Association between Detailed Disclosure on External Audit Execution and Audit Quality

허진숙,기은선 한국회계학회 2017 회계학연구 Vol.42 No.6

New International Standards on Auditing adopts a top-down risk based approach. It emphasizes an appropriate audit planning and the involvement of key engagement team members in the planning phase. We examine how additional audit efforts to the planning are related to audit quality. In addition, we investigate whether the relation between abnormal audit planning ratio and audit quality varies with the extent of the involvement of engagement partner. We use a total of 1,479 listed companies with detailed disclosure on audit hour by audit team members in 2014. We employ discretionary accruals as a proxy for audit quality. Abnormal audit planning ratio is measured as the difference between actual audit planning ratio and expected audit planning ratio. We find that abnormal audit planning ratio is negatively related to discretionary accruals. It implies that the sufficient time commitment to the audit planning can enhance audit quality. However, the proportion of partner time (as a fraction of total audit hours) does not affect this relation significantly. These findings add to our understanding of how the assignment of audit resources can affect audit quality.

포스타 : 산과 ; 심한 산후출혈시 (자궁적출술을 피할 수 있었던) Hydrostatic balloon catheter를 이용한 응급처치

허진숙,전현아,이근영 대한산부인과학회 2002 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.88 No.-

일반연제 발표 : 산과학 1 ; 호흡곤란증 방지를 위한 Corticosteroid 치료효과

허진숙,서찬호,김홍배,이근영,강성원,이영아,김덕하 대한산부인과학회 1995 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.76 No.-

협력사의 계약환경이 협력사의 회계선택에 미치는 영향

허진숙 글로벌경영학회 2022 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.19 No.2

This study analyzes whether the effect of the business relationship of large customers and subcontractors on the downward adjustment of subcontractors' profits is differentiated according to the contract environment of subcontractors. Subcontractors may show a downward earning trend on average compared to a company without a partner relationship, but discretionary earnings management cannot be used continuously.The situation in which subcontractors must use the downward earning adjustment may be discriminatory depending on the subcontractors contract environment..In this paper, information asymmetry, profitability of subcontractors, profitability of large customers, and bargaining power of subcontractors were used as contract environment. As a result of analyzing, a total of 9,205 listed companies from 2004 to 2014, only when the information asymmetry between large customer-subcontractors was high, the downward earning management was found. High information asymmetry means that earnings management opportunities increase. In addition, a downward earning management was observed only when prices-cut pressure increased, such as when the profitability of subcontractors increased or when the profitability of large customers decreased. This suggests that the subcontractors' downward earning management is not a regular accounting choice, but rather an accounting choice to alleviate unit price cut pressure. In addition, only when the bargaining power of subcontractors is relatively low, the tendency of downward earning management was observed. This indicates that subcontractors who have no choice but to accept the customer's request for unit price reduction have a high tendency of downward earning management. The results of this study show that the efforts of subcontractors to improve unequal negotiating power against large companies, such as diversifying their customers, can have an impact on accounting choice. In addition, downward earning management can be observed not only in specific circumstances, but also in regular contractual relationships, and it can be said that there is a contribution point in that it shows that the incentives are differentiated according to the contractual environment of subcontractors. 본 연구는 대기업 고객사와 협력사의 거래관계가 협력사의 이익의 하향조정에 미치는 영향이 협력사의 계약환경에 따라 차별적으로 나타나는지 분석한다. 협력사가 협력관계가 없는 기업에 비하여 평균적으로 이익의 하향조정 성향을 나타낼 수는 있으나 재량적 이익조정은 지속적으로 사용할 수 없다. 협력사가 이익의 하향조정을 사용해야만 하는 상황은 협력사가 처한 계약환경에 따라 차별적일 수 있다. 본 논문은 계약환경으로 고객사-협력사의 정보비대칭, 협력사의 수익성, 고객사의 수익성, 협력사의 협상력을 사용하였다. 2004년부터 2014년까지 유가증권상장기업을 대상으로 총 9,205개의 기업을 분석한 결과 고객사-협력사의 정보비대칭이 높은 경우에만 이익의 하향조정 성향이 나타났다. 정보비대칭이 높다는 것은 이익조정의 기회가 증가한다는 것을 의미한다. 또한 협력사의 수익성이 증가하거나 고객사의 수익성이 감소한 경우와 같이 단가인하 압력이 높아지는 상황에서만 협력사 이익의 하향조정 성향이 관찰되었다. 이는 협력사의 이익의 하향조정 성향이 상시적인 회계선택이 아니라 단가인하 압력을 완화하기 위한 회계선택임을 시사한다. 그밖에도 협력사의 협상력이 상대적으로 낮은 경우에만 협력사 이익의 하향조정 성향이 관찰되어, 고객사의 단가인하 요구를 수용할 수밖에 없는 협력사에게서 이익의 하향조정 성향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 검증결과는 협력사가 고객사를 다변화 하는 등 대기업과의 불평등한 협상관계를 개선하려는 노력이 회계에도 영향력을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 또한 이익조정이 특정한 상황에서만 발생하는 것이 아니라 상시적인 계약관계에서도 관찰될 수 있으며 고객사-협력사의 계약환경에 따라 차별적으로 그 유인이 달라짐을 보여준다는 점에서 공헌점이 있다고 할 수 있다.

The Effect of Customer-Subcontractor Relationship on Subcontractors’ Accounting Choices

허진숙 한국국제회계학회 2022 국제회계연구 Vol.- No.101

[Purpose]This study analyzes the effect of the customer-subcontractor relationship on the subcontractor’s accounting choice. Subcontractors want to maintain a continuous relationship with large customers. For subcontractors, relationships with large customer create two conflicting incentives. Since large customers want stable supply partner that can observe delivery due date and quality, subcontractor have an incentive to report stable performance. On the other hand, if profits are excessive, pressure to lower unit prices may increase from large customers, so there is also an incentive to report earning to a low level. In this paper, we analyze whether subcontractors have a high incentive to report stable earning or a high incentive to report low earning. [Methodology]This study used earning smoothing to measure incentives to report stable earning levels of subcontractors, and discretionary accruals were used to measure incentives to report low earnings. Using data from 2004 to 2014, it was analyzed whether there was a significant difference in earning smoothing and earning downward adjustment using discretionary accruals by comparing companies that are large customers’ subcontractors and those that do not. [Findings]As a result of test, it was found that subcontractors chose earning downward adjustment rather than earning smoothing. This can be interpreted as reflecting the subcontractors’ accounting choice tendency to avoid pressure to lower unit prices due to excessive earning rather than incentives to maintain a continuous relationship with large customers by reporting stable earnings. [Implications]This study has several contribution in that it revealed that the transactional relationship is a factor that can affect the subcontractors’ accounting choices. It also showed that the transactional relationship is another governance structure that can affect the decision-making of subcontractors without an equity relationship. Finally, previous studies on the earning downward adjustment studied this behavior in specific circumstances, but this study showed that earning downward adjustment may occur even in continuous transaction relationships.

자체분양공사 중 수분양자의 조기착공에 대한 법인세법과 일반기업회계기준의 수익인식 문제점 분석 :산업단지 분양법인 사례를 중심으로

허진숙,심준용,손시영 한국세무학회 2022 세무와 회계저널 Vol.23 No.4

This study examines the problems caused by different processing of Accounting Standards for Non-Public Entities and corporate tax laws when there is an early start of the pre-sale corporation. In the case of a general long-term construction, both Accounting Standards for Non-Public Entities and corporate tax laws do not require separate tax adjustments, but problems arise due to different processing of corporate accounting standards and tax laws if the buyer of the part of the land starts his own construction before the pre-sale corporation completes the construction. The pre-sale corporation also applies Accounting Standards for Non-Public Entities to account for buyer’s early construction, but the tax authorities apply Article 68 (1) 3 of the Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act for buyer’s early construction. The following problems arise when the Enforcement Decree of the Corporate Tax Act is applied to the early construction part of the buyer. First, the tax adjustment burden due to the difference between corporate accounting and corporate tax law is excessive, resulting in an increase in tax compliance costs. Second, corporate tax payments are likely to increase compared to total construction gains and losses. If the delivery standard is applied to early construction, a tax amount to be paid is generated at the beginning of the construction and a tax amount to be refunded at the end of the construction is generated. If this is not refunded, corporate tax will increase compared to the total construction profit and loss. Third, if the early construction generates initial construction profits and therefore the corporate tax has to be paid, the pressure of a large cash outflow on the pre-sale corporation increases. Lastly, the use of the progress standard for long-term construction under the Corporate Tax Act presupposes that the progress rate can be reasonably predicted, but since the progress rate changes due to exogenous factors such as the early construction of the buyer. The Corporate Tax Act does not specify the criteria for recognizing profits, but only requires the recognition by ‘confirmation of rights and obligations’. However, legal disputes are frequent because the timing of “confirmation” may vary for each individual case. Accepting corporate accounting standards may be more conforming to the real taxation principle, except in cases where legal problems such as tax equity and fair taxation may arise. In the case of the United States and Japan, in principle, corporate accounting is accepted in the period of attribution of profits. It may be a criterion that is more consistent with the real taxation principle to specify the progress criteria in the corporate accounting standards and accept the progress criteria for early construction to the pre-sale corporations that comply with them. 본 연구는 산업공단 분양법인의 사례를 중심으로 분양공사에서 수분양자의 조기착공 부분이 존재하는 경우 일반기업회계기준과 법인세법의 처리가 달라 발생하는 문제점에 대해 살펴보고 개선점을 제시한다. 일반적인 장기공사의 경우 일반기업회계기준과 법인세법 모두 진행기준을 사용하므로 별도의 세무조정이 필요하지 않다. 그러나 분양된 산업단지 중 수분양자가 단지 조성완료 전 착공을 개시하는 경우 기업회계기준과 세법의 처리가 다를 수 있다. 분양법인은 조기착공 된 부분에 대해서도 일반기업회계기준을 적용하여 진행기준으로 회계처리하나, 과세당국은 수분양자의 조기착공 부분에대해서는 법인세법 시행령 제68조 제1항 제3호를 적용하여 사용이 개시된 것으로 보아 인도기준을 적용하도록 하고 있다. 수분양자의 조기착공 부분에 대하여 법인세법 시행령을 적용하는 경우 다음과 같은 문제점이 발생한다. 첫째, 기업회계와 법인세법의 차이로 인한 세무조정 부담이 과도하게 발생하여 납세 순응비용이 증가한다. 둘째, 법인세 납부액이 전체 공사손익에 비하여 증가한다. 조기착공에 대하여 인도기준을 적용하면 공사초기에는 납부할 세액이 발생하고 공사후기에 결손금이 발생할 수 있다. 이를 공제받지 못하는 경우 전체 공사손익에 비하여 법인세가 증가하게 된다. 셋째, 조기착공에 대한 법인세법 적용 방식으로 인하여, 현금유출이 많은 공사초기에 법인세액까지 납부하는 경우 분양법인의 자금조달 압박이 가중된다. 마지막으로, 수분양자의 조기착공과 같은 외생적 요인으로 인하여 진행률이 왜곡되는 경우 재무제표의 신뢰성에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 법인세법에서는 수익인식 기준에 대해 구체적으로 명시하지 않고 ‘권리의무확정주의’에 의하여 인식하도록 하고 있으며, 이에 대한 법적분쟁이 빈번한 상황이다. 따라서 기업회계기준에 명시된진행기준을 준수하고 있는 분양법인들에게는 조기착공 부분에 대해서도 법인세법 상 진행기준을적용하도록 허용할 필요성이 있다. 본 연구의 사례분석은 실무상 발생하고 있는 사례를 보기 쉽게 제시하고 분석함으로써 향후 기업회계와 법인세법의 관계를 조정해 나가기 위한 정책적 시사점을 제공한다는 점에서 공헌점이있다

낙수효과 및 동반성장정책이 대기업 협력사의 이익조정에 미치는 영향

허진숙(Jin Suk Heo),권수영(Soo Young Kwon) 한국경영학회 2017 經營學硏究 Vol.46 No.6

환경교육적 탐구를 통한 유역 중심의 물 환경교육 교재화 연구

허진숙(Jin Sook Heo),이두곤(Du Gon Lee) 한국환경교육학회 2008 環境 敎育 Vol.21 No.4

The purpose of this study is to realize the teaching material, which develops the Model of Watershed Water Environment Education(EE) Textbook, by seeking for a method of the Inquiry with the Perspective of EE and by questing for the contents of watershed water environment necessary for Water EE with the Perspective of EE. First, the value of watershed EE was reilluminated through the literature analysis on the watershed. And ’Inquiry with the Perspective of EE’ methodology was newly presented that quests for the contents necessary and proper for EE from the viewpoint of EE. Also, with suggesting it as concept and methodology of ’Inquiry with the Perspective of Watershed EE’ by considering the value of EE in Water EE, it presented the content approach direction in the inquiry and the contents of the specific inquiry. Second, through the Inquiry with the Perspective of EE into water environment of the watershed Musim cheon (stream), which is a case region, it allowed the watershed water environment to be able to be synthetically understood. As for a sphere of the inquiry, 5 spheres were sought by taking into account a relation to a human being, as well as the water environment itself of the watershed Musim cheon (stream). Third, Based on the contents of the Inquiry with the Perspective of EE into the watershed Musim cheon (stream), ‘the Model of Watershed Water EE Textbook’ for middle-school students was developed. This model of textbook was selected largely four parts, and was organized with 10 learning objectives and 11 activities.

경기침체기의 호텔 객실수의 영향 요인에 관한 연구

허진숙(Jin Suk Hur),이정자(Jung Ja Lee) 한국호텔외식관광경영학회 2010 호텔경영학연구 Vol.19 No.6

Hotel reacts sensitively in business environment change. Therefore, it is difficult to expect an affirmative management results in recession. This study identifies factors affecting revenue of hotel rooms, which is the main revenue generating department, and helps to overcome from crisis in a recession through contributing revenue improvement. This study examines 60 hotels in Seoul on 2008 and 2009. Multiple regression analysis is conducted to test the hypotheses. The results show that ADR and occupancy rate significantly influences to hotel rooms revenue, but a number of rooms and age of hotel do not. Hotel rooms revenue is most closely tied to its ADR, although occupancy rate has a strong influence for first and second class hotels, while occupancy rate does for third class hotels. Raising or keeping its price in recession is the ones that enjoys strong rooms revenue for first and second class hotels. For third class hotels, discounting price leading to good occupancy rate is the best policy to maximize rooms revenue. The age of the property significantly influences the hotel rooms revenue for third class hotels. Among the same class hotels, the newer one has better rooms revenue. There is no significant difference in the result due to management type.

자산부채 평가가 회계정보의 가치관련성에 미치는 영향

허진숙(Jin Sook Heo),심준용(Jun Yong Shim),권수영(Soo Young Kwon) 한국경영학회 2016 經營學硏究 Vol.45 No.2