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현수진 ( Hyun Soo Jin ) 성균관대학교 인문학연구원(성균관대학교 인문과학연구소) 2017 人文科學 Vol.0 No.66
고려전기의 지배층은 『상서(尙書)』의 정치운영원리를 수용하였으며 이에 따라 다양한 정치적 상황에서 『상서』가 활용되었다. 『상서』는 국왕이나 신료의 정치적 의사에 당위성과 권위를 부여하였으며 주요 정치제도 시행의 명분이나 전범이 되기도 하였다. 이때 고려의 지배층이 읽었던『상서』는 『상서정의(尙書正義)』로, 이는 7세기 중반 『오경정의(五經正義)』가 한국으로 수용된 이래 이것이 중요한 유학적 텍스트로서 계속 읽혔던 것과 깊은 관련이 있다. 또한 당 태종의 정치를 이상적인 것으로 추구했던 고려 지배층에게 그의 정치상이 집약된 『상서정의』는 정치 운영의 전범이 될 수 있었다. 12세기에 접어들며 급격한 한랭화로 인한 재이(災異) 현상을 해결하는 것이 중요한 과제로 부각되었고, 이때 국왕의 강경(講經)을 통한 수덕(修德)이 소재(消災)의 근본적인 방법으로 인식되었다. 이러한 상황에서 『상서』 홍범(洪範)편은 점차 소재와 관계된 유학 경전으로 인식되었다. 예종대에 경연(經筵)에서 『상서』가 빈번하게 진강되었던 점은 이러한 『상서』 활용 양상의 변화를 잘 보여준다. This study focuses on examining the political use of Shangshu (尙書 or 書經), the Book of Documents, and its meaning in the early Goryeo (高麗) dynasty. There are two purposes of this study. First, this study attempts to understand the Confucian principle of political operation which Goryeo`s ruling class pursued. Second, it aims to search for the political and academic background why the principle was pursued in Goryeo society. In the age of the ancient Three Kingdoms, five Confucian scripts were read importantly. In case of Silla (新羅), the ruling class had already accepted the principle of political operation which Shangshu suggests, from the late 6th century to the early 7th century. From the mid-7th century, there was a change of understanding Shangshu as the Three Kingdoms sent students to the national school of the Tang (唐) dynasty in China. Just at that time, Emperor Taizong (太宗) of Tang let scholars such as Kongyingda(孔穎達) to arrange existing annotations and to make new ones related to five Confucian scripts. As students returned to their own country, they brought those scripts named Wujingzhengyi (五經正義). As a result, new annotations were accepted to the three countries. Shangshu became understood through Shangshuzhengyi (尙書正義) which was one of the Wujingzhengyi. Goryeo`s intellectuals read the scripts as well. Also they wanted to apply the principle of political operation written in Shangshu. Accordingly, it was used to cope with various political situations in early Goryeo. Shangshu gave imperativeness and authority to the king`s and bureaucrats` political decision-making. Also it was used as an example to several political systems performed at early Goryeo. As Goryeo society accepted the Confucian principle of political operation, it was natural that they accepted Shangshu`s contents. Also Shangshuzhengyi, which contains Tang Taizong`s ideal politics, became a model for Goryeo`s ruling class who pursued his political operation. By the turn of the 12th century, solving the problem resulting from the huge natural disaster became important for the Goryeo government. For them, the most fundamental way to solve this problem was found from the king`s self-discipline and by reading Confucian texts. The reason why they thought like this was an influence from Neo-Confucianism of the Northern Song (北宋) dynasty. In particular, Shangshu`s certain selection “Hongfan (洪範)” received attention since it was recognized as the way to solve the natural disaster. As a result, King Yaejong (睿宗) in Goryeo studied Shangshu, especially “Hongfan,” at the king`s study with his scholar bureaucrats called Gyeongyeon (經筵). This shows the changes had been made in using Shangshu at this time. However, Shangshu was still used actively at giving imperativeness and authority to the ruling class.
고려시기 『춘추(春秋)』 난신적자(亂臣賊子) 논리의 활용과 변화
현수진 ( Hyun¸ Soo-jin ) 한국중세사학회 2021 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.66
This study aims to illuminate the utilization of and the academic background behind the anecdote about traitors in Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals) in the Goryeo Dynasty(918~1392), in order to reveal the role of Confucianism in Goryeo society. According to Mencius, Chunqiu was written by Confucius, who wished to criticize traitors as “Nansin Jeokja”(亂臣賊子), which means subjects who killed their kings (Nansin) and sons who killed their fathers (Jeokja). The intellectuals in the early and middle Goryeo periods selected and used the anecdote to criticize actual traitors such as Yi Jagyeom and Cheok Jungyeong, after reading Mencius. It gave authority and legitimacy to them to criticize traitors based on Confucian thought. Since King Gongmin’s reign (1351~1374), intellectuals have used the anecdote to claim that anyone can kill traitors, and are not limited to criticizing them. That idea originated from Mengzijizhu (孟子集注) written by Zhu Xi(朱熹) which was itself influenced by Chunqiuzhuan(春秋傳) by Hu Anguo(胡安國), both of whom were Neo-Confucianists. In the late Goryeo period, Yi Seonggye and his followers focused on the usefulness of the anecdote and used it to execute King Wu and Chang and attack anti-Yi Seonggye political groups. Political groups in the late Goryeo period had been influenced by Mengzijizhu regardless of their political stance, thus political attack based on Chunqiu’s anecdote could influence on them.