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미국해사소송에 있어서의 대한민국법상의 소멸시효와 소송중지명령 -선박 MSC Carla 침몰 사건에 관한 미국판결을 중심으로
정해덕 ( Hae Deok Chung ) 韓國海法學會 2009 韓國海法學會誌 Vol.31 No.2
파나마 선적 선박 MSC Carla는 1972년 스웨덴에서 건조된 컨테이너선으로 1984년경 선박 중간부분에 15미터 정도의 중간선체(mid-body)를 용접(welding)하여 잇는 선박연장개조작업을 대한민국 법인인 H조선이 수행한 바 있는데, 1997. 11월 컨테이너 화물을 가득 싣고 대서양을 항해중 두 조각으로 깨져 침몰하여 위 선박에 선적되어 있던 컨테이너 화물들이 모두 멸실되는 사고가 발생하였다. 선박 MSC Carla의 선주는 1997년 뉴욕남부지방법원에 선주책임제한절차를 신청하였으며, 위 선박에 선적되어 있던 화물들에 대한 1,000여개 각국 화주들(Cummins Engine Co., Inc., et al.)은 오래 전에 위 선박에 대한 연장개조작업을 수행한 H조선을 상대로 불법행위 및 제조물책임 등을 근거로 미국 뉴욕남부지방법원에 손해배상을 청구하는 제3자소송(third-party complaints)을 제기하였다, 한편, H조선은 위 소송개시 이전에 화주들을 상대로 대한민국 울산법원에 채무부존재확인 소송을 제기하였다. 뉴욕남부지방법원은 울산법원 소송에 대하여 소송중지명령을 내리고 2004. 7. 9.에는 H조선의 손해배상책임을 인정하는 중간판결을 하였으나, 미국 항소법원은 2005. 10. 17. H조선에 손해배상 책임이 없다는 취지로 뉴욕남부지방법원 판결을 파기하였고 위 판결은 확정되었다. 이 사건에서 미국 항소법원은 대한민국법이 준거법이라고 판시하고 대한민국법상의 10년 소멸시효가 실체법적인 문제로서 이 사건에 적용된다는 전제 아래 이 사건 손해배상 청구권이 10년 시효기간 경과로 소멸하였다고 판시하였다. 위 판결은 각주에서 대한민국법에 의하면 불법행위 청구권은 불법행위시부터 10년이 경과하면 소멸하고(민법 766조), 제조물책임에 기한 청구권도 공급시점으로부터 10년 이내에 행사되어야 한다고(제조물책임법 제7조) 설시하였다. 위 MSC Carla 사건은 세계 각국의 화주, 선주, 조선회사 등이 관련되어 미국 해사소송의 국제적 재판관할, 준거법, 외국소멸시효, 소송중지명령, 국제소송의 경합 등 국제사법적 문제를 파악하는데 큰 도움이 된다. 이와 관련하여 미국해사소송에 있어서 외국소멸시효는 그 외국법의 입장 여하에 따라 실체법적인 것으로 해석되어 그 적용이 가능할 수 있다. 또한, 미국법원의 소송중지명령도 비록 소송당사자에 대한 명령이기는 하지만 외국에 계류중인 소송의 취하까지도 명할 수 있는 것으로 해석되나 상당한 주의와 제한하에서만 행사되어야 한다고 해석된다. 국제분쟁이 빈번하게 일어나는 오늘날 향후 이러한 문제도 관할, 준거법 등과 관련한 국제소송의 국제사법적 문제의 하나로서 연구할 필요가 있을 것이다. In November, 1997, M/V MSC Carla, a container ship with Panamanian flag, which was built in 1972 in Sweden, was split into two pieces and sunk in Atlantic Ocean and all containers on board were losed. In 1984, a Korean shipbuilding company did the welding and lengthening operation to this ship by inserting a mid-body into the middle part of the ship. In 1998, the cargo owners filed a third party complaint for compensation for their losses against the Korean shipbuilding company on the basis of tort and product liability, etc before the U.S. New York Southern District Court and the Korean company also filed the lawsuit for declaration of non-existence of the liability against the cargo owners before the Korean Ulsan District Court. In 2004, the New York Southern District Court rendered an anti-suit injunction against the Korean company and then rendered a decision to acknowledge the Korean company`s liability. However, the appellate court, the Second Circuit Court reversed the original decisions. The Second Circuit Court accepted Korean laws as governing law and ruled that the cargo owners` claim had been time-barred by elapse of 10 year period of Korean statute of limitation. It could be worthwhile for us to review various issues on choice of law and international litigation in this U.S. maritime litigation, such as international jurisdiction, governing law, foreign statute of limitation, and anti-suit injunction, etc, because various foreign companies have been involved in this case and there have been a lot of different foreign factors. In the U.S. maritime litigation, foreign statute of limitation can be viewed as a substantial matter and be applied. It is also construed that anti-suit injunction can be issued only with care and great restraint. To prepare for future international dispute, these issues will also need to be discussed and studied in Korea.
Wet Oxygen 분위기로 제작한 z-cut $Ti;LiNbO_3$도파로 광특성 및 두께에 따른 삽입손실
김성구,윤형도,윤대원,박계춘,정해덕,이진,Kim, Seong-Ku,Yoon, Hyung-Do,Yoon, Dae-Won,Park, Gye-Choon,Chung, Hae-Duck,Lee, JIn 한국전기전자재료학회 1998 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.11 No.10
Ti:LiNbO$_3$ optical waveguides have been fabricated by Ti-diffusion in wet oxygen atmosphere. The fabrication conditions of furnace temperature, diffusion time and bubbler temperature were 105$0^{\circ}C$, 8 hours and 9$0^{\circ}C$, respectively and Ti thickness was varied from 700$\AA$ to 1500$\AA$. In this paper, the nearfield patterns, mode sizes (hirizontal/vertical) and insertion loss of waveguides were discussed at wavelength 1550 nm ad function of Ti thickness. With the planar waveguide, the effective index change and diffusion depth were calculated at 632.8nm using the prism coupling method. From these results, the best Ti thickness in our conditions seems like to by 1200$\AA$~1300$\AA$.
RF Power에 따른 태양전지용 N-type ZnS 특성연구
양현훈,김한울,정운조,이석호,소순열,박계춘,이진,정해덕,Yang, Hyeon-Hun,Kim, Han-Wool,Jeong, Woon-Jo,Lee, Suk-Ho,So, Soon-Youl,Park, Gye-Choon,Lee, Jin,Chung, Hea-Duck 한국전기전자재료학회 2011 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.24 No.7
In this study, we use the $2.5cm{\times}7.5cm$ soda lime glass as the substrate. We used the ultrasonicator. Glass was dipped in the acetone, methanol and DI water respectively for 10 minutes. Ar(99.99%)gas was used as the sputtering gas. We varied the RF power between 100~175 W with 25 W steps. Base pressure was kept by turbo molecular pump at $3.0{\times}10^{-6}$ torr. Working pressure was kept by injection of Ar gas. ZnS thin films were deposited with the radio frequency magnetron sputtering technique at various temperatures and sputtering powers. It is also clearly observed that, the intensity of the (111) XRD peak increases with increasing the RF power. Electrical properties were measured by hall effect methods at room temperature. The resistivity, carrier concentration, and hall mobility of ZnS deposited on glass substrate as a function of sputtering power. It can be seen that as the sputtering power increase from 100 to 175 W, the resistivity of the films on glass decreased significantly from $8.1{\times}10^{-2}$ to $1.2{\times}10^{-3}\;{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$. This behavior could be explained by the effect of the sputtering power on the mobility and carrier concentration. When the RF power increases, the carrier concentration increases slightly while the resistivity decreases significantly. These variation originate from improved crystallinity and enhanced substitutional doping as the sputtering power increases.
LiNbO$_3$ Mach-Zehnder 간섭기형 CPW(Coplanar waveguide) 광변조기 제작 및 특성비교
김성구,윤형도,윤대원,박계춘,이진,정해덕,Kim, Seong-Ku,Yoon, Hyung-Do,Yoon, Dae-Won,Park, Gye-Choon,Lee, JIn,Chung, Hae-Duck 한국전기전자재료학회 1998 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.11 No.10
In this study, we describe the properties of an electro-optical modulator with CPW(coplanar waveguide) electrode fabricated on $LiNvO_3$ optical waveguide, that is applicable to optical communications. These optical modulators have features that use a buffer layer to reduce velocity mismatch between microwaves and optical wave as well as employ CPW to improve impedance and propagation mode mismatch between the electrode and the external circuits. And an annealed proton exchange technique for obtaining low-loss optical waveguides and good reproducibility was employed. Taking into consideration the mentioned background, to achieve the lower driving voltage of optical modulator, we have re-disigned the longer interaction length. And their device properties are discussed also. As a result, fabricated optical modulators of good 10Gps operation and low voltage(5.6V of the halfwave lengfth voltage) at an $1.5{\mu}m$ wavelength are achived with good reproducibility.