The Ambiguity and Incompleteness of the ADA, and the Necessity of Dumping Margin Modeling

채대석,김미정 한국관세학회 2010 관세학회지 Vol.11 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to find the ambiguity and incompleteness of the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (commonly referred to as the Anti-Dumping Agreement or ADA), and underscore the necessity of the dumping margin; including the evaluation of the injuries by dumped imports. Since the January 1st 1995 the rules of multilateral trading systems relating to anti-dumping can be found in the following WTO (World Trade Organization) provisions:(i) Article VI of the GATT 1994 (The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994). Article VI contains the basic provisions relating to anti-dumping action and is the enabling provision, and (ii) The Agreement on Implementation of GATT 1994 (ADA), sets the procedures for conducting anti-dumping investigations. However, the Agreement does not specify how the member's investigating authorities are to evaluate the injury or the causal relationship between the dumped imports and the injury to the domestic industry. Under these circumstances, this paper is to find ambiguity and incompleteness of the ADA, and make a point for the necessity for modeling dumping margins. Especially, this paper focuses on the evaluation of the injury to the domestic industry by dumped imports.

서비스의 교역성과 한국에 있어서의 서비스 교역 문제

채대석 동국대학교 지역정책연구소 2000 地域發展硏究 Vol.6 No.1

In Order for services to become prominent actors in the world economy, they must possess attributes that enable them to be exchanged across geographical space. This is essentially dependent on the purchased by customs several thousand miles away from the suppliers, or they can be traded which organizations but between establishments located in several different countries. Until very recent by few politicians, and not many economists, gave much thought to the question of international trade in services. Generations of them had grown up and felt comfortable with the notion that services were essentially non-tradeable, because of the need for face-to-face contact between the service provider and his customer. This perception was always wrong to a considerable extent-financial services and maritime transport are obvious examples of services which have been traded internationally for centuries. Even so, it is odd that services were neglected by the international trading system for so long, given that they account for more than 70% of employment and production in OECD countries and for a major and growing share in virtually all countries : Evan in Korea and Singapore : countries which are famous as centers since 1990 have grown faster, by 5% and 2% per annum respectively than merchandise exports. Under these circumstances, the purpose of this paper in to exam the tradeability of services in Korea. From this study of Korea exports of services, I drew the following conclusions. 1. The theory of comparative advantage as a theoretical statement about economic relationship should be equally valid whether the products encoupassed by the theory are tradeable physical goods or tradeable services. 2. Theres is a comparative disadvantage of the traded services in Korea. 3. The main sources of a comparative advantages on traded services are the transpotation services and the property rights. The above conclusions suggest that we need the strategic trade in Korea.

WTO 체제하에서의 국제통상분쟁

채대석 동국대학교 지역개발대학원 2000 開發論叢 Vol.9 No.-

WTO 통상환경 하에서 서비스부문의 세계화 모드에 관한 고찰

채대석 한국통상정보학회 2005 통상정보연구 Vol.7 No.3

國際貿易理論의 空間的 擴張과 實證分析

蔡大錫 동국대학교 경주대학 1991 東國論集 Vol.10 No.-

A foundation for space economy- theoretic model of trade theory lies in the correspondence between Ohlin's trade theory and Weber's location theory. Isard states that "trade and location are as two sides of the same coin" but he provides no conerete demonstration of the aptness of such a simile. This paper endeavors to demonstrate that a duality exists between modified versions of Weber's least-cost location model and the factor endowments model of Heckscher-Ohlin trade theory. The trade theory can be studied from a variety of disciplinary or methodological viewpoints; that focused on here emphasises the role of space, as independent variable influencing the form and function of system. Importance of space costs(transport costs) in general been neglected empirical studies concerning trade policies. However, some recent empirical studies indicate that transport costs generate higher effective rate of protection than tariffs. Space costs reduce the volume of trade and hence the degree of national specialzation in production by creating a wedge between the price paid by consumers in the importing country and the price received by producers in the exporting country. The final objective of this paper is to evaluate the influence of space costs on its trade flows. For the purpose we have studied US imports from Korea and from other countries. Space costs have been calculated for the 7-digit level commodity groups for 1987 and 1988 using data published by the US Department of Commerce. These empirical results can be used to project the change in the pattern of trade that would result from given changes in space costs.

國際貿易理論에 있어서 輸送費의 역할

蔡大錫 동국대학교 2007 慶州大學論文集 Vol.9 No.-

C.I.F條件의 所有權移轉과 被保險利益

蔡大錫 東國大學校 경주캠퍼스 1983 慶州大學論文集 Vol.2 No.-

서비스의 일반적 특성과 경주지역 서비스 산업의 특징

蔡大錫 東國大學校 地域開發大學院 1997 開發論叢 Vol.6 No.-

This paper has two purposes. One is to discuss and define the concepts of services. The second purpose is to describe the nature of service industries of Kyongju area. Unfortunately, there is not yet universal agreement on the definition of services and so any discussion of services must begin with definition of terms. What are services, and how are they classified? This is very important, and there are almost as many answers as there are researches that have written on the subject. But the definitional and classification problems that have plagued the study of services will persist because this services are diverse and consequently difficult to classfity. The broad definition of services implies that intangibility is a key determinant of whether an offering is or is not a services, while this true, it is also true that very few products are purely intangible or totally. Instead, services tend to be more intangible than manufactured products, and manufactured products tend to be more tangible services. On the other hand, the geographical domain of service industries now extends for beyond local or national boundaries to embrace the international stage. Under this circumstances, this paper is to describe the nature of services industries of Kyongju area.

單純貿易模型의 一般化에 관한 小考

蔡大錫 동국대학교 해외개발연구소 1983 國際貿易論叢 Vol.1 No.-

The purpose of this study is to survey with interconnection the extended trade models developed so far by many economists through the relaxation of the assumptions. That is, this paper is concermed with introducing two commodities, many countries, and many commodities, two countries in the Ricardo trade model and many goods, many factors in the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model (H-O model for short). The analysis of chapter 2 can be easily extended to the case where not two but any number of commodities are produced in two countries. The model of this chapter can be generalized easily from another point of view. The number of commodities can be kept two while the number of countries can be allowed to increase to m (m>2). Both of this case can be handled quite easily in terms of the concept of the comparativ advantage chain. Chapter 3 deals with the theoretical extension of the H-O model. The H-O model is usually formulated in terms of the 'two-by-two-by-two' model. The attempts to relax some of these rather restrictive assumptions of the H-O model and to consider such facts as variable supply of labor, increasing returns to scale, transportation costs, more than just two trading countries and so on, have been made with varying degrees of success. This chapter is some of such attempts to generalize the standard H-O model which is concerned with introducing many goods, many factors. Attempts at such generalization, however, would requires the use of fairly advanced mathematics. In this case, Jone's 'The Structure of Simple General Equilibrium Models' is used in order to prove mathematically three basic results of H-O model: the factor price equalization theorem, the Rybchynski effect concerning the impact of endowment changes on outputs at constant commodity prices, the Stolper-Samuelson effect concerning the impact of commodity price changes on factor rewards with endowments fixed. In short, this paper has examined how some of the pure theory of international trade must be modified when a simple trade model is extended to the generalization.

國際收支調整의 貨幣的 接近

蔡大錫 동국대학교 경주대학 1986 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

This paper has concerned with what is called 'the monetary approach' to the balance of payments. An essential feature of this new analysis is its stress on hoarding and the real balance effects connected with hoarding. The hoarding is proportional to the excess stock demand for money : changes in the balance of payments are explained in terms of supply of money increases, through an expansion of domestic credit, it will cause a deficit in the demend for money will, on the contrary, lead to surplus in the balance of payments as it will lower the demand for goods and various assets, and thereby decrease the aggregate demand in the economy. Another important feature of the monetary approach is the assertion that money is and endogenous variable. This is reflected in equations (16) and (17), which divide the money supply into two components, one consisting of domestically created credit and the other of international reserves, and demonstrate the feedback from the balance of payments. This means that money will transferred from country Ⅰ to country Ⅱ. After this redistribution of monies has taken place the world economy will reach a full equilibrium position where the world market for goods clears and where the balances of payments of the two countries are in equilibrium. In the short run the devaluation will bring a surplus in the balance of payments of the devaluing country and an excess demand for goods in the rest of the world. A devaluation will increase the demand for money in the devaluing country. This follows from the fact that it will increase the domestic price level and hence cause cash balances to be too low. The only way the residents of the country can build up their real balances is by supplying its residents will exchange some of their now superfluous cash for goods. There by country Ⅱ will take advantage of the capital gains which a devaluation abroad will bring them. This surplus will however, be of a transitory nature. One cash balances have been restored to an optimal size, the surplus in the balance of payments will evaporate. When money supplies have been redistributed between countries a new equilibrium will be reached. In the long run markets will clear, cash balances will be in equilibrium, and the balance of payments will be in equilibrium changes in supply and demend for assets can also have important repercussions on the exchange rate. If foreign investors expect a country's exchange rate to depreciate, this change in expectatious can be self-fulfilling and cause a deprication of the currency. Such changes in the exchange rates will then in turn affect real variables, such as absorption, in the country however, the asset effect will dominate, and the economy will reach a new full equilibrium (stationary-state equilibrium) at a new exchange rate.