한국전쟁 피난민들의 정착과 장소성 : 부산 당감동 월남 피난민마을을 중심으로

차철욱 ( Chul Wook Cha ),공윤경 ( Yoon Kyung Kong ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 2010 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.47

한국전쟁으로 장소이동을 강제 당했던 피난민들의 이주와 정착은 생활공간과 주변 환경과의 관계 속에서 나름대로의 로컬리티를 만들어나가는데 커다란 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구는 한국전쟁으로 인하여 형성된 부산 당감동 월남 피난민마을을 대상으로 중심에서 배제된 주변인들과 그들이 만들어낸 삶의 공간에 주목하였다. 당감동이라는 공간과 그곳에 터를 잡고 살아온 월남 피난민들의 삶의 경험을 상호관련성 속에서 분석하였다. 그리고 공간구조의 변화가 피난민들의 생애사에 미친 영향과 피난민들이 주변 사람들과 네트워크를 형성하며 당감동에 정착하는 과정을 살펴보면서 당감동에 대한 장소성을 읽어 보고자 하였다. 시간의 흐름과 공간구조의 변화에 따라 당감동의 장소성은 변하고 있었다. 당감동은 전쟁과 국가에 의해 쫓겨난 피난민들에 의해 만들어진 마을이었으며 근대화 영향으로 발전한 신발산업의 배후마을이 되기도 하였다. 하지만 근래에는 글로벌 자본의 영향으로 공장이 폐쇄되고 인구가 감소하면서 빈민마을로 변하고 있다. 당감동의 장소성을 변화시킨 가장 큰 원인은 바로 경제활동이라는 소통의 매개체를 통해 만들어진 인적 네트워크였다. 또한 장소성의 변화과정에서 피난민들의 출발지 정체성은 당감동 내 다양한 피난민 혹은 이주민들과 뒤섞이면서 유지·강화되기보다 오히려 약화되었으며 월남 피난민들은 당감동 사람으로서의 정체성을 가지게 되었다. The moving and settlement of refugees that was forced to shift the place because of 6?25 Korean War have an effect on making locality between living space and peripheral environment. This study notices the margin and their living space excluded from the center(nation) on the case of North Korea refugee village that was built up by 6?25 Korean War in Danggam-dong. The purpose of this study is to investigate the space of Danggam-dong and living experience of North Korea refugees by mutual relation. Also this study examines the sense of place on Danggam-dong by exploring the effects of the change of spatial structure on the refugees` life history and the process of settlement into Danggam-dong networking with peripheral person. The major findings of this study are as follows; the placeness of Danggam-dong has been changing according as the flow of time and the change of spatial structure. Danggam-dong was set up by the refugees expelled from the war and nation and also was the hinterland of footwear industry by the modernization. But recently footwear factory was closed(or moved) and the population falls for the global capital and then Danggam-dong has become a slum. The important reason that has been changed the placeness of Danggam-dong was the human network through the medium for communication of economic activity. In the process of changing the sense of place, the original identity of refugees had been rather weakened than maintained or strengthened through a mixture of refugees and settlers in Danggam-dong. Therefore North Korea Refugees have the identity as residents of Danggam-dong.

『東京經濟雜誌』의 한국관련 자료와 사료적 가치

차철욱(Cha Chul-Wook) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2007 한국민족문화 Vol.30 No.-

This research is continuing the data related in Korea from Tokyo Economic Magazine. Taguchiukichi lunching this magazine systematized Joseon on the part of the theories of the heteronomy and the identity. Though he was liberalistic economist, he wrote articles that reflecting aggressive reality recognizing and understanding of Japan about the problem of Joseon. Accordingly, this magazine was a primary role for necessary policy of Japanese government and mobilizing Japanese in the process of invading Joseon. So this research are important in order to understand the recognition and invading policy about Joseon of Japanese intellectual. Although this magazine was economic magazine, articles related in Korea were most focused on politics and diplomacy. Taguchiukichi as a liberalistic economist might think the solution of political and diplomatic problems was the first to have the freedom of entering into Joseon of Japanese capital. What understanding these matters were the army rebellion in 1882, the political change in 1884, Bangkokryung, the peasantry war in 1894, the revolution in 1894, the event that Queen Min was killed in 1895, trade, the right of construction about railroads and so on. The consistent logic of this magazine was Japanese government could get rid of Chinese power before Chinese-Japanese war and Russian power before Russian-Japanese war. The theories of the heteronomy and the identity were evoked as the ideology for eliminating Chinese and Russian power surrounding Joseon. This magazine induced Japanese control enabled that solved. So the theories of the liberalism, the heteronomy and the identity advocated in this magazine were nothing but the ideology for Japanese control about Joseon.

1950-60년대 대중가요 속의 부산 장소성

차철욱(Chulwook Cha),공윤경(Yoonkyung Kong),손영삼(Youngsam Son) 한국문화역사지리학회 2009 문화 역사 지리 Vol.21 No.2

부산 관련 노래를 불렀을 사람들은 부산의 특정 장소를 어떻게 이해하고 느끼고 있었을까? 노랫말에 묻어 있는 부산 관련 지명과 그 의미를 통해 부산 사람들이나, 아니면 부산 이외의 사람들이 부산을 바라보았던 느낌을 정리해 보고자 했다. 한국전쟁과 1960년대 수출중심정책이 국가의 현안이던 시절, 부산을 노래한 노랫말에는 국가적인 이해관계와 부산 사람들의 자기 장소를 표현하려는 애정도 모두 녹아있었다. 대중가요로 불러진 부산 노랫말은 대부분 이별을 소재로 다루고 있다. 항구의 특성상 사람들의 왕래가 많은 장소적인 특징 때문이었다. 이별은 한국전쟁 때 부모형제, 연인, 해양산업의 성장과 함께한 마도로스와 부산 아가씨들과의 이별이 중심이었다. 그러나 대중가요를 불렀던 피난민들이나 근대화의 환상에 빠져 부산으로 몰려들었던 사람들도 점차 부산 사람이 되었다. 영도다리, 남포동, 부산항, 용두산이 이별의 슬픔을 달래주고, 마음속에 그리는 고향이나 연인에게로 다가갈 수 있는 소통의 장소로 친숙해져 갔다. 그리고 끊임없이 왕래하는 부산항의 역동적인 모습을 노래하면서 부산이 지닌 역동성이나 개방성을 체험할 수 있었다. How do the people who sing songs relate with Busan understand and feel about specific places in Busan? This study try to seek how both people in Busan and in other places have had feeling about Busan. When Korean government deals with the issues which is Korean war, focuses on imports in 1960s, lyrics of songs for Busan have contained not only interests of nations but also affection of Busan people about their own local. Most of the lyrics of pop-songs for Busan are about parting. Because Busan have had characteristic of port area where people came one day and left next day. The parting was done generally between one and parents or and brothers and sisters during Korea war, sailors and Busan girls who were growing with developments of the sea industry. All the displaced peoples sang pop-song and crowded into Busan having dreams of modernization, had been become Busan people. The places where people drown their sorrows, missed their hometown and close to lover, Yeong-do bridge, Nampo-dong, Yongdusan and Haeundae, have become acquainted to people in Busan as mutual understanding places. And singing dynamic side of Busan port, people have been experiencing dynamic and open aspects of Busan.

일제강점기 부산상업[공]회의소 구성원의 변화와 ‘부산상품견본시(釜山商品見本市)’

차철욱 ( Cha Chul Wook ) 부경역사연구소 2005 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.17

The commerce committee that managed each by Korean and Japanese was united in June 1916. The government was going to controlled the korean, and to hold the Japanese nongovernmental organization. Because the unity committee was suited to be business tax of more than ten won qualifications for membership, so the member were much increased. The Japanese member were freed from export traders, then had a variety of business type. In the years 1920’s to 1930’s, the member were lighted in a wholesale dealer of Busan. It reflected industrialization in Busan and increase of import in Japan in the years 1930’s. On the one hand, the korean member were formed agents, Gu- Po(Keoyung-Nam) bank and founders of trade company in the years 1910’s. Most of them was ruined by poor operation but the agent were working until the year 1930. In the year 1930, it was the majority of seafood merchant, rice merchant and loaner with some pro-Japan character. In this time, the major working of the commerce committee was a sample trade of Busan. A sample trade of Busan aimed at expansion of Busan commercial area that became shrinking. A sample trade of Busan was held for eight times. The displayer were limited of producers and wholesalers, and sale-procedure was only wholesale. Display products were 2/3 filled with products that made Japan, and were 1/3 filled with products that made Busan. The product were the majority of industrial products. Leading group of the commerce committeee changed itself into major product or wholesaler. A sample trade of Busan was held for industrial products sale that handled by them. The activity and change of members of the commerce committee was in close connected with it’s working.

개항기 부산항의 조선인과 일본인의 관계 형성

차철욱 ( Cha Chul-wook ),양흥숙 ( Yang Heung-sook ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2012 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.26

본 연구는 개항기 부산항을 다양한 문화가 충돌하고 타협하는 ‘섞임(entanglement)의 공간’으로 이해하려는 데서 출발하였다. 개항장은 기존의 연구에서 정리한 지배-피지배, 수탈-피수탈의 논리적 구조와 함께 제국주의 세력과 토착세력 사이의 섞임도 존재하는 공간이었다. 이를 분석하기 위해 먼저 개항장 부산의 공간 변화에 주목하였다. 개항전 초량 왜관이라는 고립되고 폐쇄적인 전근대시설이 존재했던 부산항은 개항과 함께 전관거류지가 설치되었다. 통제의 상징인 담장과 대문이 철폐되었다. 일본인만의 배타적인 공간이 아니라 조선인도 자유롭게 드나들 수 있는 섞임의 공간으로 변하였다. 개항장에서 일본인과 조선인의 섞임을 상거래 방식에서 확인하였다. 개항기 거래방식은 화폐나 물건을 먼저 건네고 반대급부를 나중에 받는 선대제 형식의 외상거래였다. 이러한 방식은 상호 신용거래를 바탕으로 하였으며, 왜관이 있던 시기부터 유지되어 온 전통적인 요소였다. 개항장 내 섞임은 문화 분야에서도 확인할 수 있다. 거류지 내 일본인학교에서 조선어 교육이 이루어지고, 조선인 교사가 채용되고, 조선의 고전소설이 교재로 사용되었다. 한편 일본인 학교에 조선인의 입학도 허용되었다. 문화 분야의 섞임은 부산에서 생활하던 일본인의 조선인에 대한인식에서도 확인할 수 있다. 부산의 대표적인 일본인 부자였던 하자마 후사타로[迫間房太郞]는 식민자 일본인과 다름없는 수탈을 추구하는 모습을 보이기도 하지만, 부산에서 함께 살아가는 조선인과의 신뢰를 강조하기도하였다. This study began with trying to understand during the opening of the Port of Busan as a ‘Space of Entanglement' that diverse cultures clash and compromise. The open port was a space where the logical structures of dominant-dominated class and exploiting-exploited class, which were organized in the existing studies, as well as the entanglement between the imperialist power and indigenous power existed. First of all, we focused on the spatial variance of the open port, Busan, in order to analyze this. Before the opening, there was the isolated and exclusive pre-modern facility named Choryang Waegwan(草梁倭館) at the Port of Busan. However, the exclusive concession was established when the Port of Busan opened. The fences and gate, the symbol of control, were removed. The Port of Busan changed from the exclusive space just for Japanese to the Space of Entanglement where Korean had free access to. The entanglement between Korean and Japanese at the open port was confirmed by the method of business transactions. The transaction method during the opening was the putting-out system of credit transaction to hand over money or commercial products first and to receive the counter performance later. This method was based on mutual credit transactions, and the traditional element that had been preserved from the days when Waegwan existed. The entanglement inside the open port can be confirmed in cultural aspects. Korean language was taught in the Japanese school on the concession. At the school, Korean teacher was employed and the Korean classic novel was used as the teaching material. On the other hand, Korean students were also admitted to the Japanese school. The entanglement in cultural aspects can be confirmed in the awareness of Korean by Japanese who lived in Busan. Hazama Husataro[迫間房太郞], a representative Japanese capitalist of Busan, pursued an exploitation just as other Japanese colonists. However, he emphasized trust with the Korean who lived together in Busan.

임진왜란시기 日本 水軍의 활동과 관련자료의 검토

차철욱(Cha Chul-Wook) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2006 한국민족문화 Vol.27 No.-

This paper is to examine Japanese navy's activity in Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 trough Japanese datum. Main datum that treated Japanese navy's activity are Kouraisenzenki, Wakisakakedenki, Kouzankouzituroku, Seikanroku etc. Most are datum that Japanese admirals' family compiled. So there are overestimated or curtailed parts about the main character's activity. But there are many or few minutely described parts of battles that each admiral participated in the wars in these examined datum. Contents that can't confirm in Korean datum are contained. Arrangement of important datum and contents about each sea fight is nest. Wakisakakedenki and Kouraisenzenki are the representative datum about Hansan-island navy battle. We can confirm not only the process that Japanese navy defeated in early battle was relocated but also the movement of Japanese admirals. Yongchun navy battle is described at length in Wakisakakedenki. The Japanese navy's tactics alteration is arranged in this data. Toyotomihideyoshi made Japanese navy build the castle and defend. We can confirm Shimazuyoshihiro's activity in Selkanroku that is recorded datum about Jangmunpo and Youngdeungpo sea fights. Chilchun-island sea fight can be confirmed in Kouzankouzituroku, Wakisakakedenki, and Seikanroku etc. This data is recording Toudoutakatora's activity and fight device in detail. The contents that Toudoutukatora intercepted the road Joseon and Ming's soldiers escaped and attacked in Geoie-island is contained in Seikanroku. The contents that Japanese navy changed big vessels into small boat for crossing Myoungryang channel is contained in Kouzankouzituroku related Myoungryang navy battle. This is interesting thing as one of Japanese navy I s lost battle reasons. This research will be an opportunity the authenticity of datum related Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 examining Japanese and Korean datum can be widened.

영도 일산배기마을 사람들의 조내기고구마 생산경험과 기억의 재구성

차철욱(Cha, Chul-Wook) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2015 한국민족문화 Vol.57 No.-

본 연구는 영도에서 생산되다가 사라진 조내기고구마를 소재로 하였다. 영도는 역사적으로 부산의 도심 배후지로서 기능해 왔다. 고구마는 개항기 이래 우리나라에서도 드물게 영도에서 재배되었던 것으로 보인다. 조내기고구마를 생산한 일산배기마을은 지형적으로 산 정상에 가까운 곳이었다. 이곳의 토질은 수분이 적고 황토 흙이어서 고구마와 보리 이외의 농사는 불가능한 곳이었다. 일산배기마을 사람들이 ‘조내기고구마라’는 품종을 재배했다는 사실은 잘 알려져 있다. 하지만 고구마 생산은 40여 년 전에 중단되었다. 이들 기억 속에 조내기고구마는 주어진 환경 때문에 어쩔 수 없는 선택이었고, 최소한의 생존을 위해 재배되었다. 고구마 생산은 가난의 상징이었다. 이후 수익이 나은 채소농사로 변경한 이래 조내기고구마에 대한 기억은 전혀 드러나지 않고 가라앉아 있었다. 그런데 최근 지방자치단체에서 조내기고구마를 영도의 대표 표상으로 제안하면서 다양한 사업이 진행되었다. 조내기고구마 생산경험자들의 기억을 끌어내는 계기가 되었다. 마을 사람들은 자신들이 생산했던 고구마가 ‘가장 오래’되고 ‘가장 맛있는’ 상품으로 재구성하였다. 이 연구는 일상의 경험과 기억이 생활환경에 따라 재구성되는 방식을 탐구해 보려는 데 목적이 있다. The subject of this study is Jonaegi sweet potato, which had once been produced in Yeongdo. Historically, Yeongdo served as an urban hinterland of Busan. Records indicate that sweet potato was sometimes produced in Yeongdo since the opening port era. Ilsanbaegi village, which used to produce Jonaegi sweet potato was topographically located near the top of a mountain. Agricultural production in this area was limited to sweet potato and barley since the quality of the soil was mainly red clay lacking in moisture. It is a well known fact that Ilsanbaegi village people had produced a species of sweet potato called "Jonaegi." However, Ilsanbaegi village people stopped growing sweet potato some forty years ago. According to their memory, production of Jonaegi sweet potato was due to circumstances beyond their control, a minimum requirement to survive. Sweet potato production was a symbol of poverty. Later on, as people switched over to producing vegetables, which were more profitable, the memory of Jonaegi sweet potato sank into the limbo of oblivion. Recently, however, a variety of businesses has taken off with the local government"s proposal to use Jonaegi sweet potato as the representative emblem of Yeongdo. This motivated the local people to retrieve the memory of those who had experience in producing Jonaegi sweet potato. The village people started to reconstruct their memory of the sweet potato they had grown as "the oldest" and the "best tasting" sweet potato. The purpose of this study is to investigate how people"s everyday experience and memory are reconstructed according to their living environment.

1950년대 한국 일본의 밀무역 구조와 상품

차철욱(Cha Chul Wook) 부산경남사학회 2010 역사와 경계 Vol.74 No.-

In this study, one takes a view that a contraband trade was one of the economic system, can not bring it over to Korean government. It is the contraband trade in one of various forms, national economic system was related with personal or international economic situation. That means that there was not only economic system by policies of Korean government(quota system etc.) but also by not included one in policies of government. 1950's a representative form of contraband trade was the activities contraband ships, mediating Tsushima Island in Japan. The center of contraband shipping was Busan, Masan and Yeo su, major cities of southern seashore. The contraband trade was continuously increasing because of increasing domestic demands in Korea and changing trade system in Japan by middle of 1950's, that is, allowed official trade. The representative agencies of contraband trade was traders, Korean residents in Japan, politicians, sailors, contrabandist and so on. These collect contraband trading fund as various ways for using. In this period, the representative contraband goods were fabrics, cosmetics, accessories, school supplies etc. Demands of these goods were high but supplies of domestic production was low. For a while, they had been ruled out goods of contraband trade, developing domestic industry but, government decided goods whether to keep import or not, depending on the quality. Contraband goods are normally scraps, brasses, Ceylon mosses, seaweeds and so on. Though steel manufactures was needed in Japanese industry, it was prohibited items, and marine products also had lots of demands in Japan, it was also prohibited. Contraband goods were circulated through a complex phase, such as contrabandist and intermediate distributions. Especially, Guk je market(국제시장) in Busan was center of contraband market. And also in Busan consumed many contraband goods. Using contraband goods are common in 1950's students.

개항기~1916년 부산 일본인상업회의소의 구성원 변화와 활동

차철욱 ( Cha Chul Wook ) 부경역사연구소 2004 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.14

Before 1910, members of Japanese Chamber of Commerce in Busan were occupied mainly by an export traders. They were mostly an rice exporters. On the other hand, an traders who imported an industrial goods from Japan were not so powerful. That's because Chosun's consumption did not widely spread in and around Busan differently from Incheon and Seoul. After 1910, with the increase of the consumption and wide distribution of the facilities in Chosun, it brought the import traders in Busan growing income, resulting in controlling the power. But it did not exceed the influence of the export traders. Members of Commerce's native place expanded from Yamakuchi and Hukuoka, southern Japan, to Osaka and Kobe, where are the industrial area. The activity of Chamber of Commerce put the emphasis on spread of the ruling ideology and the members' financial profit. The most prominent members were related to an exporting rice to Japan. They put stress on the investigation of the distribution process and the rice producing place, and the petition and recommendation of policy on Chosun and Japanese government. Second, they endeavored to increase the consumption power and the import of Japanese goods by holding all sort of goods fair. Thus they tried to justify the Japanese are superior to Chosun and they are bound to control the Chosun. Third, they pushed ahead with a reclamation and an construction of railway. These were related to the speculation in real state and the activation of business of Japanese. Japanese Chamber of Commerce inBusan played an important part that a japanese capitalist and the nation can control of the Chosun.

지방사 연구의 한 방법으로서 로컬리티 연구

차철욱 ( Cha Chul-wook ) 전남대학교 호남학연구원 2016 호남학 Vol.0 No.60

본 연구는 최근 활발해지고 있는 지방사 연구의 방법론으로 로컬리티 연구를 제안하기 위해 준비되었다. 지방사 연구와 로컬리티 연구는 상호보완적이다. 로컬리티 연구를 위해서도 지방사 연구가 필수적이기 때문이다. 그동안 지방사 연구에서 쟁점은 지방 혹은 지역의 개념 문제였다. 지방을 국가에 종속된 의미를 담은 위계적 개념으로, 지역은 수평적 개념으로만 이해하였다. 하지만 지방 혹은 지역으로 불리는 현장은 위계적인 요소와 수평적인 요소가 동시에 작동하고 있다. 그리고 내외부의 개체들 사이의 상호작용을 통해 스스로 변형할 수 있는 힘을 가지고 있다. 이들 용어를 `로컬(Local)`로 호명하고, `로컬역사`를 제안하였다. 지방사는 전체사 연구를 지향하는 흐름이 강했다. 지역정체성과 장소성을 밝히는데 연구의 목표로 하였다. 그런데 전체사 연구는 자칫 지방의 역사를 국가사처럼 동일화 논리를 생산할 우려가 있다. 이런 문제점을 벗어나고, 또 연구의 지평을 확대하기 위해 로컬리티 연구를 제안하였다. 로컬리티는 로컬의 속성, 로컬을 움직이는 힘(운동성)으로 규정짓는다. 로컬리티 연구는 지역정체성이나 장소성을 확인하는데 그치지 않고 이 요소들이 로컬을 움직이는 에너지로 작동하는 방식에 관심을 가진다. 그리고 로컬리티는 다양한 요소, 특히 로컬시간에 의해 끊임없이 차이를 생성하며 변화한다는 점도 강조하였다. 따라서 로컬리티 연구는 기존 지방사 연구의 지평을 확대하는데 기여할 수 있다. This study was conducted to propose locality studies as a methodology of local history research, which is becoming increasingly active in recent years. The study of local history and locality studies are complementary because research on local history is essential for locality studies. Until now, the main issue in the study of local history involved the concept of local or region. The term `local` was perceived as a hierarchical concept signifying subordination to the nation, while `regional` was perceived only as a horizontal concept. However, both hierarchical and horizontal elements concurrently operate in the locale called as local or region. The notion of these implies not only the relations with the outside but also the inherent power of self-transformation connected to the outside. Hence, the term `Local` (with capital L)` is given to this space to propose the idea of `Local History`. A strong tendency of local history was it`s orientation to holistic point of view. Its main goal was to determine local identity and placeness. However, what is problematic about total history research is that it can easily produce a logic of identification treating the history of regions as national history. Here, locality studies is proposed to avoid this problem and also to expand the horizon of history research. Locality is defined by the properties of the `Local` and the energy (motility) which moves the `Local`. Locality studies is not limited to confirming the identity or placeness of the `Local` but is concerned with the ways these elements operate as the driving force of the `Local`. What is emphasized in this study is that locality changes constantly generating differences due to various factors, especially local time. Therefore, locality studies can contribute to expanding the horizon of existing research on local history.