of law or legal rule, has long been quoted in the majority of the international courtrooms and accumulated much precedents dealing with the territorial dispute case. This demonstrates a usefulness of the theory and its conceptual analysis. The court, in principle, is not obligated to apply that theory to the cases at hand. This is because the normative power of ‘critical date’ is highly dependent on the court’s discretion. However, once the court sets a ‘critical date’, the existence as well as time of the justiceable territorial dispute is clearly defined objectively and the parties’ status is determined on that critical date. And the date is conclusively frozen or crystallized. Therefore the facts present or acts occurred before the ‘critical date’ could only be admissible as evidence, but the parties’ conduct made subsequent to that critical date is nothing but to be considered ineffective in resolving a dispute. For our case of Dokdo, a conflict between Japan and Korea over the territorial sovereignty, the theory of ‘critical date’, as afore stated, is not absolute to exercise a plenary power in legal terms, but the need to study that theory in more comprehensive way is critically important from the academic and strategic viewpoints. This is because it practically dominates over many cases of international dispute. From this background, the paper intends to overview a ‘critical date’ theory and to discuss the way to understand in view of our practical use for the Dokdo case. Therefore, the paper will analyze the theories and trend of relevant international precedents pertinent to our constructive understanding of Dokdo case. Particularly important is this effort of scholarly work since the possibilities of judicial solution for the territorial dispute of Dokdo may increase depending on the change of international politics. Thus, I will hopefully draw some useful points from the current theory of “critical date” that could possibly reinforce our position in Dokdo dispute. In conclusion, I like to suggest that the solution for the creation of critical date regarding a territorial sovereignty of Dokdo should not be from a unilinear approach, rather from a systemic and strategic way considering the new trend of international precedents.

MMORPG의 퀘스트 이해와 플레이어의 다원주의적 이해를 통한 플레이 동기 증강 방안 모색

박용현(Yong-Hyun Park),경병표(Byung-Pyo Kyung),이동열(Dong-Lyeor Lee) 한국콘텐츠학회 2009 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.9 No.10

MMORPG는 퀘스트는 이야기 전달의 역할보다는 아이템과 경험치와 같은 아바타와 관련된 보상을 통한 게임 플레이 동기부여 역할이 강하다. 이것은 결국 MMORPG를 캐릭터 성장을 위해 퀘스트의 보상을 공부해야 하는 어려운 게임으로 만들어 유저 층의 고착화를 초래하고 있다. 유저 고착화 해소방안으로 퀘스트 플레이의 동기부여 구조를 밝히고 플레이어에 대한 다원주의(多元主義 , pluralism)적인 이해를 통해 다양한 유저의 플레이 동기를 증강 시킬 수 있는 방안을 살펴보았다. 이것은 게임 시스템 내에서 사용자에게 직접질의를 하거나 로그 정보를 활용하는 방법이다. 다원주의적인 이해는 이렇게 수집된 데이터의 활용에 있어서 객관성과 구현 가능성을 보장해 줄 수 있는 가치가 있을 것이다. MMORPG Quest plays a strong role of motivation through compensation related with Avatar such as items and experience points rather than a role of story transfer. This situation finally made MMORPG become a difficult game that players should study the compensation of Quest for growth of a character, so it causes fixation of the user class. As a solving method of the fixation of the users, the possibility of Quest capable of strengthening play motive of various users through clarification of motivation structure of the Quest play and pluralistic understanding about players was investigated. This is a direct response to the user within the game system or how to use the player log information. The pluralistic understanding method of players will have values as a tool that can guarantee the objectivity and actual production of the data collected utilizing.