탈식민 시대의 제 3 세계 문학의 역할에 대한 일고찰 : 아체베의 " 무너져 내리다 " 를 중심으로 The Role of Third World Literature in Postcolonial Era

지봉근 한국강원영어영문학회 1999 영어영문학 Vol.18 No.1

One of the notable consequences of cultural globalization is confrontation between First World and Third World. This meeting of First World and Third World has inspired more controversy than consensus. This reminds us of colonial history in the early twentieth century. Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart is read as a testimony of the cultural confrontation during the period of British colonialism. Against the narrative of colonialism, in the history-making Things Fall Apart poses a native narrative which demonstrates that Africa does not first hear of culture with white colonisation. Thing Fall Apart was set in a traditional Igbo village community in eastern Nigeria when the first missionaries and colonial administrative officials were beginning to penetrate inland. In the first part of the novel Achebe portrayed traditional Igbo society. The customs, rituals, beliefs and institutions that regulated the lives of villagers before the arrival of the white man were sympathetically depicted. Igbo society was civilized and stable, not primitive and chaotic. Then, with the coming of the white man, things fall apart, and anarchy was loosed upon the Igbo society. The white man disrupted a well-ordered, cohesive, pacific society by imposing to it their own government and religious worship. But at the same time Achebe made no attempt to conceal some bad features of traditional Igbo life, including wife beating, caste taboo and infanticide. Achebe tried to present a balanced view of Igbo society that took into its internal weaknesses as well as its strengths. Achebe reinterpreted African history, seeing it through African eyes. His interpretation was objective, honest, and fair to all sides. His purpose was to examine Africa's first confrontation with Europe from an African point of view.

미국의 아들에 나타난 폭력을 통한 인종주의적 공포의 극복

지봉근 대한영어영문학회 2008 영어영문학연구 Vol.34 No.1

Richard Wright's Native Son begins and ends with death. In the opening scene Bigger Thoma kills a big rat in the kitchenette living with his mom and his siblings. The rat is a symbol of the living conditions of urban black people and a foreshadowing metaphor for Bigger's fate. Bigger is incapable of nonracial thinking because of his obsession with his own black skin. He thinks and acts with aggressions and atrocities as a way of getting out of racial pain or escaping all the negatives in his life. Bigger's ultimate act of violence is to cut off Mary's head. Bigger's defamation of Mary's dead body represents the deconstruction of body as a biological device of racial segregation. Mary's head in his nightmare which Bigger hacked off is a reflection of his own head. The substitution of his head for Mary's means the possibility of interchangeability between subject and object, murderer and murdered, oppressor and oppressed. After he kills Mary he thinks his murder is an act of creation. The fear and shame and hate which white people make rise so hard and hot in Bigger have cooled and softened.

『제스처 인생』에 나타난 초민족적 정체성 구성에 대한 연구

지봉근 한국비교문학회 2008 比較文學 Vol.0 No.44

As globalization of the world extends wider and becomes faster around the globe, the legal/illegal migration of people from peripheries to metropolises is enormously increasing. Peoples from the Third World try to move into metropolitan areas to find out more opportunities to get jobs and education despite of higher barriers of national borders. While the encounter between different cultures, languages occurs more often, the need to prepare to conceive differences without prejudice is growing. In the mean time, many of minorities from the Third World feel so difficult and confused to adjust and assimilate to metropolitan dominant cultures that they can not give up their own languages and cultures and transform their ethnic/national identities rapidly and easily. In this writing, I will explore the possibilities of forming transnational identities to minorities by studying the theories about constantly changing identity construction of postcolonial world and reading a novel by Korean American writer. In Chang-rae Lee's A Gesture Life, Franklin Kurohata has lived in an affluent suburban area called Bedley Run as a Japanese American concealing his Korean origin. Since Hata is widely known as an example of good citizen in town, most neighbors call him Doc Hata and welcome him. As he ran Sunny Medical supply, everybody called him Doc. Since Hata settled down in this town, he has been willing to assimilate to white dominant culture. As he always tries to identify him with white people, it seems that he succeeds to assimilate to white culture. But in the depth of his subconsciousness there has been the trauma after the Pacific War related to the memory of Kkutaeh, a Korean sex slave(a comfort woman). In his own story Hata presents Kkutaeh as his beloved, an imposed sex slave by combined demand of Japanese imperial army and the patriarchal system in Joseon Dynasty based on Confucianism. The memory of Kkutaeh's tragic death in Hata's mind often appears as a ghost and disturbs him in identification with dominant white culture. Sunny, Hata's adopted daughter from Korea conflicts with Hata's patriarchal authority and hypocrisy to white society and finally makes him realize how to make true relationships with people around him and how to construct appropriate transnational identity in the age of globalization. As globalization of the world extends wider and becomes faster around the globe, the legal/illegal migration of people from peripheries to metropolises is enormously increasing. Peoples from the Third World try to move into metropolitan areas to find out more opportunities to get jobs and education despite of higher barriers of national borders. While the encounter between different cultures, languages occurs more often, the need to prepare to conceive differences without prejudice is growing. In the mean time, many of minorities from the Third World feel so difficult and confused to adjust and assimilate to metropolitan dominant cultures that they can not give up their own languages and cultures and transform their ethnic/national identities rapidly and easily. In this writing, I will explore the possibilities of forming transnational identities to minorities by studying the theories about constantly changing identity construction of postcolonial world and reading a novel by Korean American writer. In Chang-rae Lee's A Gesture Life, Franklin Kurohata has lived in an affluent suburban area called Bedley Run as a Japanese American concealing his Korean origin. Since Hata is widely known as an example of good citizen in town, most neighbors call him Doc Hata and welcome him. As he ran Sunny Medical supply, everybody called him Doc. Since Hata settled down in this town, he has been willing to assimilate to white dominant culture. As he always tries to identify him with white people, it seems that he succeeds to assimilate to white culture. But in the depth of his subconsciousness there has been the trauma after the Pacific War related to the memory of Kkutaeh, a Korean sex slave(a comfort woman). In his own story Hata presents Kkutaeh as his beloved, an imposed sex slave by combined demand of Japanese imperial army and the patriarchal system in Joseon Dynasty based on Confucianism. The memory of Kkutaeh's tragic death in Hata's mind often appears as a ghost and disturbs him in identification with dominant white culture. Sunny, Hata's adopted daughter from Korea conflicts with Hata's patriarchal authority and hypocrisy to white society and finally makes him realize how to make true relationships with people around him and how to construct appropriate transnational identity in the age of globalization.

『흉내내는 사람들』에 나타난 모방과 혼종성

지봉근 한국현대영미소설학회 2002 현대영미소설 Vol.9 No.1

In the semi-autobiographical novel The Mimic Men V. S. Naipaul presents a colonial and postcolonial history and politics of Isabella, an embodiment of his native country the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. In the novel the protagonist Singh spends his childhood in the colonized island Isabella, gets a college education in London the center of the British empire, leads a partly successful and partly failed politician's life after returning to the island. He goes into an exile after the failure in the management on postcolonial nation-building projects. In the process, he experiences a disturbed cultural and political identity in between the colonized and the colonizer. The postcolonial theoretician Bhabha's notion of mimicry and hybridity is a useful tool in considering the colonial and postcolonial national identity of Isabella. Bhabha suggests that mimicry as the colonized's partial imitation of the colonizer produces a hybrid identity of the colonized. The protagonist Singh is a hybrid in that he is a product of colonial education while he belongs to the colonized Isabella. This hybridity brings about the subversion to the colonial domination of the British empire and the postcolonial nation of Isabella is the product of this subversive hybridity. The national identity of Isabella is in a constant indeterminacy in between the continuing neocolonial domination of the former colonizer Britain and the struggle for the autonomy of the new nation

F-18 FDG 자동분주기의 분주 최적화에 관한 연구

지봉근,이상훈,김종언,김원태,지태정 대한방사선과학회 2016 방사선기술과학 Vol.39 No.3

본 연구는 PET/CT 종사자의 피폭선량 감소 및 방사성의약품의 정확한 방사능량 투여를 목적으로 사용 중인 자 동분주기의 분주 최적화에 관한 연구이다. 연구방법은 주사기 종류 및 분주 속도, Vial 압력에 따른 평가 결과를 통해 분주 횟수에 따른 오차 값을 알아보고 보정 값을 적용하여 최적화된 분주방법을 찾고자 하였다. 연구결과 5 ml 주사기에서는 평균 9.38 mCi가 분주되었고, 3 ml에서는 9.55 mCi가 분주되어 3 ml 주사기에서 10 mCi에 근접한 재현성을 보였다. 분주 속도에 따른 평가에서는 속도를 5, 10, 15, 20 mm/min 으로 증가시켜 10회씩 측정한 결과, 5 mm/min의 속도에서 10 mCi 정량에 가까운 방사성의약품이 분주되었다. Needle필터 사용 전/후 Vial 압력에 따른 평가 결과에서는 3 ml 주사기의 경우 사용 전 9.53 mCi, 사용 후 9.84 mCi로 측정되어 Needle필터를 사용한 후 분주하는 것이 최적화된 값으로 확인되었다. 또한 분주 횟수 증가에 따른 보정 값 적용 전/후 방사능 평가에서는 보정 전 9.53 mCi, 보정 후 10.07 mCi로 측정되어 보정 값을 적용한 실험에서 정량 값 에 가까운 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서, 방사성의약품 분주 시 최적화된 분주방법은 주사기는 3 ml를 사용하고, 분주 속도는 5 mm/min로 설정 하며 분주 시 Needle필터를 사용하고, 장비의 분주 횟수(χ)에 따른 보정 값은 [y = 0.097 × χ]로 설정하는 것이 좋 은 것으로 확인되었다.

"흉내내는 사람들" 에 나타난 민족국가 형성 문제

지봉근 한국강원영어영문학회 1999 영어영문학 Vol.18 No.2

After the Second World War almost all colonized countries of European imperialism gained independence politically, but it is hard to say former colonies have real independence as nations. Though their politically independent status, the former colonies are still under the latent dominance of colonialism because they cannot complete restructuring the hitherto existing colonial administration systems, and economic systems dependent upon metropolitan suppliers, and technologies and industrial equipments and other social institutions. Besides these material conditions, cultural and ideological dominance of colonialism keeps their influences on these countries widely and deep-rootedly. In this essay I will discuss the questions in the process of a new nation forming in The Mimic Men. In The Mimic Men the protagonist, Ralph Singh has an important role in the process of construction of a new nation in Isabella, the colonized island in somewhere of West Indies. But he fails to complete his project in the end. The causes of his political failure are complex and various. Isabella has a specific population structure which is composed of various races, Black, White, Asiatic, and Creole. These complex race structure is fixed by the colonial regime. They are the remains of class structure based on racism as legacies of colonial period. After the independence Isabella is mired in the racial conflicts in the process of restructuring of class and race structures. After the end of colonial regime the existed class structures are unrest and the racial conflicts in ex-colonial countries includes the question of class generally. Singh cannot solve the problems when he confronts these racial conflicts, after all he becomes the scapegoat of these conflicts. Secondly, the policy of the party which Singh participates in is merely the imitation of the western nation. The reason of this imitation is their educational background, and their western-orient political tendencies. The title of the novel The Mimic Men is the symbol of the West Indies today in that transitional middle stage between the cultures which her peoples lost and the new sense of cultural identity which they have not yet gained. Singh who is disturbed by his identity as a man from colonized island seeks after his fictive identity that is the imitation of the western bourgeoisie and tries to establish a new nation after he has various experiences, but after all he fails and goes into exile in England.

이창래의 <원어민>에 나타난 한국계 미국인의 정체성: 문화적 차이와 잡종성

지봉근 한국비교문학회 2004 比較文學 Vol.0 No.33

In Chang-rae Le's Native Speaker, the protagonist, Henry Parkexperiences an identity crisis as a Korean-American. Henryas aAmericanized second generation of a Korean imigrant, wants toasimilate to the dominant midle-clas white culture and reject Koreanaspects of his identity inherited from his parents. Though e is eager toreject his Korean inheritance/identity and identify himself with whiteAmericans, he comes to recognize his Korean heritage in himself. In thissense, Henry Park does not belong to neither the Korean or the American. In this identity crisis, Henry Park's Korean-American identity is unstableand indeterminate. In the state of indeterminacy, Henry tries to form hisnew identity, that is, 'hybridity,' which is diferentiated from the fixed andstereotyped identity of the Korean or the American. Henry'sevolving senseof his new hybrid identity is largely shaped by his curent and recolectedinteractions with a host of significant others, his wife Lelia, his own father,the Filipino psychiatrist Luzan, and the Korean American politician JohnKwang. The term 'hybridity', originated from the theoretical exposition ofHomi K. Bhabha to emphasize the mutualities and negotiations acros thecolonial division and move beyond the binary opositions, would be anapropriate notion to explain the identity formation of Henry Park in thenovel. The hybridization of diferent cultures opens up ossibilities torevise and overcome the stable identity of Korean or American. In theproces of hybridization, the identity of Henry Park who is a'Korean' and 'American' turns out to be unstable and indeterminate, and be positioned in the repeated reconstruction.

탈식민 이론과 포스트모더니즘의 협상을 통한 탈식민적 근대성 구성 문제:호미K.바바의 탈식민 이론을 중심으로

지봉근 한국비평이론학회 2002 비평과이론 Vol.7 No.1

지하철 환승역의 공간이용행태와 공간구조 사례연구 - 신도림역과 사당역을 대상으로 -

지봉근(Ji, Bong-Geun),김채은(Kim, Chae-Eun),이예승(Lee, Ye-Seung),장석윤(Jang, Seok-Yoon),장세림(Jang, Se-Rim),김영욱(Kim, Young-Ook) 대한건축학회 2019 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.39 No.2

F-18 FDG 자동분주기의 분주 최적화에 관한 연구

지봉근(Bong Geun Ji),이상훈(Sang Hun Lee),김종언(Jong Eon Kim),김원태(Won Tae Kim),지태정(Tae Jeong Ji) 대한방사선과학회(구 대한방사선기술학회) 2016 방사선기술과학 Vol.39 No.4

본 연구는 PET/CT 종사자의 피폭선량 감소 및 방사성의약품의 정확한 방사능량 투여를 목적으로 사용 중인 자동분주기의 분주 최적화에 관한 연구이다. 연구방법은 주사기 종류 및 분주 속도, Vial 압력에 따른 평가 결과를 통해 분주 횟수에 따른 오차 값을 알아보고 보정 값을 적용하여 최적화된 분주방법을 찾고자 하였다. 연구결과 5 ml 주사기에서는 평균 9.38 mCi가 분주되었고, 3 ml에서는 9.55 mCi가 분주되어 3 ml 주사기에서 10 mCi에 근접한 재현성을 보였다. 분주 속도에 따른 평가에서는 속도를 5, 10, 15, 20 mm/min 으로 증가시켜 10회씩 측정한 결과, 5 mm/min의 속도에서 10 mCi 정량에 가까운 방사성의약품이 분주되었다. Needle필터 사용 전/후 Vial 압력에 따른 평가 결과에서는 3 ml 주사기의 경우 사용 전 9.53 mCi, 사용 후 9.84 mCi로 측정되어 Needle필터를 사용한 후 분주하는 것이 최적화된 값으로 확인되었다. 또한 분주 횟수 증가에 따른 보정 값 적용 전/후 방사능 평가에서는 보정 전 9.53 mCi, 보정 후 10.07 mCi로 측정되어 보정 값을 적용한 실험에서 정량 값에 가까운 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서, 방사성의약품 분주 시 최적화된 분주방법은 주사기는 3 ml를 사용하고, 분주 속도는 5 mm/min로 설정하며 분주 시 Needle필터를 사용하고, 장비의 분주 횟수(χ)에 따른 보정 값은 [y = 0.097 × χ]로 설정하는 것이 좋은 것으로 확인되었다. This is a study on the optimized dispensing of the auto dispenser used for the purpose of reducing the exposure dose and accurate radiation dose of radioisotope with regard to the PET/CT practitioners. The research method was to find the optimized dispensing method through evaluating the results according to the syringe type, dispensing rate, and vial pressure and through the application of corrected values. As a result of this study, 9.38 mCi has been dispensed on average in the case of 5 ml syringe, and the reproducibility close to 10 mCi was shown at the dispense of 9.55 mCi in the case of 3 ml syringe. In the evaluation according to the dispensing rate, the quantity of radioisotope close to 10 mCi was dispensed at the rate of 5 mm/min when the measurement was carried out by increasing the rate by 5 mm/min units in the order of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mm/min . In the evaluation result according to the vial pressure before/after the use of Needle filter, it was measured to be 9.53 mCi before use and 9.84 mCi after use confirming that the dispensing after using Needle filter showed the optimal value. In addition, in the evaluation of radioactivity before/after the application of corrected values according to the increase in dispense frequency, it was measured 9.53 mCi before correction and 10.07 mCi after correction confirming that the value with correction applied was closer to the quantitative value. Thus, a good optimized method was confirmed to use a 3 ml syringe with dispensing rate of 5 mm/min, to use a Needle filter at dispensing, and to set the corrected value of [y = 0.097 × χ] according to the dispensing frequency of equipment.