Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Sewage Sludge Using Bioluminescent Marine Bacteria and Rotifer

Gyung Soo Park,정창수,홍기훈,김석현,박승윤,Sang Hee Lee,seong Jin Yoon,Seung Min Lee 한국해양과학기술원 2005 Ocean science journal Vol.40 No.2

using the marine bacteria, Vibrio fischeri and rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, and chemical analyses were conducted to assess the toxicity of the various sewage sludges, one of the major ocean dumped materials in the Yellow Sea of Korea. Sludge elutriates extracted by filtered seawater were used to estimate the ecotoxicity of the sludge. Chemical characterization included the analyses of organic contents, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants in sludge. Bacterial bioluminescent inhibition (15 min), rotifer mortality (24 hr) and rotifer population growth inhibition (48 hr) assay were conducted to estimate the sludge toxicity. EC50 15min (inhibition concentration of bioluminescence after 15 minutes exposed) values by Microtox bioassay clearly revealed different toxicity levels depending on the sludge sources. Highest toxicity for the bacteria was found with the sludge extract from dyeing waste and followed by industrial waste, livestock waste, and leather processing waste. Clear toxic effects on the bacteria were not found in the sludge extract from filtration bed sludge and rural sewage sludge. Consistent with Microtox results, rotifer neonate mortality and population growth inhibition test also showed highest toxicity in dyeing waste and low in filtration bed and rural sewage sludge. High concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals were measured in the samples from the industrial wastes, leather processing plant waste sludge, and urban sewage sludge. However, there was no significant correlation between pollutant concentration levels and the toxicity values of the sludge. This suggests that the ecotoxicity in addition to the chemical analyses of various sludge samples must be estimated before release of potential harmful waste in the natural environment as part of an ecological risk assessment.

중금속(Pb, Cr, As)이 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus) 수정란 부화율에 미치는 독성 영향

박종수 ( Jong Soo Park ),박승윤 ( Seung Yoon Park ),황운기 ( Un Ki Hwang ) 한국환경생물학회 2012 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.30 No.3

Toxic effects of heavy metal (Pb, Cr, As) were examined by the hatching rates of fertilized eggs in the oliver flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Eggs were exposed to Pb, Cr, As (0, 10, 100, 500, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000 ppb) and then normal hatching rates were investigated after 48 h. The normal hatching rates in the control condition (not including heavy metal) were greater than 80%, but suddenly decreased with increasing of heavy metal concentrations. Pb, Cr and As reduced the normal hatching rates in concentration-dependent way and a significant reduction occurred at concentration grater than 100, 100, 500 ppb, respectively. The ranking of heavy metal toxicity was Cr¤ As¤Pb, with EC50 values of 415, 518 and 1,029 ppb, respectively. The no-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observed-effect-concentration (LOEC) show each 100 bbp and 500 ppb of normal hatching rates in exposed to Pb and As. The NOEC and LOEC of normal hatching rates in Cr were 10 ppb and 100 ppb, respectively. From these results, the normal hatching rates of P. olivaceus have toxic effect at greater than the 100 ppb concentrations in Pb, As and the 10 ppb concentrations in Cr in natural ecosystems. These results suggest that biological assay using the normal hatching rates of P. olivaceus are very useful test method for the toxicity assessment of a toxic substance as heavy metal in marine ecosystems.

해양생태독성평가를 위한 표준시험생물로서의 송사리 (Oryzias Latipes)에 관한 연구

박경수 ( Gyung Soo Park ),윤성진 ( Seong Jin Yoon ),이승민 ( Seung Min Lee ),김애향 ( Ae Hyang Kim ),박승윤 ( Soung Yun Park ),강덕영 ( Duk Young Kang ) 한국환경생물학회 2005 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.23 No.3

유류사고 이후 안면도 연안 해수 및 퇴적물의 다환방향족탄화수소(PAHs) 오염에 관한 연구

이완석 ( Wan Seok Lee ),박승윤 ( Seung Yoon Park ),김평중 ( Pyoung Joong Kim ),전상백 ( Sang Baeck Jeon ),안경호 ( Kyoung Ho An ),최용석 ( Yong Seok Choi ) 한국환경과학회 2010 한국환경과학회지 Vol.19 No.12

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in seawater and marine sediment from Anmyundo coastal area after oil spill. The concentrations of total PAHs in surface and bottom of seawater at August were 31.1 to 142.6 ng/L and 5.9 to 50.9 ng/L in August and November, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in sediment were 21.0 to 102.9 ng/g D.W. and 32.3 to 57.4 ng/g D.W. in August and November, respectively. PAHs concentrations in seawater and sediment in August were higher than those in November about 2.5 and 1.4 times, respectively. Diagnostic ratio (PhA/AnT and FluA/Pyr) were investigated to identify source of PAHs in seawater and sediment. The PAHs in seawater originated from pyrolytic source and those in sediment originated from pyrolytic and petrogenic source. The glass, wood and coal origin was higher than petroleum origin on the combustion origin of PAHs in seawater and sediment. The seawater of Anmyundo costal area recovered from oil spill, but the sediments of that were weakly influenced by oil spill until now. Because this area is developed many fishing grounds, demanded Long Term Environmental Monitoring Program (LTEMP). The concentrations of PAHs on depth of sediments were investigated at station 8 and 10. The concentrations of PAHs were decreased with increasing depth.

서해안 굴, Crassostrea gigas의 건강도 평가를 위한 Condition index와 혈구 apoptosis 분석

임현정,임매순,이원영,최은희,윤주현,박승윤,이승민,김수경,Lim, Hyun Jeong,Lim, Mae Soon,Lee, Won Young,Choi, Eun Hee,Yoon, Ju Hyun,Park, Seung Yoon,Lee, Seung Min,Kim, Su Kyoung 한국패류학회 2014 The Korean Journal of Malacology Vol.30 No.3

A significant production decrease has been witnessed for the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas farmed in the western coastal waters of Korea, presumably by the loss of physiological viability. We evaluated the viability in terms of health indicators, the condition indices and hemocyte apoptosis rates of the oysters inhabiting two representative farming sites, Incheon and Taean each with different environmental variables. In our monthly measurements for the whole year 2013, the indicators were location specific. The condition indices of Incheon were highly variable, 1.67-8.58%, while those of Taean were less, 2.28-5.57%. The condition indices decreased during the spawning seasons, July and September in common. The two oysters exhibited also differed in the apoptotic activities of hemocyte, highly active, 4.03-30.15% for Incheon oysters and less active, 2.87-17.48% for Taean oysters. One thing we could identify was the two measurements were adverse during the critical seasons of spawning, reminiscent of being a useful tool for a health indicator for the oysters. Similar trend was also observed in the time when change in temperature was extreme. The findings in this study are highly indicative of health indicators for the oyster aquaculture.

말똥성게(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)의 초기배아 발생과 glutathione S-transferase (GST)의 발현에 대한 bisphenol A의 영향

황운기 ( Un-ki Hwang ),김대한 ( Dae-han Kim ),류향미 ( Hyang-mi Ryu ),이주욱 ( Ju-wook Lee ),박승윤 ( Seung-yoon Park ),강한승 ( Han Seung Kang ) 한국환경생물학회 2014 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.32 No.3

본 연구는 시험생물로서 말똥성게 (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)를 이용하여 내분비계장애물질인 bisphenol A(BPA)의 독성 및 시험생물로서의 적합성 등을 조사하였다. 말똥성게(H. pulcherrimus)의 수정 및 정상 배아발생에 미치는 BPA의 독성을 보기 위하여 농도(0, 300, 500,800, 1000, 1500 ppb)에서 조사하였다. BPA 노출 시 수정률은 시험구간 내의 BPA 처리농도와 관계없이 유의적인 변화가 없었다. 정상 배아발생률은 BPA 농도가 높을수록 유의적인 감소를 나타냈으며, 800 ppb 농도부터 유의적인 감소를 보였다. 정상배아발생에 대한 독성값은 반수영향농도 (EC50) 1056.1 ppb, 95% Cl 981.8~1163.9 ppb로 나타났다. 또한 무영향농도 (NOEC)와 최소영향농도 (LOEC)는 500 ppb 및 800 ppb로 나타났다. BPA에 노출된 배아는 농도가 증가함에 따라 발생이 정체되는 현상이 나타났다. BPA에 노출된 pluteus 유생을 이용한 glutathione-S-transferase (GST) 유전자의 발현을 비교해본결과 GST 유전자의 발현은 농도가 증가함에 따라 발현이 증가하였다. 본 연구 결과, 말똥성게 (H. pulcherrimus)의 초기 배아발생 과정 중 800 ppb 이상에서 독성을 나타냈으며 GST유전자는 BPA 노출에 따른 위해성 평가에 생체지표유전자로 유용하게 이용될 수 있다고 생각된다. In this study, gametotoxicity and embryotoxicity experiments using Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus were carried out to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of bisphenol A (BPA). We examined the effects of BPA on fertilization and normal embryogenesis at various concentrations (0, 300, 500, 800, 1000, and 1500 ppb). The results demonstrated that the fertilization rates were not changed. The normal embryogenesis rates were gradually decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and were significantly lowered following 800 ppb BPA treatment (EC50=1056.1 ppb, 95% Cl=981.8~1163.9 ppb). The observed effective concentration and the lowest observed effective concentration of the normal embryogenesis rate were 500 ppb and 800 ppb, respectively. The embryos showed retarded development at each tested concentration, indicating the fact the embryonic development was delayed due to the increasing concentrations of BPA. Furthermore, we examined the expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST) mRNA at various concentrations of BPA in H. pulcherrimus. Interestingly, it was found that the expression level of GST mRNA was significantly increased in the experimental group exposed to BPA. Based on these results, we suggested that BPA at greater than 800 ppb has a toxic effect during the early embryonic stages of H. pulcherrimus, and GST mRNA may be used as a biomarker for risk assessment of BPA conta-mination.

언어 습득에서의 규칙과 연습

박승윤 울산대학교 1974 연구논문집 Vol.5 No.1

언어의 본질과 외국어 습득연구에 관하여 그것이 지니는 의의때문에 어린이의 모국어 습득과정에 관한 연구는 언어학의 주요 관심사가 되어왔다. 그러나 어린이의 모국어 습득에 관하여는 구조주의 경험론과 인지론적인 변형문법 사이에 의견이 일치점이 발견되고 있지 않다. 구조주의 언어학과 행동심리학에 기반을 둔 습관이론은 인간의 언어습득이 근본적으로 모방과 강화에 의한 기계적인 것이며 언어습득에 있어서는 지적분석 보다 무의식적 연습이 더 중요한 것이라고 주장한다. 한편 변형문법과 인지심리학에 기반을 둔 규칙이론은 언어의 규칙체계를 내재화함으로서 언어가 습득되고 언어습득에서는 무의식적 연습보다 지적분석이 더욱 중요하다고 주장한다. 이러한 두 언어습득 이론의 배경을 철학, 심리학, 언어학의 맥락 속에서 찾아보고 이 두 이론을 결합시켜 하나의 포괄적인 언어 습득이론을 발견할 수 있겠는가 하는 것이 이 논문의 목적이다. 동시에 어린이가 모국어 습득시 사용하는 전략과 현재 외국어 습득시 사용되는 전략사이에 차이가 있음을 알아보고 이 불일치를 오류, 문법발전, 장애, 배열의 관점에서 살펴보았다. For its relevance to the nature of language and its insights into second language learning, the process of a child's first language acquisition has been a target of deep a target of deep investigation in linguistics, pure and applied. On the theme of how a language is acquired, however, no agreement has yet been reached between the two schools of thought; namely, structuralism with habit formation theory and transformational cognitivists of rule-governed creativity. Based on structural linguistics and behaviorism in psychology, the habit formation theory interprets human language learning a mechanical process of habit formation through imitation and reinforcement. Placing much emphasis on unconscious practice, it denies the importance of intellectual analysis in human language acquisition. On the other hand, the transformational grammar and gestaltpsychology-oriented code-cognition theory stresses the creative, rule-governed aspects of language learning through internalizing the code of the grammatical rules of a language. Tracing the origin of these two constroversial ideas of habit-formation and code-cognition back in philosophy, psychology and linguistics, this paper purports to find out the possibility of incorporating these two themes into a single coherent theoretical framework of language acquisition. Additionally, some incongruities are found between the actual phenomena observed from a child's language acquisition process and the views held by the current theories of second language learning. These incongurities have been studied under the topics of error, grammar development, interference and grading.