초기 르네상스 건축과 예술의 원근표현기법에 관한 연구

남호현,박언곤,Nam, Ho-Hyun,Park, Eon-Kon 한국건축역사학회 1992 건축역사연구 Vol.1 No.2

Renaissance Age is called the Period of Discovery because of great development of the economy and the science, and is known the Period of scientific analysis of Man and of interest of Nature out of a blind obedience in the Middle ages. Especially in visual art architecture, painting and sculpture, the rational spirit of Renaissance actually and distinctly communicates the meaning of Work through the scientific and mathematical expression after a finding Perspective by Brunelleschi. So the puropse of this study is to clarify the substancial meaning of Renaissance Art by investigating the expression applied Perspective to the works of Brunelleschi's architecture, Donatello's sculpture and Masaccio's painting.

역사지리정보시스템(HGIS)에 기반한 이방익 표해노정의 복원 - 사례연구를 통한 조선시대 표해노정의 종합적 복원 가능성 모색 -

남호현(Nam, Ho-Hyun),배건준(Bae, Geon-Joon) 한국사연구회 2021 한국사연구 Vol.- No.195

“중화는 소중화와 다르다[中華不類小中華]” -황재(黃梓)의 연행록(燕行錄)에 나타난 18세기 중반 중화 인식의 단면-

남호현 ( Nam Ho Hyun ) 한국사상사학회 2019 韓國思想史學 Vol.0 No.62

이 연구는 18세기 중반 연행 사절단의 일원으로 두 차례 북경에 다녀온 황재의 연행과 연행록을 분석하여 그의 연행 태도와 함께 그의 연행록에 나타난 중화 인식을 고찰하였다. 황재는 연행 전부터 여느 ‘노론 청류’ 인사와 마찬가지로 청나라에 대한 강한 적개심을 공유하였는데, 그 결과 세 편의 연행록에서 그의 주된 문제의식은 청나라의 부정적인 모습들을 부각하고, 청나라 쇠락의 조짐을 발견하는 서술들로 채워지게 되었다. 이 과정에서 황재가 접한 여러 사실과 전문(傳聞)들은 그의 특정한 시각에 의해 선택되고 재구성되었다. 황재의 연행록에 나타난 청나라에 대한 부정적인 인식은 그의 주변과 조정, 임금에게까지 공유되었다. 이러한 사실은 18세기 중반 조선사회에서 연행록이 단순히 개인적 차원의 여행기가 아닌, 중화 인식을 중심으로 한 특정한 시각을 조선 사회에 확산시키는 매개체로 기능한 모습의 단면을 보여준다. This article aims to analyze Hwang Jae (黃梓)’s perception of central efflorescence (中華, Zhonghua) by surveying his tribute missions to Beijing and his records of the missions, or Yeonhaengrok (燕行錄). Having shared the strong animosity toward Qing China with Noron Cheongryu (老論 淸流) even before his tribute missions, Hwang highlighted the negative aspects of Qing and repeatedly found the signs of Qing’s decline in his travel records. In the process of recording his missions, Hwang selectively reconstructed various facts and hearsay, filtered through his own lens of viewpoint. Hwang’s pejorative perception of Qing China was shared by the royal court of Joseon Korea as well as other intellectuals. Hwang’s records illustrate the fact that Yeonhaengrok functioned as vehicles that disseminated particular sets of evaluation of central efflorescence in the 18^th century Korean society, rather than as mere personal records of travels.

조선후기 관왕묘(關王廟)에 대한 인식의 전환과 그 의미

남호현(Nam, Ho-hyun) 한국역사연구회 2016 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.101

Examined in this article is how the general perception of the Gwan’wang-myo altars changed during the latter half of the Joseon dynasty period, and what is the meaning of that change. During the war with the Japanese, and especially during the second phase that began in the Jeong’yu-year(1597), the Ming army which came to help Joseon established Gwan’wang-myo altars here and there throughout the Korean peninsula. This was at the end of the 16th century, and later, coming into the 18th century the public’s view of these altars hugely changed. Before the establishment of these altars, the Joseon public only considered the Gwan’u figure as one that came out of history books, and did not think of him in any special meaning. During the war with the Japanese troops at the end of the 16<SUP>th</SUP> century, certain folk beliefs of this Gwan’u figure, which originated in China to revere Gwan’u as a god-like figure, had spreaded over to the Korean peninsula. Gwan’wang-myo altars were erected not only in the capital city but also in several local regions. They were never erected at the Joseon government’s will, and had nothing to do with the Joseon public’s stance toward him. Even in the second half of the 17<SUP>th</SUP> century, these altars were still perceived with an image associated with several unpleasant memories of the recent two horrific wars, as well as the unstable foreign conditions of the time. As a result, the Joseon leaders had fairly negative views of these altars. This kind of negative view began to change in the 18<SUP>th</SUP> century. Kings frequently visited these altars and paid respect, and the Gwan’wang-myo altar service itself was even added to the official roster of dynastic memorial rituals. This was primarily because the Joseon government needed them in their efforts to display its own resolve to maintain its very loyalty toward the fallen Ming dynasty, through their promotion of the Gwan’wang-myo altars which Ming troops had earlier established. The Joseon government also did so because it had to demonstrate its own will to stay true to the traditional Confucian notion of ‘inheriting the predecessor’s honorary task and succeeding the will behind it’ too[繼志述事] and the favor of rebuilding the country by Ming[再造之恩]. So, this sort of new promotion of the altars themselves were actually born out of the Joseon kings’ intentions to essentially rekindle the public’s memories of Ming. Ironically, their promotion of the Gwan’u belief was very much similar to how it was being done in Qing, the very aggressor which defeated Ming in the first place. In short, the Gwan’wang-myo altars were considered by the Joseon kings as a memorial ground for the fallen Ming dynasty. It was also viewed as an adequate place for them to hold memorial services, as the figure in question, Gwan’u, was sort of a symbolic figure of loyalty and the act of honoring him could create a certain political atmosphere that would be most helpful to the kings in solidifying their own authority and leadership.

李邦翼과 『표해록』의 餘滴-李邦翼 漂海記錄의 문헌적 검토와 남은 노정의 복원-

남호현(Nam, Ho-hyun) 서강대학교 인문과학연구소 2021 서강인문논총 Vol.- No.61

이 연구는 1796년(조선 정조 20, 청 가경 원년) 제주 앞바다에서 표류한 李邦翼의 표해사건과 관련하여 기존연구의 미비점을 보완하고, 그동안 검토된 적 없었던 揚子江 이북의 노정을 복원하였다. 이방익 표해사건을 다루는 주요 사료인 「書李邦翼事」와 「漂海歌」, 『표해록』은 그동안 별다른 문헌검토내지 사료비판 없이 연구자의 자의에 따라 임의적으로 취사선택되었는데, 본 연구에서는 「서이방익사」를 제외한 현전 이방익 표해기록이 모두 諺文 기록을 원전으로 하고 있음을 밝혔으며, 이 과정에서 ‘時文體’라는 『靑春』 특유의 문체로 작성된 「표해가」의 지리정보는 이방익의 표해노정을 고려할 때 적절하지 않음을 밝혔다. 한편 이방익 표해기록 전반에서 양자강 이북에 대해서는 지명을 확인할 수 있는 경우가 드문데, 본 연구에서는 이방익 표해기록에서 산견되는 제한된 지리정보를 바탕으로 청대의 公路 현황과 표류민 호송 관행, 현대의 역사지리학 연구성과인 公刊史 등을 종합적으로 고찰하여 양자강 이후 북경까지 이방익의 노정을 정합적으로 복원하여 제시하였다. This article aims to explore Yi Bang’Ik’s Record of Drifting Across the Sea (P’yohaerok 표해록) and rectify his drifting routes across north of Yangtze River. In doing so, it offers a clear understanding of Yi’s drifting journey, which began as an accident in the sea off Jeju in 1796. Key historical sources, which concern Yi’s incident, have not been subjected to any thorough critical analysis or literature review. Those sources include Park Chiwon’s On Yi Bang’Ik Incident (Sŏ Yi Bang’Ik sa 書李邦翼事), P’yohaerok and P’yohaega 漂海歌. Those are often arbitrarily selected and cited by many researchers without any proper analysis and contextualization of spatial data. This study demonstrates that all existing records on Yi’s drifting, except Sŏ Yi Bang’Ik sa, are written in Ŏnmun(諺文). Considering the literary nature of Ch’ŏngch’un(Youth 靑春), written in a distinctive writing style of Si-Mun-Che(時文體), the geographical information that P’yohaega provides is inadequate for rigorous historical evidence. While the place names near Yangtze River are mostly absent throughout Yi’s records, this article utilizes both the limited geographical information from Yi’s drifting records and geo-historical records on Official Roads(公路) from the Qing Dynasty. In addition to the geo-historical data, it also examines the customary system for escorting drifters during the Qing dynasty. Based on the spatial analysis and other records, this article presents the reconstruction of Yi’s journey from Yangtze River to Beijing.

이시항의 삶을 통해 본 서북지역 엘리트의 ‘미시사적’ 이해

남호현(Nam Ho-hyun) 한국역사연구회 2017 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.105

This article is a critical analysis of Sun Joo Kim’s book, Voice from the North: Resurrecting regional identity through the life and work of Yi Sihang (1672~1736). The author, based upon a steady interest in the Korean peninsula’s Northwest region during the Joseon dynasty period, focused its examination upon a person named Yi Sihang, who was one of the representative ‘local elites’ of the Korean peninsula’s Pyeong’an-do region. The author tried to examine the reality of the Pyeong’an-do province from the perspective of the people of the Northwest region, and analyze the nature of the Joseon society in its second half from a microscopic perspective. The Northwest region of Joseon, the existence of ‘local elites,’ and a methodology based upon microscopic examination, are all a bit unfamiliar to the Korean historians. Even the focus of this book, an individual named Yi Shi-hang, is a figure not that well known. It is indeed a bold move to study the life and writings of this local elite. A new and systemic approach to a relatively unknown historical figure (as well as a subject) seems more than enough to inspire studies in Korea. Hopefully it will encourage future Korean studies to delve deeper into the Joseon period’s Northwest region and the region’s local elites. Yet in spite of the meaning of this book, there are some problems that would have to be addressed. First, although this book proclaimed that it will take on a microscopic approach on the Northwest region’s local elites, in actual discussion the author seems to be more resorting to macroscopic analyses or at least depending on previous analysis of such sort. A rather lengthy discussion of the Party Conflicts is one of those examples. Second, chapters three and four, where the author analyzed the changes Yi Sihang displayed in his recollections concerning the 「Gwanseo Byeonmu-so」 office and a figure named Kim Gyeongseo, in which he supposedly revealed his so-called ‘regional identity,’ actually rather lack a prudent and sufficient attention to the reality of the time. These can be cited as this book’s problems, but nothing of them could not be rectified with further studies in the future. The worth of this book is based upon the fact that it attempted a new approach to a new academic topic.

『熱河日記』 黃敎 관련 서술을 통해 본 박지원의 淸朝 인식

남호현(Nam, Ho-hyun) 고려대학교 한국학연구소 2018 한국학연구 Vol.65 No.-

연암 박지원의 『열하일기』에는 티베트 불교의 한 분파인 황교와, 황교의 정신적 지주이자 티베트 불교 사회의 우두머리인 판첸라마[班禪喇嘛]에 대한 서술이 다수 존재한다. 『열하일기』 황교 관련 서술은 황교만을 집중적으로 다룬 「황교문답」과 「반선시말」, 「찰십륜포」뿐만 아니라, 청나라가 주도하던 당시의 국제정세를 전망한 「심세편」이나 「행재잡록」 등과 같은 여러편에서도 반복적으로 나타나는데, 이는 박지원이 ‘황교’를 청나라에 대한 인식을 중심으로 한 자신의 국제정세 인식을 드러내는 중요한 ‘실마리’로 삼고 있음을 잘 보여준다. 그런데 해당 서술에서 박지원은 정작 황교에 대한 정치한 분석을 시도하기보다는, 異端인 황교를 숭배하는 청나라 지배층과 이러한 풍조를 조장하는 황제에 대한 비판의식을 보다 강하게 드러낸다. 이러한 사실은 박지원이 황교를 바탕으로 청나라의 夷狄性을 확인하려 하였음을 보여준다. 또한 박지원은 자신이 전망하는 국제정세를 언급할 때면 반복적으로 황교와 티베트 세력의 위협을 우려하는 청나라 조정의 모습을 강조하는데, 이를 통해 우리는 박지원 또한 ‘영고탑회귀설’이 횡행할 당시부터 이어져 온 조선후기 조선인들의 ‘불안한’ 국제정세 인식을 여전히 공유하고 있었음을 알 수 있다. 『열하일기』 황교 관련 서술은 淸朝에 대한 인식을 중심으로 한 박지원의 국제정세 인식, 나아가 그가 살았던 조선후기 지식인들의 세계인식을 살펴볼 수 있게 해준다는 점에서 『열하일기』 전반의 주제의식을 살펴보는 데에도 주요한 실마리가 된다. Park Ji-won, a leading figure in the late Joseon’s literary and intellectual world, mentioned in his masterpiece travelogue Yolha Ilki 熱河日記 (A diary of Yolha, or Rehe) Gelug (黃敎), one of the factions of the Tibetan Buddhism, and its leader Panchen Lama. In describing them, Park aimed more at expressing his view on Qing dynasty and the world, than analyzing either Gelug or the Tibet Buddhism. For Park, Qianlong Emperor who bowed his head to Lama, the leader of a barbarian religion, deserved to be seen as another barbarian. Moreover, the fact that Qing dynasty offered to Lama a “golden palace” (Tashilhunpo) in Rehe, Park suggested, demonstrated that the court of Qing feared Tibet and the world of the Tibetan Buddhism. His viewpoint is considerably similar to a belief that has been widely shared by the intellectuals of 17th century Joseon, who believed that Qing was destined to collapse. For this reason, a descriptions about Gelug and Panchen Lama in Yolha Ilki are the core element for understanding overall Yolha Ilki’s sense of subject and Park Ji-won’s ideological foundation.

李邦翼 漂海記錄에 나타난 ‘서로 다른 길’

남호현(Nam Ho Hyun) 서강대학교 인문과학연구소 2018 서강인문논총 Vol.0 No.51

1796년 제주 앞바다에서 표류하여 팽호에 표착, 대만과 중국 강남지역을 두루 거쳐 귀환한 이방익 표해사건은 조선후기 많은 이들의 관심을 받았다. 이방익의 표해는 다양한 형태의 기록으로 재창조되었는데, 그 중에서도 서강대 소장 한글산문 『표해록』과 박지원의 「서이방익사」 사이에는 유의미한 차이가 발견되어 주목된다. 본국으로의 쇄환 및 귀국 후의 심문에서 이방익은 자신에게 유리한 방향으로 진술을 달리하였는데, 이를 통해 우리는 이방익이 구사한 다양한 ‘생존 전략’을 엿볼 수 있다. 한편 박지원은 「서이방익사」에서 이방익 표해사건을 재구성하는 한편, 이를 통해 자신이 바라보고자 하였던 중국의 모습을 확인하려 하였다. 그는 자신이 활용 가능한 자료들을 활용하여 사건을 재구성하였고, 그 과정에서 이방익의 일부 진술은 생략되거나 왜곡되기도 하였다. 이방익 표해사건을 다룬 두 텍스트에 나타난 ‘서로 다른 길’은 단순한 서술상의 착오나 기억의 오류가 아닌, 대상을 바라보는 두 인물의 서로 다른 인식에서부터 비롯된 것이라는 점에서 중요한 의미를 지닌다. In understanding the Lee Bang-ik Incident in 1796, it is crucial to analyze two texts that narrated the case: Pyohaerok (Record of the drifting sea), written by an anonymous author, and Seo Lee Bang-ik sa (A writing of Lee Bang-ik Incident), written by Park Ji-won, a leading figure in the late Joseon’s literary world. While it is not a surprising observation that these works held different views on the incident at a few points, some of their disagreements deserve our attention, since they reflect how differently the authors perceived the incident, and, further, the world itself. This paper aims to investigate the gap between the texts, and give a plausible account of the texts’ different ways of telling. If done properly, this research will contribute to our understanding of how Koreans, in the late Joseon period, saw the world, not least their contemporary China.

1900년대 초반의 기록사진과 디지털 카메라 사진분석을 활용한 광화문 앞 해치상의 원위치 추정

오현덕,남호현,유영식,김정곤,강기택,유우식,Oh, Hyundok,Nam, Ho Hyun,Yoo, Yeongsik,Kim, Jung Gon,Kang, Kitaek,Yoo, Woo Sik 한국문화재보존과학회 2021 보존과학회지 Vol.37 No.5

경복궁 광화문은 일제 강점기를 거치면서 해체 이전되었다가 한국전쟁 과정에서 소실되었다. 1968년에 철근 콘크리트로 중건되었다가 정확한 복원을 위해 다시 해체되어 2010년 현재의 위치에 세워졌다. 광화문 앞에 놓여져 있던 한 쌍의 해치상도 해체되어 방치되어 있다가 원위치에서 수차례 이탈해 본래의 위치를 찾지 못하고 현재에 이르고 있다. 서울특별시와 문화재청이 '광화문광장 재구조화 사업'의 일환으로 월대와 해치상을 복원하기로 함에 따라 사업의 효율성 제고를 위해 본 연구에서는 1900년대 초반의 기록사진과 새롭게 찍은 디지털 카메라 사진에 대한 이미지분석을 통하여 해치상의 원위치를 추정하는 방법과 결과를 제안한다. 기록사진의 촬영 위치를 찾아 재촬영하고 찾고자 하는 피사체와의 각도와 거리를 계산하여 일제 강점기 이전의 해치상의 원위치를 추정하는 데 성공하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 확인된 왼쪽 해치상의 위치는 현재의 왼쪽 해치상 표시석의 중앙을 기준으로 동쪽으로 약 9.6 m, 북쪽으로 약 7.4 m 지점에 있으며, 오른쪽 해치상은 현재의 오른쪽 해치상 표시석의 중앙을 기준으로 서쪽으로 약 1.9 m, 북쪽으로 약 8.0 m 지점에 있는 것으로 추정할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 기록사진을 이용한 건축물의 위치복원을 시도한 사례가 국내외에서는 처음이나 문화재복원에 대한 새로운 과학적인 방법론으로서 본 연구의 의미가 있다. Gwanghwamun Gate of Gyeongbokgung Palace was dismantled and relocated during the Japanese colonial period, destroyed during the Korean War, reconstructed with reinforced concrete in 1968, and finally erected at its present location in 2010. A pair of Haechi statues located in front of Gwanghwamun was dismantled and relocated several times, and the statues have yet to be returned precisely to their original positions. This study assesses the historical accuracy of their current placement under the Gwanghwamun Square Restructuring Project of the Seoul Metropolitan Government and the Cultural Heritage Administration based on archival photos from the early 1900s, and proposes a method to estimate the original positions of the Haechi through image analysis of contemporary photographs and recent digital camera photos. We estimated the original position of the Haechi before the Japanese colonial period by identifying the shooting location of the archival photo and reproducing contemporary photographs by calculating the angle and distance to the Haechi from the shooting location. The leftmost and rightmost Haechi were originally located about 9.6 m to the east and 7.4 m to the north and about 1.9 m to the west and 8.0 m to the north, respectively, of their current location indicators. As the first attempt to determine the original location of a building and its accessories using archival photos, this study launches a new scientific methodology for the restoration of cultural properties.

델파이·AHP기법을 통한 유적정비 사후평가 지표 개발

정영래,남호현,Jung, Young-Lai,Nam, Ho-Hyun 한국건축역사학회 2014 건축역사연구 Vol.23 No.4

Recently, conservation and utilization of cultural heritage has been regarded as importance. So, various research papers about maintenance of the remains have been presented in many conferences. But most of researches have focused on introduction about maintenance methods and explanation about maintenance concepts of remains. And even in case of a few papers treated post-evaluation about maintenance of the remains the criteria of the evaluation has tended to somewhat subjective. So, the purpose of this study is to show the objective post-evaluation indexes which was developed by Delphi AHP methods. This research was proceeded in two stages. First, we arranged the evaluation index in a hierarchy to be made through the analyses about references and researches about maintenance of remains. 304 evaluation articles were elicited through the process. And then, elicited evaluation articles were classified with 'conservation' and 'utilization'. Second step was to figure out importance and validity of hierarchical evaluation articles with twice questionnaire surveys. This research used interval scale to comprehend validity and AHP method to evaluate relative importance of each other articles.