돔형 전극을 사용한 마그네슘 합금 저항 점용접의 전극 수명 평가

최동순,황인성,김동철,강문진,Choi, Dong-Soon,Hwang, In-Sung,Kim, Dong-Cheol,Kang, Moon-Jin 대한용접접합학회 2013 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.31 No.6

Magnesium alloy is used on parts of aircraft and electronic equipment because of the highest specific strength among the common metal materials. Recently, studies about appling magnesium alloy sheet to automotive bodies are on the increase rapidly. For application to automotive bodies, researches about characteristics of resistance spot welding of magnesium alloy sheet are essential. Magnesium alloy has low boiling point, so getting sound bead shape is difficult when appling varies welding processes. Resistance spot welding is also particular about setting optimum welding conditions because of spatter generation, pores and cracks occurrence in nugget. And life of electrodes is very short because of alloying with copper that main material of electrodes. This requires frequent dressing and replacement of electrodes and decrease in productivity of resistance spot welding on magnesium alloy. Therefore in this study, for effective analysis of changes in tensile shear load and nugget size during electrode life test, evaluate detail characteristics of resistance spot welding on magnesium alloy sheet using dome type electrode.

STS429L 겹침 용접부의 파단 특성에 관한 연구

최동순,김재성,김현재,이보영,Choi, Dong-Soon,Kim, Jae-Seong,Kim, Hyun-Jae,Lee, Bo-Young 대한용접접합학회 2009 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.27 No.5

Recently, a demand of ferritic STS is increasing rapidly in automobile exhaust system. Exhaust manifolds are the part nearest to the engine so that the material is exposed to high temperature exhaust gas. Excellent heat resistant properties, especially high temperature strength, thermal fatigue resistance and high corrosion resistance are necessary for these parts. STS429L contains 15 weight percent of Cr and low Mo, so has good price competitive. And it has excellent high temperature strength and corrosion resistance, so receives attentions as material that applying to exhaust manifold. In tensile test of lap joint welded STS 429L, most of specimens are failed in base metal, but occurs brittle fracture in weld metals at some specimens in the face of good welding conditions. In the process of tensile test, lap joint welded STS429L specimens are transformed locally. The brittle fracture occurs that local transforming area exists in weld metals. But, butt welding specimens made by same materials showed ductile fracture in tensile test and bending test. In this study, suppose the reason of brittle fracture is in the combined local transform and tensile stress, through analysis of bead geometry, evaluate geometrical factor of brittle fracture in lap joint welded STS429L.

전류 파형 제어를 적용한 마그네슘 합금의 저항 점 용접 특성

최동순,황인성,김동철,류재욱,강문진,Choi, Dong-Soon,Hwang, In-Sung,Kim, Dong-Cheol,Ryu, Jae-Wook,Kang, Moon-Jin 대한용접접합학회 2014 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.32 No.2

In automotive industry, applying of Mg alloy to autobody has been issued recently as a light metal. But poor resistance spot weldability of Mg alloy is blocking commercialization. So studies on improving resistance spot weldability of Mg alloy is increasing continuously. For reduce loss of heat input during welding, inverter DC power source is considered because of short rise time to target welding current. But rapid rising of welding current can increase temperature rapidly in nugget and oxide film between electrode and base metal, and that causes generating expulsion on low welding current range. In this study, for increase optimum welding current range and prevent generating expulsion, applicate various types of welding current waveform controls during resistance spot welding. For analysis effects of each current waveform control, acceptable welding current regions according to electrode force and welding time is determined and lobe diagram is derived. In result, pre heat is proposed as optimum type of welding current waveform control.

Process Tape를 사용한 마그네슘 합금의 저항 점 용접 특성

최동순,김동철,강문진,Choi, Dong-Soon,Kim, Dong-Cheol,Kang, Moon-Jin 대한용접접합학회 2013 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.31 No.3

Recently, studies about application of magnesium alloy sheet to automotive bodies are on the increase. For application to automotive bodies, researches about characteristics of resistance spot welding of magnesium alloy sheet are essential. Electrode life of resistance spot welding of magnesium alloy is very short due to sticking of magnesium alloy to copper alloy electrode. To increase electrode life, most effective method is inserting cover plate between electrode and magnesium sheet. But application of cover plate to actual process is difficult and decreases welding productivity. Process tape supplied automatically as cover plate can minimize lose of productivity and increase welding quality. In this study, resistance spot welding of magnesium alloy is carried out with applying process tape. Acceptable welding current region according to electrode force and welding time is determined.

고려(高麗) 체관(諦觀)이 중국불교에 끼친 영향 -고려승 3인(제관,의통,지종)의 활동에 대한 통합적 고찰-

최동순 ( Dong Soon Choi ) 한국불교사연구소 2015 한국불교사연구 Vol.8 No.-

중국 당말송초 오대십국의 혼란기에 고려의 제관이 오월국에 입국하였다. 오월왕 전홍숙이 천태종 부흥을 시도했고, 고려에 천태교적을 요청했으며, 이에 대한 화답으로 제관이 장소(章疏)들을 가지고 절강성 국청사에왔다. 전적에는 제관 입국과 『천태사교의』저술한 사실을 기록했지만 이에 포함된 의미는 매우 크다. 그 하나는 『천태사교의(天台四敎儀)』저술의 의의이며 다른 하나는 제관 활동이 끼친 영향이다. 그의 저술이 현존하므로 그 의의를 알 수 있지만 그의 활동 내용을 추정하기는 어려웠다. 본 논문에서 밝히고자 하는 바는 제관의 입송 활동 추정이다. 『불조통기』에는 사신으로 입국한 제관에 대한 내용이 수록되어 있으나 활동사항에 대한 기록은 전무하다. 따라서 제관의 활동 내역을 알아보기위해 동시대 해당지역에서 함께 했던 인물들의 활동을 통해 알아보았다. 이를 위해 먼저 제관의 입국 배경에 대한 검토를 시도하였다. 그리고 제관의 활동은 그와 함께 나계 전교원에서 동석(同席)했던 고려승들과 의적의 활동을 통해 유추하였다. 그리고 그 영향으로서 산가파산외파의 논쟁내용을 살펴보았다. 제관은 10년간 나계에 주석했다. 오월왕이 추구하고자 했던 천태학 중흥을 위해 노력하였다. 천태학 연찬과 인물 배출을 통해 송 천태학 중흥에 일조했으며 이는 북송 및 남송의 천태종 발전을 가져왔으며 이후 고려의 천태종 개립과 깊은 관련이 있다. King of Owol who reigned over Zhejian province at the end of Tang and the early Song period intended to revive Tien tai order, which was then depressed. He requested resources to Goryeo, and Chekwan, an envoy and monk of Goryeo visited Owol state. Chekwan did not return to Goryeo but worked and died in China. Chekwan’s work entitled < Cheontaesagyoui > is an introductory book of Tien tai studies. And, this study had a great impact on Northeast Asian Buddhism including Korea. Studies on Chekwan were mainly on < Cheontaesagyoui >. But, this study examined Chekwan’s activities in China. Before Chekwan visited China, Uitong, a monk of Goryeo stayed at Cheontaehyeon Guoqingsi. And, Jijong, a scholar monk of Goryeo who remained at Hangzhou, the capital of the period came to Guoqingsi. So, the three remained at the same place together. Thanks to the support of Qanhongshu , King of Owol, Jeongyowon temple was established at Cheontaehyeon Nagye. It was to store resources taken from Goryeo and to study Tien tai studies. At that place, they studied for the revival of Tien tai studies. Until Uitong founded Jeongyowon temple at Ningbo, a trade city, they lived at Guoqingsi and Nagye Jeongyowon together. The revival of Tien tai studies led by Uijeok produced many outstanding scholars together with 3 monks of Goryeo. Specific role of Chekwan at Nagye Jeongyowon was not revealed. But, it can be conjectured that he played an important role in the development of Tien tai studies. There were continuous Tien tai studies at Jeongyowon which Uitong established in Ningbo. Jirye was produced from there. Jirye was a member of In Mountain sect and engaged in discussion with Out Mountain sect at Hangzhou. He overcame them and revived Tien tai order again. That order had great impact on Korea and Japan as well as China. It cannot be denied such was made possible by the entrance of Chekwan to China and his activities in China. Uitong became the 16th chancellor of Tien tai order of China, and Jijong became a national monk of Goryeo after his return.

天台 圓敎와 圓頓行의 관계성 고찰

최동순(Choi Dong-soon) 보조사상연구원 2005 보조사상 Vol.24 No.-

  Many Upayas(方便) of Pundarika-Sutra(法華經) had influenced on Chih-i(智?, 538-597) in Sui(隋) dynasty in China. He recognized that teachings of Buddhism have many Upayas at that time. However, those Upayas return to One Great Teaching, it is said that the thought of One-yana(一 乘), and it was applied to Chih-i"s Teachings and Trainings. This thesis concentrate upon the subject of all the Trainings in stand point of Pundarika"s Great Teaching. Now, I will sum up the Whole content of this thesis as four parts.   The first, Great Teachings of T"ien-t"ai should turn to one"s face. In Chih-i"s point of view, he thought that the contents of the Sutras make all the mankinds to Buddha"s interpretation. They need to many Upayas, because all mankind‘s persevering are different. Accordingly, there are many Teachings and Trainings in Chih-i"s preachings. His Teachings chase after the Buddha"s Teachings that it’s the method of Opening; Showing; Realizning; Awakening; Entering(開示悟入).   The second, Guan-ding(灌頂, 561-632) and Di-guan(諦觀) who are scholars of T"ien-t"ai Order chase after Chi-i"s Teaching Step that is Great Teaching(圓敎), of fourth The Rudimentary(藏敎), The Transmitting(通敎), The Separate(別敎)) Although Great Teaching means moderation or perfect equipment, equality, but it should be connect with common man(凡夫). That is to say, Great Teachings and Trainings should to intimate with common men, should not be separated with it.   The third, Chih-i said that The Teachings must agree with The Training in Great Teachings. So he maintained that Perfect Trainings should be accomplished by Great Teachings. In other way, it"s the same that in a theory agree with practice. He established three kind of zhi-guan(三種止觀) by three kind of Teaching(三種敎相). And he also established Five Time and Eight Teaching(五時八敎). They can be applied fifty-two steps(52位) what is Buddhist"s training steps base on Ying-luo Sutra(瓔珞經).   The fourth, T"ien-t"ai zhi guan(天台止觀) is represented the training of The Three thousand for one thought(一念三千) and Three discerning for one mind(一心三觀), and two trainings pursue The Practice of The Turth Caracter of All Things(諸法實相). The Three thousand for one thought based on Pundarika Sutra and Hua yen Sutra(華嚴經), but Three discerning for one mind based on the thought of Prajna and Nagarjna"s Teachings.   Chih-i considered the relativity in Great Teachings and Great Trainings, though they are Stepping Trainings. Although it"s Stepping Zhi Guan(漸次止觀), Chih-i emphasised, they all relate to with Maha yana and Turth caracter. Finally, all the Teachings and Trainings of T"ien-t"ai order are established by a stand point of Great Teachings, and the goal of them is also Perfect Training. And Perfect Teachings include also Stepping Trainings.

성장기에서 관절융기 높이 및 경사의 연령적 변화

최동순(Dong-Soon Choi),장인산(In-San Jang),차봉근(Bong-Kuen Cha) 대한치과교정학회 2010 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.40 No.6

관절융기의 높이와 후면의 경사는 교합과 긴밀한 관계를 유지하며 하악 운동 시 하악과두의 이동 경로를 결정하는 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 성장기 아동에서 연령별로 관절융기의 높이 및 경사의 변화를 평가하는 것이다. 양호한 골격을 보이는 5.9세부터 19.7세까지 총 160명(남자 71명, 여자 89명)의 대상자가 선정되었고, 이들의 측두하악관절 단층방사선사진에서 관절융기의 높이, 관절융기 후면의 경사가 측정되었다. 남녀 각각 9.0세 미만(Group 1), 9.0 - 10.9세(Group 2), 11.0 - 12.9세(Group 3) 13.0 - 14.9세(Group 4), 15.0 - 16.9세(Group 5), 17.0세 이상(Group 6)의 6군으로 나누었고, 그룹 간 비교를 위해 일변량분산분석, 남녀 간 비교를 위해 Mann-Whitney 검정을 실시하였다. 각 연령 그룹의 평균 관절융기 높이는 남자에서 4.8 mm, 6.1 mm, 6.4 mm, 7.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 9.2 mm였고, 여자에서 4.8 mm, 5.4 mm, 6.4 mm, 6.9 mm, 7.6 mm, 7.1 mm였다. 각 연령 그룹의 평균 관절융기 경사는 남자에서 29.5˚, 34.4˚, 35.5˚, 37.6˚, 40.3˚, 42.6˚였고, 여자에서 29.7˚, 31.7˚, 34.7˚, 37.4˚, 39.3˚, 36.2˚였다. 관절융기의 높이와 경사는 남자에서는 Group 5까지, 여자에서는 Group 4까지 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 남녀 간 비교에서는 Group 6에서만 남자가 여자보다 유의하게 컸다. 관절융기의 성장가속기는 여자가 남자보다 4년 가량 빨랐고, 남자는 여자보다 더 늦은 나이까지 성장하였다. 성장기 중 관절융기의 높이와 경사는 매우 많은 변화를 보였으며, 따라서 이 시기에 교정치료 시 기능적인 정상교합을 달성하기 위해서는 관절융기의 연령적 변화와 성장 양상을 이해하는 것이 중요하다고 생각한다. (대치교정지 2010;40(6):411-420) Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in height and inclination of the articular eminence during the growth period. Methods: One hundred and sixty subjects (71 males and 89 females) with a normal skeletal pattern and TMJ function, ranging in age from 5.9 to 19.7 years were divided according to their chronological age into six groups. Lateral individualized corrected TMJ tomograms were taken of all subjects, and the height and inclination of the articular eminence were measured. UNIANOVA was used to compare the differences between the age groups. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the differences between male and female subjects. Results: The height and the inclination of the articular eminence were increased and became steeper with age, and the height and the inclination were larger in male than in female subjects. Conclusions: Dynamic changes in the height and the inclination of the articular eminence were observed during the growth period, therefore a full understanding of the growth of the articular eminence is important for orthodontic and orthopedic treatment in this period. (Korean J Orthod 2010;40(6):411-420)

여자축구팀의 집단응집력이 선수만족에 미치는 영향

최동순(Dong-Soon Choi) 산업기술교육훈련학회 2008 산업기술연구논문지 (JITR) Vol.13 No.1

The purpose of this study was to examine how group cohesiveness affected player satisfaction and team success in women s football teams. The subjects in this study were 225 soccer players who included 150 from college teams and 75 from business teams. All the teams registered with Korea Football Association. 25 players each were selected from six college teams, and 25 players each were selected from three business teams. A survey was conducted with 35-item questionnaires that covered the group Cohesiveness and Satisfaction of the Players. Self-administration method was used The collected data were analyzed by SPSS/PC 12.0 for Windows program and descriptive statistics. The statistical methods used in this study were multiple regression analysis. The findings of the study were as follows the group cohesiveness of the female football teams had an impact on the satisfaction of the players.

『보운진조집』의 성립과 그 위상 연구

최동순(Choi, Dong-Soon) 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2021 佛敎學報 Vol.- No.96

보운의통(927-988)은 고려승이다. 그는 구법을 위해 오월에 입국하였다. 스승 의적 문하에서 천태교관을 익히고 귀국하던 도중 명주 군수가 잔류를 요청하였다. 의통은 그곳에 전교원(보운원)을 개설(968)하였으며 많은 제자들을 배출하였다. 그후 명맥만 유지하던 천태종이 크게 흥성하였다. 그 이유는, 의통이 정토교를 적극 수용하였으며, 이를 천태교관으로 해석하여 대중들에게 제시한 때문이다. 의통의 사상과 행법은 송 천태종은 물론 원대와 명까지 이어졌다. 또 의통의 법손들이 고려 의천의 천태종 개립을 도왔으며, 일본 천태종에도 영향을 끼쳤다. 그러나 지금까지 의통의 사상과 행법 자료들이 존재했음에도 연구의 사각지대였다. 이는 한국·중국·일본의 학자들이 연구를 시도하지 않은 때문이다. 다만 한·중 교류사와 관련하여 의통스님의 행적을 조명했을 뿐이다. 따라서 의통의 사상과 행법에 대한 국제적인 위상을 알릴 필요가 충분하다. 본 논문의 내용을 세 가지로 요약한다. 첫째는 종효(1151-1214)의 시각에서 의통을 조명하였다. 그것은 의통에서 종효에 이르기까지 200여 년간 천태종 세력이 크게 발전했기 때문이다. 『보운진조집』의 성립 배경과 함께 『사명존자교행록』, 『낙방문류』 등에 나타난 의통의 영향을 기술하였다. 둘째는 『보운진조집』의 구성과 그 특징이다. 24개 항목을 도식하고 그 연도와 간략 내용을 표시하였다. 이와 함께 의통의 행장이 세상에 알려지기까지의 과정을 도식했으며, 보운원 설립과 중수에 이어 주석한 인물들을 목록으로 구성하였다. 셋째는 『보운진조집』에서 표현한 존숭의 용어 및 문구들을 열거하였으며 의통이 일으킨 산가교학과 염불행법이 역사적 전환점이었음을 기술하였다. 특히 의통이 칭한 ‘향인’의 의미가 유심정토 사상을 가리킨다는 점을 기술하였다. 이 논문에 기반하여 의통의 사상과 행법 그리고 그 영향관계를 본격적으로 연구할 것이다. 의통이 지향하는 사상적 근간은 ‘마음’에 대한 종파적 정의이다. 이는 선종의 직심(진심)과 천태종의 망심에 대한 구별이다. 의통은 범부의 망령된 마음에도 부처를 내재한다고 주장하였다. 본성미타를 실현하기 위한 염불행의 구조를 『관무량수경소기』에서 구현한 것이다. 이 사상은 지례(960-1028)의 『관무량수경소묘종초』에 반영되었다. 그 중요점은 원융과 성구의 입장에서 심·불·중생이 무차별임을 구현한 교판이다. Master BounUitong (寶雲義通, 927-988) is a Buddhist monk from the Goryeo (⾼麗) Dynasty who entered the Wuyue (吳越) to research Buddhism. He tried to return home after learning the principles and practices of the Tientai order under his teacher Yiji (義寂), but was requested by the governor of Mingzhou (ningbo, 寧波) to stay instead. Uitong opened (968) the Chuanjiaoyuan (傳敎院) (Bounyuan) temple there and trained his disciples. Since then, the Tientai Order, which had only maintained its reputation, has developed significantly. The reason is that Uitong, in addition to traditional doctrines and practices, has suggested a method suitable for the public living in cities. Uitongs ideas and methods of performance not only continued to the Tientai Order of the Song Dynasty, but to the Yuan (元) and Ming (明) periods as well. In addition, the descendants of Uitong helped in the opening of the Tientai Order of Goryeo and influenced the spread of the Tientai Order in Japan. So far, however, Uitongs ideas and methods have remained obscured by blind spots in the literature. So far, research has only covered his activities, having only studied Uitong in the history of the exchanges between Korea and China. As such, this paper will study Uitongs activities, which have not yet been described or disclosed. The contents of this paper follow the following layout: first, I have illuminated Uitong from the perspective of Zongxiao (宗曉, 1151-1214). The Tientai Order developed throughout a period of about 200 years, from Master Uitong to Zongxiao. I described the background of the establishment of Bounjinjojip (寶雲振祖集) and the effects of Uitongs ideas on Simingzunzhejiaohanglu (四明尊者敎⾏錄), Lebangwenlei (樂邦文類), etc. The second section concerns the composition of Bounjinjojip and its characteristics. I have charted 24 lists, accompanied by the year, and have briefly marked them. Along with this, I charted the process of Uitongs activities as they became known to the world. After the establishment of a temple, I also listed the people who had lived there. Lastly, I described the terms and phrases of respect as expressed in Bounjinjojip, and write how the Shanjia (⼭家) study and Chant performance by Uitong had caused a turning point. In particular, Uitongs definition of Hyangin (鄕人) describes the embodiment of the Usimjungto (唯心淨土). The fundamental goal of Uitongs ideas is a sectarian definition of the “mind”. Uitong distinguished the “mind” of the Seon discipline from the “mind” of Buddha-invocations. Uitong stated that ordinary people, like Buddha and the great master, also already embedded Buddha in his mind. He implemented the method of Buddha-invocation structures in Guanmoliangshoujingshuji (觀無量壽經疏記).

염불수행의 원리와 실제

최동순 ( Choi Dong-soon ) 한국밀교학회 2023 불교학밀교학연구 Vol.3 No.-

염불수행의 역사는 석존 재세시로부터 비롯되며, 염(念: sati)수행은 석존의 보리수 아래 수행 과정에서도 이루어졌다. 염불 수행의 실제를 살펴보기 전에 염수행의 발생을 알아볼 필요가 있다. 태자시절부터 고타마는 염수행, 즉 알아차림을 수행하였고 이후 대각 성취과정에서도 마찬가지였다. 그후 석존은 정념을 중심으로 팔정도 수행법을 세상에 알렸다. 정념인 싸띠수행의 실제는 하나의 대상에 집중한다. 코끝에 기준점을 두고 들숨인 아나와 날숨인 아파나를 알아차리는 좌념이 있으며, 걸음을 알아차리는 행념 역시 실제의 수행이다. 염은 ‘억념하다’로 정의하지만 이는 자신의 현재 ‘알아차림’을 전제한다. 염불은 석존의 모습을 기억하되 명백하게 기억하므로 또한 수행이 시작되었다. 따라서 염불의 역사는 부처님 재세시로부터 비롯된다. 염불로 부터 염법 혹은 염승 등 다양한 대상을 억념하여 육념, 팔념, 십념의 숫자가 만들어졌다. 이로써 염은 다양한 형태로 실제 수행에 적용된 것이다. 그 다양성이 염처로 나타났으며 그 중 사념처는 초기불교로부터 중요한 수행법으로 자리 잡았다. 염불에 수반되는 의례들 때문에 염불문화를 형성시켰으며 예술로 인식되기도 한다. 이 때문에 수행의 실제인 염불이 그 기능을 행하지 못하는 경우가 많다. 따라서 본 논고에서는 염불 수행의 원리로서 그 실제들을 확인하였다. 염불의 목표는 성불이고 그 근거들은 정토삼부경에 깨달음에 대한 다양한 용어들로 나타난 것을 살펴보았다. 나아가 신해와 발심, 보리심 등에 의한 수행계위를 설정하고 있다. 특히 육자 십념은 『무량수경』, 『관무량수경』을 현실에서 활용한 경우이다. 당 선도(善導) 등 많은 염불사들이 이 경전을 인용하여 내지십념에 대해 다양한 해석을 내리고 있으며 방법론 역시 많다. 그 내용들을 분석하여 정리하였다. The history of Buddha Recollection practice dates from the Sakyamuni era. It is necessary to investigate the occurrence of sati practice before identifying Buddha Recollection. Gautama Siddhartha has been doing sati practice, or mindfulness practice, since the time of the prince. The same was true in the process of achieving enlightenment. After that, Sakyamuni introduced the practice technique of the Noble Eightfold Path to the world around Sati practice. Satipractice is to focus on one object and aware it. You notice breathing with a reference point at the end of your nose, which is a sitting technique. And it is also standing sati that notices the soles of one's feet when walking. Sati is described as 'remembering', which presupposes 'awareness' of the present self. Budha Recollection is to remember the appearance of Sakyamuni, and the practice began from remembering clearly. The discipliner clearly remembers various objects from Budha Recollection, such as Damma Recollection or Sangha Recollection. This resulted in numbers of 6sati, 8sati, and 10sati. Therefore, sati has been applied to practical exercises in various forms. Its diversity emerged as Standards of sati, of which Four standards of sati became an important sati technique from the beginning of Buddhism. The various rituals that accompany Buddha Recollection shape the culture. People also perceive this as art. For this reason, Buddha Recollection, which is the actual practice, often does not perform its original function. Therefore, in this paper, the realities were confirmed as the principle of practice Buddha Recollection. The goal of practice Buddha Recollection is of course to become a Buddha. I found the evidence in the relevant sutra. Here I searched for various terms for enlightenment. I also found that there are practice steps by faith-interpret and a willingness to enlightenment. In particular, it is a long tradition to chant the six letters of Namu Amitabha Buddha 10 times, which is a case cited in the Muryangsu Sutra and the Gwanmuryangsu Sutra. Buddhist Masters from Silla and Tang Dynasty cited about ten chant which they interpret in various ways. There are also various ways to practice 10chants. I analyzed and summarized the contents in this paper.