한국 남성의 단모음 [아, 에, 이, 오, 우]에 대한 음향음성학적 기반연구

최예린(Yaelin Choi) 한국콘텐츠학회 2010 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.10 No.6

영어의 경우는 모음포만트 분석이 질적이나 양적으로 이미 오래전부터 많이 이루어져 왔다. 그러나 한국어 모음이 음향음성학적으로는 제대로 분석되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 한국어 모음에 대한 음향음성학적 측면에서 정량적으로 충분한 자료 확보를 위한 과정의 일환으로 정상 남자 20대와 30대를 대상으로 한국어 모음의 음향학적 측면에서 정량적 자료를 얻고자 하였다. 한국어 표준어를 산출하는 20~30대의 남자 총 31명을 대상으로 기본 5 모음 인 /아, 에(애), 이, 오, 우/를 3회 반복산출한 것을 Cool edit에 녹음하여 MATLAB음향분석 프로그램을 이용하여 모음의 F1, F2, F3, F4를 구하였다. F1과 F2 모두에서 본 연구의 모음 포만트가 선행연구보다 전반적으로 낮은 경향을 보였으나 전체적인 패턴은 매우 유사하였다. 연령별, 어음재료에 따른 한국어 모음 자료들에 대한 연구가 더 요구될 것으로 사료된다. Numerous quantitative and qualitative studies have already been published related to English vowels. However, only minimal amounts of studies based on the acoustic analysis of Korean vowels have been accomplished. The purpose of this study is to obtain sufficient quantitative data based on the acoustic aspects of Korean vowels produced by males between the ages of 20s and 30s. A total of 31 males in their 20s and 30s produced the five fundamental vowels /a, e, i, o ,u/ by repeating each of them three times in the standard Korean dialect. Such speech productions were recorded with 'Cool edit' and F1, F2, F3, F4 were extracted through the MATLAB acoustic analysis program. Results indicated that the overall patterns of formants were similar to previous studies, except that the formant levels of F1 and F2 of the vowels produced in this study were generally lower than that in previous studies. Future studies need to focus on obtaining vowel data by considering other factors such as age and other speech materials.

성대마비와 성대구증의 강도 변화에 따른 최대발성지속시간 비교

최세진(Choi Sejin),최홍식(Choi Hong-Shik),김재옥(Kim Jaeock),최예린(Choi Yaelin) 한국음성학회 2012 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.4 No.1

The patients with incomplete glottic closure have an important feature decreasing the maximum phonation time (MPT) because airflow rate or air leakage is greater than people without voice disorders. Also they can appear a problem in the intensity regulation. This study analyzed MPT difference based on the comfortable intensity and louder intensity and the correlation between MPT and respiration volume of unilateral vocal fold palsy (UVFP) and sulcus vocalis (SV) group. The twenty with UVFP, the 21 with SV, the 21 normal subjects measured MPT in /a/ vowel prolongation task with comfortable intensity and louder intensity and compared analysis by measuring FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC to analyze the correlation between MPT and respiration volume. First, a comparison of MPT according to the intensity between groups is that MPT of the normal group was statistically significant long compared to the patient group in comfortable intensity, but MPT between groups was not statistically significant difference in the louder intensity. Second, an analysis of the correlation between MPT and respiration volume is that this was statistically significant correlation between MPT in comfortable intensity and MPT in louder intensity. But this did not show statistically significant correlation between intensity and respiration volume. This study can be supported the preceding study results deduced that shorting MPT of the patient group compared to the normal group was originated in the problem of laryngeal valving mechanism at the level of vocal folds rather than a problem of respiratory function. Also at the phonation by varying the intensity, the result can deduce that in the case of patient group, the length of MPT had been improved by increasing the glottal closure ratio in the louder intensity. These results can support the theoretical basis that should be applied to the clinicians by varying the intensity at the voice evaluation and voice therapy for the patients with the glottis incompetence.

실용음악전공학생과 일반남학생의 흡연여부에 따른 호흡과 발성 특성 비교

김은혜(Kim, Eunhye),최홍식(Choi, Hong-shik),임성은(Lim, Seong-eun),최예린(Choi, Yaelin) 한국음성학회 2014 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.6 No.3

This research compared the features of respiration and phonation between practical musicology students and general male students, according to their smoking status. Participants of this research are 15 practical musicology male students attending ○○ university and 16 general ○○○ university students. The participants, both non-smokers and smokers with 5-years of smoking history have no history of voice disease in any case and have normal cognitive functions. The results indicated that, first, there is not a notable difference in the respiratory activity status(FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC), regardless of major and smoking status. In MPT, even though there is no significant difference in accordance with their majors, considering smoking status, the smoker group was shorter than non-smoker group significant difference statistically (p<.01). Second, the divisions of participants’ major did not show significant difference in Fo, jitter, shimmer, and NHR in the vowel prolongation task. However, the smoker group showed a significantly higher degree of jitter and shimmer than the non-smoker group (p<.05) as Fo and NHR shows no difference. In the case of VRP, maximum frequency and frequency range of the practical group are significantly higher than normal group statistically (p<.001). Moreover, although the difference of the minimum frequency shown at the statistic is not significant, practical group showed a higher tendency of frequency than normal group (p=.051). In conclusion, even though there is no difference in respiratory activity between the smoker group and non-smoker group, the MPT of the smoker group is shorter than that of non-smoker group. In addition, the smoker group showed a higher degree of jitter and shimmer than the non-smoker group. MPT is related to the valve action of vocal fold that passes through the glottis. Thus, it is interpreted that the smoker group has a lower quality of voice and valve action of the vocal fold. Also, the practical group has a higher degree of maximum frequency and frequency range than the normal group. This research can function as basic data for vocal characteristics for the majors in relation to the voice-specializing.

경도 지적장애집단과 정상아동집단의 이야기 쓰기능력

조은호(Cho, Eun-Ho),최예린(Choi, Yaelin) 한국통합치료학회 2010 통합치료연구 Vol.2 No.2

본 연구는 표현어휘수준이 6~8세에 해당하는 경도 지적장애집단의 이야기 쓰기능력을 알아보기 위해 표현어휘수준을 맞춘 일반아동집단과 비교하였다. 두 집단의 표현어휘수준을 통제하기 위하여 아동용 한국판 보스톤이름대기검사를 실시하였고 글자없는 그림책 「Frog, Where are you?」(Mercer Mayer, 1969)을 통해 두 집단의 이야기 쓰기능력을 살펴보았다. 경도 지적장애집단과 일반아동집단의 이야기 쓰기에 나타난 이야기 구성 능력을 알아보기 위해 이야기 문법 총점과 하위점수의 차이를 분석 하였고, 언어적 특성을 위해 형태소로 본 평균절길이(MLC-m), 어휘다양도, 철자오류유형을 분석하였다. 연구 결과 두 집단 간의 이야기 쓰기 과제에서 나타난 이야기 문법 총점은 경도 지적장애집단이 일반아동집단보다 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였으나 이야기 문법 하위범주에서는 배경과 내적반응에서만 유의한 차이가 있었다. 또한 두 집단 간의 평균절길이(MLC-m)는 유의한 차이가 없었으나 어휘다양도 에서는 경도 지적장애집단이 일반아동집단보다 유의하게 낮은 결과를 나타냈다. 철자오류의 총점과 각 유형에서는 두 집단 간의 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았는데, 이는 두 집단 간의 생활연령 차이로 인한 결과라고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 결과는 경도 지적장애집단은 이야기를 구사하여 쓸 수 있지만 이야기를 조직적으로 구성하여 다양한 어휘로 표현하는 것에는 어려움이 있음을 보여준다. The purpose of this study is to inquire the narrative writing abilities of the mild intellectual disabilities group in the language age of 6-8 by comparing this group to the normal children group in the same language age. To evaluate the ability to construct a story, I analyzed the differences between total score of the story grammar and row ranking score, and to investigate linguistic characteristics, mean length of C-unit by morphemes(MLC-m), type-token ratio(TTR), finally types of spelling errors. As a result, the mild intellectual disabilities group obtained significantly lower score than the normal children group did in the total score of the story grammar in the narrative writing task, but, in the case of subcategory of story grammar, there were significant differences only in the background and inner responses. Also, there were no significant differences in the MLC-m between two groups, but the mild intellectual disabilities group showed significantly lower scores in the TTR. The significant differences between two groups were hardly seen in the total score and types of spelling error, and this is because the two groups have different chronological ages. All of these results show that the mild intellectual disabilities group is able to tell a story, but finds it difficult to construct a story organizationally and to express it in various vocabularies.

우뇌손상 환자의 은유이해

김은정(Eun-Jung Kim),최예린(Yaelin Choi) 한국언어청각임상학회 2009 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.14 No.1

배경 및 목적: 일반적으로 은유이해는 우뇌가 담당한다고 알려져 있으나 연구자들마다 다양한주장을 제기하고 있다. 본 연구는 우뇌손상 환자가 은유이해에 어려움을 보이는지 알아보고은유이해에 필요한 요소인 언어유추와 단어연상 능력을 살펴보고 이들 간의 상관관계를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 우뇌손상 환자 14명과 정상 성인 14명이 실험에 참가하였다. 실험과제는 은유이해 20문항, 단어연상 10문항, 언어유추 20문항으로 구성하였다. 결과: 은유이해와 언어유추는 우뇌손상 집단이 정상 집단보다 통계적으로 유의하게 낮은 점수를 받았다(p< .01). 단어연상 반응 수의 평균은 우뇌손상 집단이 정상 집단보다 적은 반응 수를 보였으나,통계적으로 유의하지 않았다(p > .05). 은유이해, 언어유추, 단어연상 간의 통계적으로 유의한상관관계를 보였다(p < .05). 논의 및 결론: 우뇌가 손상된 이후 은유이해에 어려움이 있다는것을 확인하였다. 우뇌손상 집단과 정상 집단이 어휘의 질적인 부분에 차이가 있을 것이며우뇌손상 환자는 정상인과 언어유추의 추론과 적용과정이 다를 것이라는 점을 시사하였다.은유이해와 다른 변인들 간에 유의한 정적 상관관계가 보여, 은유를 이해하는데 언어유추 능력과 단어연상 능력이 관련이 있는 요인들임을 확인하였다. Background & Objectives: Generally it is known that the right hemisphere of the brainis responsible for understanding metaphors, however some dissension still remains. This study examined whether or not patients with a damaged right hemisphere have difficulties in understanding metaphors, and evaluated their abilities withword association and verbal analogical processes necessary for understanding metaphors. Methods: The study group consisted of 14 adults with damaged right hemispheres and 14 normal adults. Each subject was presented with 20 metaphor comprehension questions, 10 word associations, and 20 verbal analogical processes. Results: The damaged right hemisphere group showed a relatively lower understanding of metaphors and verbal analogical processes compared to the normal group. The damaged right hemisphere group showed a lower number of responses to the stimuli than the normal group. However, the average number of responses to word associations was not significant. It was observed that there was a significant and static correlation between understanding metaphors and other variables. Discussion & Conclusion:: It was confirmed that patients have difficulty in understanding metaphors after damage to the right hemisphere. There is also a difference in the qualitative vocabulary between the group with damaged right hemispheres and the normal group. This implies that the group with damaged right hemispheres may have different verbal analogical processes and application processes compared to the normal group. This study could confirm that word association ability is related to verbal analogical reasoning for understanding metaphors.

이야기 산출 과제에서 5세, 7세, 9세 아동의 접속표지 사용 특성 비교

진옥희(Ok Hee Jin),최예린(Yaelin Choi) 한국언어치료학회 2009 言語治療硏究 Vol.18 No.1

A conjunction shows the relationship between a word and phrase or between sentences. It creates a logical connection between a pair of sentences and reveals the relationship in terms of meaning. There are four types of conjunctions; connective endings, conjunctive adverbs, coordinating conjunctions, and transitional phrases. These conjunctions enable people to extend sentences and create correct sentences by smoothly connecting a pair of clauses. However, the use of a conjunction without a specific purpose can cause a misunderstanding in terms of the relationship between the two sentences and can make a paragraph look awkward.Conjunctions affect children with language disorders or learning disabilities, and children who cannot properly understand the use of conjunctions usually show low performance results in reading and comprehension.Based on this significant point, the purpose of this study was to examine the characteristic use of conjunctions by normal children, ages five, seven, and nine, in a free-speaking environment using two tasks: story retelling and telling personal stories.In the results of the study, there were no significant differences in the use of conjunctive adverbs by age, but the five-year-olds used significantly fewer connective endings, than the seven and nine-year-olds. The five-year-olds also used fewer whole sentences than the nine-year-olds.Second, there was no significant difference in the use ratio of conjunctive adverbs and connective endings from the use ratio of conjunctive adverbs; the five-year-olds used fewer connective endings than the nine-year olds.Third, in the use ratio of conjunctive adverbs by individual types, the five-year-olds used the word ‘but’ less frequently than the nine-year-olds, but there was no significant difference in the use of the other conjunctive adverbs.Regarding the use ratio of different connective endings by age, depending on individual kinds, the five-year-olds used the words ‘and so’ significantly less frequently than the seven-year-olds, and the word ‘though’ significantly less frequently than the nine-year-olds. There was no significant difference in the use ratio of connective endings by individual kinds in other cases.As a whole, the analysis of the conjunctions shows that the conjunctive adverbs and connective endings mainly used by three groups are relatively simple and that the younger children are, the fewer types of conjunctions they use. All three groups used more connective endings than conjunctive adverbs, and the difference increased as the children got older.This trend may suggest that children use connective endings more frequently than conjunctive adverbs because the sentences they use get longer as they get older. The results of this analysis may aid future researchers in generally understanding the characteristic use of Korean conjunctions by children.

인공와우 이식 아동의 메타구문 능력

윤정선(Jeung-Sun Yoon),최예린(Yaelin Choi) 한국언어치료학회 2009 言語治療硏究 Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this study is to compare the meta-syntax ability of children with normal hearing ability and children with cochlea implants in the same stage of language development. To execute this study, tests were conducted regarding the language perceptibility, presence of voluntary expressions of auxiliary words, errors, and the comprehension of the meaning of syntaxes of a group of children with cochlea implants. The results of the tests were then compared to the results gathered from a group of children with normal hearing to match the language conditions of the two groups. Then, a review was conducted to determine whether there were differences in the meta-syntax ability between the two groups. The children with cochlea implants were examined to determine whether they were affected more by situational clues or visual conditions compared to children with normal hearing while implementing meta-syntax tasks. Also, the study measured if both groups showed improved meta-syntax ability when language conditions and visual conditions were presented together rather than when only language conditions were presented. The difference in the degree of improvement between the two groups was examined. The results of the study are as follows; (1) there was no difference in the metalinguistic awareness between the two groups, (2) the children with cochlea implants showed improved meta-syntax ability when both language conditions and visual conditions were presented rather than when only language conditions were presented, (3) it was indicated that there was no difference in the improvement between the two groups. The issues of this research focused on the meta-syntax ability of cochlea implants.

자폐스펙트럼장애 청소년의 대화방법 특성

양정연(Yang, Jung-Yeun),최예린(Choi, Yaelin) 한국통합치료학회 2010 통합치료연구 Vol.2 No.1

본 연구는 자폐스펙트럼장애 청소년 집단을 언어연령으로 일치시킨 일반 아동과 비교하여 대화방법 중 차례지키기, 주제유지 여부, 주제유지 방법을 살펴보았다. 연구대상은 언어연령 6세 3개월 자폐스펙트럼장애 청소년 10명과 이들과 언어연령을 일치시킨 일반 아동 10명으로 구조화된 상황과 비구조화된 상황에서 연구자와 말 주고받기를 하여 대화 자료를 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 집단과 차례지키기 유형 간 발화 빈도수 차이 결과, 집단과 차례지키기 유형 간에 상호작용 효과가 있었다. 또한, 차례지키기를 인접발화, 불명료발화로 나누어 비교하였는데, 자폐스펙트럼장애 청소년의 인접발화 빈도수가 많았으며, 비인접발화 빈도수는 적었다. 그리고, 두 집단 모두 불명료 발화는 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 집단과 주제유지 여부에 따른 발화 빈도수 차이 결과, 두 집단 모두 주제유지 발화 빈도수가 더 많았다. 그리고, 두 집단 간 주제 유지 발화 빈도수는 차이가 없었지만, 주제 비유지 발화 빈도수는 자폐스펙트럼장애 청소년이 더 많았다. 셋째, 집단과 주제유지 방법에 따른 발화 빈도수 차이 결과, 집단과 주제유지 방법 간에 상호작용 효과가 있었다. 두 집단 간 주제유지 방법 발화 빈도수의 비교 결과, 자폐스펙트럼장애 청소년이 새로운 정보를 더하지 않는 방법의 발화 빈도수가 더 많았다. 넷째, 대화방법에서 차례지키기, 주제유지 여부, 주제유지 방법을 구조화된 상황과 비구조화된 상황으로 살펴본 결과, 차례지키기, 주제유지 여부, 주제유지 방법 모두에서 집단과 구조화 유무 간 상호작용의 효과가 없었다. 또한, 집단 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. This research compared a group of adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASD) to general children accordant with linguistic ages and observed Turn-taking, keeping, topic-sustenance, and methods for topic maintenance in conversation situations. Research targets were 10 adolescents with ASD and general children who fall into the age 6 and 3 months for linguistic age. First, As the result of analysis on the frequency difference according to the group and type of turn-taking, there were interactive effects between the group and the type of turn-taking. Adolescents with ASD showed more adjacent utterances and less non-adjacent utterances than general children. Second, As the result of analysis on the frequency difference according to the group and type of keeping topic sustenance, there were interactive effects between the group and the type of keeping topic sustenance. The results of comparing the frequency of sustaining the topic was higher than the frequency not sustaining the topic for both groups. Third, As the result of analysis on the frequency difference according to the group and the topic maintenance method, there were interactive effects between the group and the topic maintenance method. Fourth, the results of dividing the observing conversation methods into structured and non-structured situations and studying it there were no correlative action effects between the group and the structualization in all of the observing conversation methods.

학령전기 아동의 이야기 산출능력 평가척도 개발을 위한 예비연구

염지혜(Ji Hye Yeum),최예린(Yaelin Choi),홍성화(Sung Hwa Hong),김은연(Eun Yeon Kim) 한국언어치료학회 2014 言語治療硏究 Vol.23 No.1

Story telling influences children's vocabulary combination or cohesive marker development as well as vocabulary acquirement. Thus, children's story telling evaluation is an important item for children's language evaluation. However, the existing story telling evaluation standards are produced as a standard either of the story telling grammar or of the cohesive marker, and their scoring systems are different from each other, making comparisons of the lower levels difficult.Thus, in this study, I intended to develop evaluation standards to compare the two abilities through a consistent scoring system of content composition ability and sentence expression ability in preschool children's story telling ability evaluation. For this, with a total of 30, 4-6 year-old normally-developing children as the subjects, 3 groups of 10 each, I implemented the task of retelling the swing story and the ball story. The evaluation standard was produced and divided into two: story telling analysis standard-the content composition standard and the sentence expression standard. I examined whether there are differences per age in the story telling content composition standard and the sentence expression standard produced in this study, and the relationship with KONA(Korean Narrative Assessment)'s story telling grammar evaluation and grammar goal, which is the existing story telling evaluation method.The study yeilded statistically meaningful results in that the 6-year-old group scored higher than the 4-year-old group in the standard scores of the content composition per age. Also, the higher content composition standard scores, the higher the KONA story telling grammar evaluation scores were statistically meaningful. The 6-year-old group scored higher than the 4-year-old group in the sentence expression standard scores per age as well. As per the higher sentence expression standard scores, the higher T unit numbers were statistically meaningful. As per the better sentence performance ability, the higher the ball story telling contents composition standard scores; and as per the higher the receiving and expression vocabulary performance ability, the higher the contents composition standard and the sentence expression standard scores were statistically meaningful.In conclusion, the story telling evaluation standard produced in this study is based on the KONA's analysis standard, broadening the range of the analysis standard by reflecting the other lower cohesive marker types together, showing a statistically meaningful relationship with KONA. Thus, the evaluation standard in this study can standardize children's story telling ability within the evaluation time, as well as using it in practice and utilizing it as the objective study data. In other words, this evaluation standard is a meaningful standard with which one can evaluate preschool children's story telling calculation capability.

Lee Silverman Voice Treatment(LSVT)프로그램이 파킨슨병의 음강 개선에 미치는 효과

김윤경(Yoon Kyoung Kim),최예린(Yaelin Choi),김윤정(Yunjung Kim),최은희(Eunhee Choi) 한국언어치료학회 2012 言語治療硏究 Vol.21 No.1

It is experiencing the difficulty of communication in daily life degrading the clarity of speech by the reduced intensity of sound that is speech characteristics of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Lee Silverman Voice Treatment is a program developed taking notice that the reduced intensity of sound with the characteristics of Parkinson’s disease is the main reason to degrade the clarity of speech. This program will increase the intensity of the voice with intensive care and is focusing on maximizing the phonation and respiration effort. Precedent research on whether the effects of LSVT program being used much in clinical practice currently is actively taking place, but it is difficult state to generalize because most of the studies have been made under limited samples. Therefore this study was integrate the results by collecting the existing precedent studies on whether the intensity improvement effects of Parkinson’s disease by LSVT program in each task of vowel phonation, reading, monologue and doing meta analysis for these.Research methods was selected 10 units of study systematically depending on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study after reviewing the relevant literature of domestic and foreign in the subject of “parkinson & LSVT. It was calculated the overall effect size of studies selected using random effects model. The analysis results of the vowel phonation, reading, monologue task, first, the result performed homogeneity test in the vowel phonation task is p-value=0.99609 and each study is homogeneity with each other, test result of the overall treatment effect is p-value<.0001 and can be considered significant. Second, the result performedhomogeneity test in the reading task is p-value=0.99909 and each study is homogeneity with each other, test result of the overall treatment effect is p-value<.0001 and can be considered significant. Third, he result performed homogeneity test in the monologue task is p-value=0.99115 and each study is homogeneity with each other, test result of the overall treatment effect is p-value<.0001 and can be considered significant. In the analysis results, it can be confirmed that it was improved all the intensity of vowel phonation, reading,monologue. Therefore the result verified the overall effect of LSVT program by each variable is that because p-value for all the variable is smaller than statistical significance level 0.05, LSVT program may be effective in promoting intensity. And in order to see the risk of each study of vowel phonation, reading, monologue,average distribution was appeared by drawing point chart.This study has a great significance that the intensity improvement effect of LSVT program was integrated systematically through the way called meta analysis. It can be considered that this study can be utilized highly in clinical that do not have enough time to collect raw data by providing information compressed systematically in many academic information.