한국전쟁 피난민들의 정착과 장소성 : 부산 당감동 월남 피난민마을을 중심으로

차철욱 ( Chul Wook Cha ),공윤경 ( Yoon Kyung Kong ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 2010 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.47

한국전쟁으로 장소이동을 강제 당했던 피난민들의 이주와 정착은 생활공간과 주변 환경과의 관계 속에서 나름대로의 로컬리티를 만들어나가는데 커다란 영향을 미치게 된다. 본 연구는 한국전쟁으로 인하여 형성된 부산 당감동 월남 피난민마을을 대상으로 중심에서 배제된 주변인들과 그들이 만들어낸 삶의 공간에 주목하였다. 당감동이라는 공간과 그곳에 터를 잡고 살아온 월남 피난민들의 삶의 경험을 상호관련성 속에서 분석하였다. 그리고 공간구조의 변화가 피난민들의 생애사에 미친 영향과 피난민들이 주변 사람들과 네트워크를 형성하며 당감동에 정착하는 과정을 살펴보면서 당감동에 대한 장소성을 읽어 보고자 하였다. 시간의 흐름과 공간구조의 변화에 따라 당감동의 장소성은 변하고 있었다. 당감동은 전쟁과 국가에 의해 쫓겨난 피난민들에 의해 만들어진 마을이었으며 근대화 영향으로 발전한 신발산업의 배후마을이 되기도 하였다. 하지만 근래에는 글로벌 자본의 영향으로 공장이 폐쇄되고 인구가 감소하면서 빈민마을로 변하고 있다. 당감동의 장소성을 변화시킨 가장 큰 원인은 바로 경제활동이라는 소통의 매개체를 통해 만들어진 인적 네트워크였다. 또한 장소성의 변화과정에서 피난민들의 출발지 정체성은 당감동 내 다양한 피난민 혹은 이주민들과 뒤섞이면서 유지·강화되기보다 오히려 약화되었으며 월남 피난민들은 당감동 사람으로서의 정체성을 가지게 되었다. The moving and settlement of refugees that was forced to shift the place because of 6?25 Korean War have an effect on making locality between living space and peripheral environment. This study notices the margin and their living space excluded from the center(nation) on the case of North Korea refugee village that was built up by 6?25 Korean War in Danggam-dong. The purpose of this study is to investigate the space of Danggam-dong and living experience of North Korea refugees by mutual relation. Also this study examines the sense of place on Danggam-dong by exploring the effects of the change of spatial structure on the refugees` life history and the process of settlement into Danggam-dong networking with peripheral person. The major findings of this study are as follows; the placeness of Danggam-dong has been changing according as the flow of time and the change of spatial structure. Danggam-dong was set up by the refugees expelled from the war and nation and also was the hinterland of footwear industry by the modernization. But recently footwear factory was closed(or moved) and the population falls for the global capital and then Danggam-dong has become a slum. The important reason that has been changed the placeness of Danggam-dong was the human network through the medium for communication of economic activity. In the process of changing the sense of place, the original identity of refugees had been rather weakened than maintained or strengthened through a mixture of refugees and settlers in Danggam-dong. Therefore North Korea Refugees have the identity as residents of Danggam-dong.

김해 이주민 여가공간의 형성과 로컬리티의 재구성

차철욱(Cha, Chul-Wook) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2014 로컬리티 인문학 Vol.0 No.12

본 연구는 김해 구도심 이주민 음식점이 이주민의 여가공간으로서 가능성이 있는지를 검토해 보려고 하였다. 음식점은 다문화를 상품화하는 대표적인 방법의 하나이다. 김해 구도심에서는 최근 10년 사이 이주노동자들이 왕래하면서 이국적인 풍경을 만들어 내고 있다. 음식점을 경제적인 논리보다 이주민들이 작업공간에서 경험하는 문화적인 갈등을 해소할 수 있는 쉼터, 취업, 인권 등 정보교환의 공간, 즉 여가공간의 관점에서 분석하였다. 음식점 경영자들은 주요 고객인 이주민의 안전망을 만들기 위해 다국적 상가 협의회를 만들었다. 하지만 음식점 상인들의 네트워크는 상인들 내부의 이해관계 차이, 이 틈을 노린 국가권력의 분열정책 등으로 제대로 기능할 수 없었다. 동일 국적 음식점 사이의 경쟁이 가속화되고, 서로의 소통에 한계가 많아지고 있다. 본 연구는 현재 진행되고 있는 이러한 한계에도 불구하고 이곳이 자본의 논리가 관철되는 상업적인 공간으로 갈 것인가, 아니면 이주민 내부, 이주민과 선주민의 새로운 관계가 구성되는 공간으로의 전망을 가질 수 있는가를 검토해 보았다. 음식점과 출신국가가 대체로 연결되어 있고, 음식점이 영세하다는 점이 이주민과의 관계 형성에 중요하게 작동한다. 이런 양자 관계가 국가권력의 감시와 통제가 계속되고 있지만 음식점은 이주민들의 심리적 안정과 정보교환의 장소로서 의미를 지니게 하고, 나아가 선주민과의 접촉면도 확대하는 역할을 하고 있다. 음식점 경영자와 소비자인 이주민들이 만들어온 관계가 경제적인 관계만이 아니라 그 이상의 의미를 지니고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. This study attempts to examine the possibility of immigrant restaurants in the old downtown of Gimhae as leisure space for immigrants. Restaurants are viewed as a representative way to commercialize multiple culture. During the last ten years, with the increase of immigrants coming and going, the old downtown of Gimhae became a commercial space that traded necessities to the immigrants while exotic products to the former inhabitants. Restaurants, in particular, although influenced by economic logic, can be seen as leisure space in that they served as a shelter where immigrants could resolve cultural conflicts experienced at work space or a space where information related to employment and human rights were exchanged. Council of Transnational Shopping Center was founded by restaurant owners in order to build a safety net for the main customers composed of immigrants. However, this network among restaurant business people could not function properly due to conflict of interest among restaurant owners and the government"s disunion policy. Competition between restaurants with same national background are intensifying as the proprietors are experiencing higher barriers in communicating with one another. Despite such limitations that are in progress in the old downtown of Gimhae, this study examines whether this area will become a commercial space dominated by the logic of capitalism or a space with prospects of forming new relationship among immigrants and former inhabitants. The fact that the restaurants are generally connected to the proprietor"s country of origin and that they are small in scale is an important factor in forming relationship with immigrants. This bilateral relationship is maintained even under the surveillance and control of the government power. Yet, the restaurants in this area are acquiring a special meaning as a space offering psychological stability to immigrants and are also expanding the scope of contact with former inhabitants. It was confirmed that the relationship formed between restaurant proprietors and immigrant customers were not determined solely by economic interest but entailed greater significance.

『東京經濟雜誌』의 한국관련 자료와 사료적 가치

차철욱(Cha Chul-Wook) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2007 한국민족문화 Vol.30 No.-

This research is continuing the data related in Korea from Tokyo Economic Magazine. Taguchiukichi lunching this magazine systematized Joseon on the part of the theories of the heteronomy and the identity. Though he was liberalistic economist, he wrote articles that reflecting aggressive reality recognizing and understanding of Japan about the problem of Joseon. Accordingly, this magazine was a primary role for necessary policy of Japanese government and mobilizing Japanese in the process of invading Joseon. So this research are important in order to understand the recognition and invading policy about Joseon of Japanese intellectual. Although this magazine was economic magazine, articles related in Korea were most focused on politics and diplomacy. Taguchiukichi as a liberalistic economist might think the solution of political and diplomatic problems was the first to have the freedom of entering into Joseon of Japanese capital. What understanding these matters were the army rebellion in 1882, the political change in 1884, Bangkokryung, the peasantry war in 1894, the revolution in 1894, the event that Queen Min was killed in 1895, trade, the right of construction about railroads and so on. The consistent logic of this magazine was Japanese government could get rid of Chinese power before Chinese-Japanese war and Russian power before Russian-Japanese war. The theories of the heteronomy and the identity were evoked as the ideology for eliminating Chinese and Russian power surrounding Joseon. This magazine induced Japanese control enabled that solved. So the theories of the liberalism, the heteronomy and the identity advocated in this magazine were nothing but the ideology for Japanese control about Joseon.

일제강점기 부산상업[공]회의소 구성원의 변화와 ‘부산상품견본시(釜山商品見本市)’

차철욱 ( Cha Chul Wook ) 부경역사연구소 2005 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.17

The commerce committee that managed each by Korean and Japanese was united in June 1916. The government was going to controlled the korean, and to hold the Japanese nongovernmental organization. Because the unity committee was suited to be business tax of more than ten won qualifications for membership, so the member were much increased. The Japanese member were freed from export traders, then had a variety of business type. In the years 1920’s to 1930’s, the member were lighted in a wholesale dealer of Busan. It reflected industrialization in Busan and increase of import in Japan in the years 1930’s. On the one hand, the korean member were formed agents, Gu- Po(Keoyung-Nam) bank and founders of trade company in the years 1910’s. Most of them was ruined by poor operation but the agent were working until the year 1930. In the year 1930, it was the majority of seafood merchant, rice merchant and loaner with some pro-Japan character. In this time, the major working of the commerce committee was a sample trade of Busan. A sample trade of Busan aimed at expansion of Busan commercial area that became shrinking. A sample trade of Busan was held for eight times. The displayer were limited of producers and wholesalers, and sale-procedure was only wholesale. Display products were 2/3 filled with products that made Japan, and were 1/3 filled with products that made Busan. The product were the majority of industrial products. Leading group of the commerce committeee changed itself into major product or wholesaler. A sample trade of Busan was held for industrial products sale that handled by them. The activity and change of members of the commerce committee was in close connected with it’s working.

개항기 부산항의 조선인과 일본인의 관계 형성

차철욱 ( Cha Chul-wook ),양흥숙 ( Yang Heung-sook ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2012 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.26

본 연구는 개항기 부산항을 다양한 문화가 충돌하고 타협하는 ‘섞임(entanglement)의 공간’으로 이해하려는 데서 출발하였다. 개항장은 기존의 연구에서 정리한 지배-피지배, 수탈-피수탈의 논리적 구조와 함께 제국주의 세력과 토착세력 사이의 섞임도 존재하는 공간이었다. 이를 분석하기 위해 먼저 개항장 부산의 공간 변화에 주목하였다. 개항전 초량 왜관이라는 고립되고 폐쇄적인 전근대시설이 존재했던 부산항은 개항과 함께 전관거류지가 설치되었다. 통제의 상징인 담장과 대문이 철폐되었다. 일본인만의 배타적인 공간이 아니라 조선인도 자유롭게 드나들 수 있는 섞임의 공간으로 변하였다. 개항장에서 일본인과 조선인의 섞임을 상거래 방식에서 확인하였다. 개항기 거래방식은 화폐나 물건을 먼저 건네고 반대급부를 나중에 받는 선대제 형식의 외상거래였다. 이러한 방식은 상호 신용거래를 바탕으로 하였으며, 왜관이 있던 시기부터 유지되어 온 전통적인 요소였다. 개항장 내 섞임은 문화 분야에서도 확인할 수 있다. 거류지 내 일본인학교에서 조선어 교육이 이루어지고, 조선인 교사가 채용되고, 조선의 고전소설이 교재로 사용되었다. 한편 일본인 학교에 조선인의 입학도 허용되었다. 문화 분야의 섞임은 부산에서 생활하던 일본인의 조선인에 대한인식에서도 확인할 수 있다. 부산의 대표적인 일본인 부자였던 하자마 후사타로[迫間房太郞]는 식민자 일본인과 다름없는 수탈을 추구하는 모습을 보이기도 하지만, 부산에서 함께 살아가는 조선인과의 신뢰를 강조하기도하였다. This study began with trying to understand during the opening of the Port of Busan as a ‘Space of Entanglement' that diverse cultures clash and compromise. The open port was a space where the logical structures of dominant-dominated class and exploiting-exploited class, which were organized in the existing studies, as well as the entanglement between the imperialist power and indigenous power existed. First of all, we focused on the spatial variance of the open port, Busan, in order to analyze this. Before the opening, there was the isolated and exclusive pre-modern facility named Choryang Waegwan(草梁倭館) at the Port of Busan. However, the exclusive concession was established when the Port of Busan opened. The fences and gate, the symbol of control, were removed. The Port of Busan changed from the exclusive space just for Japanese to the Space of Entanglement where Korean had free access to. The entanglement between Korean and Japanese at the open port was confirmed by the method of business transactions. The transaction method during the opening was the putting-out system of credit transaction to hand over money or commercial products first and to receive the counter performance later. This method was based on mutual credit transactions, and the traditional element that had been preserved from the days when Waegwan existed. The entanglement inside the open port can be confirmed in cultural aspects. Korean language was taught in the Japanese school on the concession. At the school, Korean teacher was employed and the Korean classic novel was used as the teaching material. On the other hand, Korean students were also admitted to the Japanese school. The entanglement in cultural aspects can be confirmed in the awareness of Korean by Japanese who lived in Busan. Hazama Husataro[迫間房太郞], a representative Japanese capitalist of Busan, pursued an exploitation just as other Japanese colonists. However, he emphasized trust with the Korean who lived together in Busan.

호남인들의 부산정착과 생활연결망

차철욱(Cha, Chul-Wook) 역사문화학회 2012 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.15 No.2

본 연구는 호남사람들이 부산에 정착하는 과정과 그들의 생활연결망을 탐색하는 작업이다. 생활연결망란 일상생활에서 맺는 관계망을 말한다. 국민국가가 추진한 포섭과 배제의 정치논리였던 지역주의가 일상생활에서 관철되는 방식이 궁금하였다. 해역(海域), 즉 바다와 연안을 무대로 생활하는 사람들의 생활에서 국민국가의 정치논리에 균열을 가할 수 있는 틈을 발견해 보려고 하였다. 부산과 호남의 여러 섬 사람들 사이의 교류는 개항 이후 일본인들의 수산업 진출과 함께 시작되었다. 1960, 70년대 수산업의 발전과 함께 양 지역 사이의 사람 이동은 훨씬 더 증가하였다. 부산으로 이주와 정착과정에서 필요한 직업과 주거지 알선은 고향 인맥이 중요하였다. 이주자들은 부산 영도에 정착하면서 대부분 선원으로 활동하였다. 선원들은 고향 출신자들로 구성되는 경우가 대부분이었으나, 간혹 타지역 사람들도 포함되었다. 힘들고 위험한 조업과정 때문에 지역주의의 논리는 제대로 작동하지 않았다. 1980, 90년대 어선들의 정박지인 영도는 어로활동과 관련한 업종들로 번성하였다. 호남인들은 어선 이외의 다양한 업종 종사자들과의 연결망도 확대하였다. 이들 연결망은 호남인들 사이의 거래가 중심이었다. 다양한 연결망 가운데 향우회는 같은 고향 사람들을 연결하는 가장 느슨한 형태였다. 호남인들이 강한 지역주의 분위기에서 부산 정착이 가능했던 것은 해역을 매개로 호남과 부산 영도를 연결하는 생활연결망 때문이었다. 한편 영도는 부산의 일부이기는 하지만 섬이라는 특성 때문에 바다와 연결된 다양한 출신자들의 이주지역이 될 수 있었다. 영도의 호남인 생활연결망은 지역주의 이데올로기를 비켜갈 수 있는 안전망이었다. This study involves the exploration of the settlement process and living network of Honam people in Busan. Living network refers to networking with people in conducting daily lives. This study began from an inquiry into the ways regionalism, which was the politics of inclusion and exclusion promoted by the nation-state, was carried out in the daily lives of Honam people. It’ aim was to find out whether there was a gap that could crack the politics of nation-state in the lives of the people that were based on the seas, that is the coastal area and the sea. Exchanges between people in Busan and the people from the many islands of Honam began with the advance of Japanese fisheries after the opening of ports. With the development of fishing industry during the 1960s and 1970s, people’ movement between the two regions increased much more. In the process of migrating and settling in Busan, hometown connection played an important role in helping Honam people find jobs and residence. As immigrants settled in Youngdo, Busan, most of them became sailors. In most cases, sailors were composed of people from the same hometown, but sometimes included people from other regions. Due to the difficult and dangerous process of fishing operations, the logic of regionalism did no work properly. Youngdo, which was an anchorage for fishing boats during the 1980s and the 1990s, flourished with businesses related to fishing activities. Honam people expanded their networks with workers involved in various sectors of business besides fishing. These networks became the center of trade among Honam people. Among these various networks, ‘yangwoohoe’was the most loose form of connecting people from hometown. The reason Hanam people were able to settle in Busan within a strong atmosphere of regionalism was because of the living network that connected Honam with Youngdo, Busan through the medium of the seas. Meanwhile, even though a part of Busan, Youngdo was able to become a migration place to where a variety of people connected through the seas migrated because of its natural characteristic as an island. The living network of Honam people in Youngdo served as a safety net to steer past the ideology of regionalism.

임진왜란시기 日本 水軍의 활동과 관련자료의 검토

차철욱(Cha Chul-Wook) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2006 한국민족문화 Vol.27 No.-

This paper is to examine Japanese navy's activity in Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 trough Japanese datum. Main datum that treated Japanese navy's activity are Kouraisenzenki, Wakisakakedenki, Kouzankouzituroku, Seikanroku etc. Most are datum that Japanese admirals' family compiled. So there are overestimated or curtailed parts about the main character's activity. But there are many or few minutely described parts of battles that each admiral participated in the wars in these examined datum. Contents that can't confirm in Korean datum are contained. Arrangement of important datum and contents about each sea fight is nest. Wakisakakedenki and Kouraisenzenki are the representative datum about Hansan-island navy battle. We can confirm not only the process that Japanese navy defeated in early battle was relocated but also the movement of Japanese admirals. Yongchun navy battle is described at length in Wakisakakedenki. The Japanese navy's tactics alteration is arranged in this data. Toyotomihideyoshi made Japanese navy build the castle and defend. We can confirm Shimazuyoshihiro's activity in Selkanroku that is recorded datum about Jangmunpo and Youngdeungpo sea fights. Chilchun-island sea fight can be confirmed in Kouzankouzituroku, Wakisakakedenki, and Seikanroku etc. This data is recording Toudoutakatora's activity and fight device in detail. The contents that Toudoutukatora intercepted the road Joseon and Ming's soldiers escaped and attacked in Geoie-island is contained in Seikanroku. The contents that Japanese navy changed big vessels into small boat for crossing Myoungryang channel is contained in Kouzankouzituroku related Myoungryang navy battle. This is interesting thing as one of Japanese navy I s lost battle reasons. This research will be an opportunity the authenticity of datum related Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 examining Japanese and Korean datum can be widened.

1950년대 한국 일본의 밀무역 구조와 상품

차철욱(Cha Chul Wook) 부산경남사학회 2010 역사와 경계 Vol.74 No.-

In this study, one takes a view that a contraband trade was one of the economic system, can not bring it over to Korean government. It is the contraband trade in one of various forms, national economic system was related with personal or international economic situation. That means that there was not only economic system by policies of Korean government(quota system etc.) but also by not included one in policies of government. 1950's a representative form of contraband trade was the activities contraband ships, mediating Tsushima Island in Japan. The center of contraband shipping was Busan, Masan and Yeo su, major cities of southern seashore. The contraband trade was continuously increasing because of increasing domestic demands in Korea and changing trade system in Japan by middle of 1950's, that is, allowed official trade. The representative agencies of contraband trade was traders, Korean residents in Japan, politicians, sailors, contrabandist and so on. These collect contraband trading fund as various ways for using. In this period, the representative contraband goods were fabrics, cosmetics, accessories, school supplies etc. Demands of these goods were high but supplies of domestic production was low. For a while, they had been ruled out goods of contraband trade, developing domestic industry but, government decided goods whether to keep import or not, depending on the quality. Contraband goods are normally scraps, brasses, Ceylon mosses, seaweeds and so on. Though steel manufactures was needed in Japanese industry, it was prohibited items, and marine products also had lots of demands in Japan, it was also prohibited. Contraband goods were circulated through a complex phase, such as contrabandist and intermediate distributions. Especially, Guk je market(국제시장) in Busan was center of contraband market. And also in Busan consumed many contraband goods. Using contraband goods are common in 1950's students.

개항기~1916년 부산 일본인상업회의소의 구성원 변화와 활동

차철욱 ( Cha Chul Wook ) 부경역사연구소 2004 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.14

Before 1910, members of Japanese Chamber of Commerce in Busan were occupied mainly by an export traders. They were mostly an rice exporters. On the other hand, an traders who imported an industrial goods from Japan were not so powerful. That's because Chosun's consumption did not widely spread in and around Busan differently from Incheon and Seoul. After 1910, with the increase of the consumption and wide distribution of the facilities in Chosun, it brought the import traders in Busan growing income, resulting in controlling the power. But it did not exceed the influence of the export traders. Members of Commerce's native place expanded from Yamakuchi and Hukuoka, southern Japan, to Osaka and Kobe, where are the industrial area. The activity of Chamber of Commerce put the emphasis on spread of the ruling ideology and the members' financial profit. The most prominent members were related to an exporting rice to Japan. They put stress on the investigation of the distribution process and the rice producing place, and the petition and recommendation of policy on Chosun and Japanese government. Second, they endeavored to increase the consumption power and the import of Japanese goods by holding all sort of goods fair. Thus they tried to justify the Japanese are superior to Chosun and they are bound to control the Chosun. Third, they pushed ahead with a reclamation and an construction of railway. These were related to the speculation in real state and the activation of business of Japanese. Japanese Chamber of Commerce inBusan played an important part that a japanese capitalist and the nation can control of the Chosun.

지방사 연구의 한 방법으로서 로컬리티 연구

차철욱 ( Cha Chul-wook ) 전남대학교 호남학연구원 2016 호남학 Vol.0 No.60

본 연구는 최근 활발해지고 있는 지방사 연구의 방법론으로 로컬리티 연구를 제안하기 위해 준비되었다. 지방사 연구와 로컬리티 연구는 상호보완적이다. 로컬리티 연구를 위해서도 지방사 연구가 필수적이기 때문이다. 그동안 지방사 연구에서 쟁점은 지방 혹은 지역의 개념 문제였다. 지방을 국가에 종속된 의미를 담은 위계적 개념으로, 지역은 수평적 개념으로만 이해하였다. 하지만 지방 혹은 지역으로 불리는 현장은 위계적인 요소와 수평적인 요소가 동시에 작동하고 있다. 그리고 내외부의 개체들 사이의 상호작용을 통해 스스로 변형할 수 있는 힘을 가지고 있다. 이들 용어를 `로컬(Local)`로 호명하고, `로컬역사`를 제안하였다. 지방사는 전체사 연구를 지향하는 흐름이 강했다. 지역정체성과 장소성을 밝히는데 연구의 목표로 하였다. 그런데 전체사 연구는 자칫 지방의 역사를 국가사처럼 동일화 논리를 생산할 우려가 있다. 이런 문제점을 벗어나고, 또 연구의 지평을 확대하기 위해 로컬리티 연구를 제안하였다. 로컬리티는 로컬의 속성, 로컬을 움직이는 힘(운동성)으로 규정짓는다. 로컬리티 연구는 지역정체성이나 장소성을 확인하는데 그치지 않고 이 요소들이 로컬을 움직이는 에너지로 작동하는 방식에 관심을 가진다. 그리고 로컬리티는 다양한 요소, 특히 로컬시간에 의해 끊임없이 차이를 생성하며 변화한다는 점도 강조하였다. 따라서 로컬리티 연구는 기존 지방사 연구의 지평을 확대하는데 기여할 수 있다. This study was conducted to propose locality studies as a methodology of local history research, which is becoming increasingly active in recent years. The study of local history and locality studies are complementary because research on local history is essential for locality studies. Until now, the main issue in the study of local history involved the concept of local or region. The term `local` was perceived as a hierarchical concept signifying subordination to the nation, while `regional` was perceived only as a horizontal concept. However, both hierarchical and horizontal elements concurrently operate in the locale called as local or region. The notion of these implies not only the relations with the outside but also the inherent power of self-transformation connected to the outside. Hence, the term `Local` (with capital L)` is given to this space to propose the idea of `Local History`. A strong tendency of local history was it`s orientation to holistic point of view. Its main goal was to determine local identity and placeness. However, what is problematic about total history research is that it can easily produce a logic of identification treating the history of regions as national history. Here, locality studies is proposed to avoid this problem and also to expand the horizon of history research. Locality is defined by the properties of the `Local` and the energy (motility) which moves the `Local`. Locality studies is not limited to confirming the identity or placeness of the `Local` but is concerned with the ways these elements operate as the driving force of the `Local`. What is emphasized in this study is that locality changes constantly generating differences due to various factors, especially local time. Therefore, locality studies can contribute to expanding the horizon of existing research on local history.