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손민정,조태홍 한국음성학회 2010 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.2 No.4
Recently, we have launched a large-scale articulatory study to investigate how the three-way contrastive stops (i.e., lenis, fortis, and aspirated) in Korean are kinematically expressed (i.e., in terms of articulatory movement characteristics) in various contexts, using a magnetometer (Electromagnetic Articulography). In this paper, we report some preliminary results about how the three-way bilabial series /p,ph,p*/ produced in /Ca/ context in isolation are kinematically characterized not only during the lip closure but also during the following vocalic articulation. Some important notes could be made from the results. First, the degree of lip constriction (as measured by the lip aperture between the upper and lower lips) was smaller for the lenis /p/ and larger for the fortis/aspirated /p*,ph/, showing a two-way distinction during the closure. Second, the tongue lowering for the following vowel was more extreme after the lenis /p/ than after the fortis/aspirated /p*,ph/. Regarding this vocalic articulatory difference in the tongue height, we discussed the possibility that the articulatory tension associated with the fortis/aspirated stops is further reflected in the lingual vocalic movement maintaining the tongue position to a certain level for the following vowel /a/, while the lenis consonant does not impose such articulatory constraints, resulting in more tongue lowering. Finally,the temporal relationship between the release of the stop closure and the lowest tongue position of the following vowel remained constant, suggesting that CV coordination is invariantly maintained across the consonant type. This pattern was interpreted as supporting the view that the consonant and vowel gestures are coordinated in much the same way across languages.
Prosodic strengthening in the articulation of English /æ/
김사향,조태홍 한국음운론학회 2012 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.18 No.2
The current study investigates how prosodic strengthening induced by boundary and accent influences the articulation of English low front vowel /æ/ in add, had, and pad. Using Electromagnetic Articulograph (EMA), lip and jaw opening maxima, and tongue dorsum maxima in the horizontal (x) and vertical (y) dimensions were measured during the vocalic production. Boundary-induced strengthening was found in the tongue height (TD-y) dimension in all three words: /æ/ was lower domain-initially than -medially. In other measures, the boundary effect was conditioned by accent and the location of /æ/ within words. Domain-initial strengthening was found with the jaw opening maxima, with larger opening in a higher prosodic position, but it was only when the target words were unaccented. Also, the vowel in add tended to get fronted in a domain-initial position, but the same tendency was not observed in had and pad, suggesting the possibility that initial strengthening effect is conditioned by ‘phonological’ distance from the boundary edge. (had is phonologically similar to pad in that /h/ and /p/ occupy a phonological onset position.) Accent-induced strengthening was robust in all four articulatory measures. Results show that an accent-independent boundary effect is observed on vowels even in a language with lexical stress, and that the articulatory planning for the boundary-induced strengthening on vowels interacts with accent-induced strengthening.
송지연,김사향,조태홍 한국음성학회 2023 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.15 No.1
This study investigated acoustic (VOT) and articulatory characteristics of Korean velar stops in monosyllabic CV structures to examine how the three-way distinction is realized in the laryngeal and supralaryngeal domains and how the distinction is manifested in male versus female speakers’ speech production. EMA data were collected from 22 speakers. In line with previous studies, male speakers preserved the three-way differentiation of velar stops (/k*/</k/</kh/) in terms of VOT while female speakers showed only a two-way distinction (/k*/</k/=/kh/). As for the kinematic characteristics, a clear three-way distinction was found only in male speakers’ peak velocity measure in the C-to-V opening movement (/kh/</k/</k*/). For the other kinematic measures (i.e., articulatory closure duration, deceleration duration of the opening movement and the entire opening movement duration), male speakers showed only a two-way distinction between fortis and the other two stops. Female speakers did not show a three-way contrast in any kinematic measure. They showed a two-way distinction between lenis and the other two stops in C-to-V deceleration duration (/k*/=/kh/</k/), and a two-way distinction between fortis and lenis stops in the opening movement duration. An overall comparison of VOT and articulatory analyses revealed that the lenis-aspirated kinematic distinction is diminishing, driven by female speakers, in line with the loss of the lenis-aspirated distinction in VOT that could influence supralaryngeal articulation.
Voice quality distinctions of the three-way stop contrast under prosodic strengthening in Korean
장지영,김사향,조태홍 한국음성학회 2024 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.16 No.1
The Korean three-way stop contrast (lenis, aspirated, fortis) is currently undergoing a sound change, such that the primary cue distinguishing lenis and aspirated stops is shifting from voice onset time (VOT) to F0. Despite recent discussions of this shift, research on voice quality, traditionally considered an additional cue signaling the contrast, remains sparse. This study investigated the extent to which the associated voice quality [as reflected in the acoustic measurements of H1*–H2*, H1*–A1*, and cepstral peak prominence (CPP)] contributes to the three-way stop contrast, and how the realization is conditioned by prominence- vs. boundary-induced prosodic strengthening amid the ongoing sound change. Results for 12 native Korean speakers indicate that there was a substantial distinction in voice quality among the three stop categories with the breathiness of the vowel being the greatest after the lenis, intermediate after the aspirated, and least after the fortis stops, indicating the role of voice quality in the maintenance of the three-way stop contrast. Furthermore, prosodic strengthening has different effects on the contrast and contributes to the enhancement of the phonological contrast contingent on whether it is induced by prominence or boundary.
다이캐스팅에서 용탕 유동 해석을 통한 결함 감소에 관한 연구
오창복(Changbok Oh),조태홍(Taehong Cho),박종수(Jongsoo Park),박정권(Jungkwon Park),이호길(Hokil Lee) 한국자동차공학회 2011 한국자동차공학회 학술대회 및 전시회 Vol.2011 No.11
This study reviewed the optimized manner of a diecasting part to reduce casting detects such as porosities. Molten metal in sleeve was analyzed for the selection of an intended diecasting machine and 2 phase, molten metal and air, in cavity was calculated. In order to prevent molten metal from mixing with air by vortex and initially defective molten metal, fill rate, low and high speed injection must be determined by the grade of the diecasting machine. As known widely, it is verified that overflow or air-vent must be located at the confluence of molten metal and the sudden change in the direction of molten metal affects flow status. Mold needs to determine design through analysis for molten metal flow.