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전재일 대구대학교 (한사대학) 사회복지연구소 1980 社會福祉硏究 Vol.8 No.-
Social work practice has undergone major growth, that is, an change in scope and content. The current demands and the challenges of the future will necessitate further changes. It will require new knowledge and an organized and comprehensive conception of social work practice to accomplish our professional mission and to prepare the next generation of social workers. The systems approach presents one such possibility and this study explores its potential contribution. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to enhance the understanding of integrating methods from the viewpoint of social work system through the introduction of the social system theory. The concept of system has received wide acceptance in scientific and professional disciplines. System is typically understood as a whole made up of interdependent and interacting parts. Thus, it is more than an aggregate of elements since the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In other words, a system is considered to be some whole form in structure, operation, concepts, or functions, that is composed of united and integrated parts. As such, it has an extent in time and space, and boundaries. Social systems involve the sending and receiving of energy and information; these occur both within the system and between the system and its environments. A system's environment is anything external to it, to which it sends or from which it receives. Therefore, system presupposes organization, interaction, interdependency, and integration of parts and elements. A social system is a special order of system. It is distinct from atomic, molecular, or galactic systems in that it is composed of persons or groups of persons who inter-act and influence the behavior of each other. Within this order can be included families, organizations, communities, societies, and cultures. The social system. model could be validly applicable to all forms of human association. The subject of systems theory and its relationship to social work practice has been given considerable attention since the late 1950's. In the 1940's and the early 1950's similar attention was given to particular sociological concepts and social system theory. The latter was a positive response to the new developments in the social sciences and simultaneously a counter response to social work's traditional preoccupation with and adherence to psychiatric(and more specifically psychoanalytic) theory. Systems theory is a product of the late 1940's, but its intellectual background goes deep into the nineteenth century. Systems theory's inspiration in both classic and modern periods is strongly biological. The comparison of society to a biological organism spawned several generations of sociological theory and laid the groundwork. for the systems idea. Systems theory, like most macro-level theories, is not likely to provide concrete, proven guidance to practice. It is, and will probably continue to be, used as a frame of reference for practice, organizing within its broad scope a variety of micro practical theories and techniques. The client system for macro intervention may be a neighborhood, an organization, an entire community, or even a total society. The client system in micro intervention is always an individual, family, or small group. The goals of macro intervention include changes within organizations, communities, and societies, while micro intervention aims at enhancing social functioning or alleviation of social problems for a particular individual, family, or small group. There are also differences in the knowledge base for macro and micro interventions. Though there is clearly some overlap, macro intervention relies heavily on theories of big system change-formal organization theory, community theory-drawn from sociology, economics, and political science. Micro intervention tends to be based on theories of individual change drawn from psychology, small group sociology, and. human development. Consequently, social system approach is particularly well suited to the profession of social work because it was useful to interpret the traditional social work methods within the same frame of reference for integrating methods.
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전재강(全在康),박은희(朴恩姬) 한국국학진흥원 2015 국학연구 Vol.0 No.26
인도네시아 한국학의 발전 방향을 모색하기 위하여 한국학의 개념, 세계 권역별 한국학의 현황, 인도네시아 한국학에 대한 기존 연구를 먼저 일별하였다. 그리고 이를 배경으로 하면서 2014년 8월에 실시한 현지 한국학 관련 설문 조사 결과를 집중적으로 분석하여 인도네시아 한국학의 구체적 발전 방향을 모색해 보았다. 발전 방향의 첫째는 교육 단계별, 교육 기관의 확대, 교육 과정 개발, 전문 인력 양성, 교재와 교육 방법 등의 개발에 체계적 지원의 확대가 가장 시급한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째 중등과 대학간, 대학상호간, 양국 상호간의 필요에 따른 교육 과정의 개발이 필요하다. 셋째, 초기 단계에 맞게 한국어 전문 교수를 비롯하여 한국 문학, 역사 등 한국학 요구의 순위에 따라 교수 전문 인력을 양성할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 우선 한국어 교육에 필요한 교재와 현지 사정과 우리의 다양한 문화를 내용으로 하는 교수법의 개발이 필요하다. 다섯째는 제도적으로 교육 기관을 늘여서 교육의 기회를 확대함으로써 고급의 한국학 수학에 쉽게 접근할 수 있게 해야 한다. 여섯째, 일련의 이런 발전 방향으로 나가기 위해서는 양국의 교류 협력을 증대할 필요가 있다는 것이다. 위에 제시한 표면적으로 당위적 측면의 발전 방향이면서도 설문의 구체적 내용을 반영하여 본문에서 논의에서는 발전 방향의 구체적 논리와 내용을 드러내 보여 주었다.
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전재일 대구대학교 (한사대학) 사회복지연구소 1981 社會福祉硏究 Vol.10 No.-
This study was designed to analyze the problems of the traditional social work methods that have been applied only to a part of social work practice; to consider social work profession throughout its history until an integrated method that was considered more effective than traditional models appeared; to investigate the recent trend and theory of integrated social work method; and to present a model of integrated method on the basis of its prerequisite. The method used in this study was a content analysis of the literature on traditional methods, corroborated researches, and integrated or unitary approaches emerged as new theories, which are recent trends in social work practice. The main findings of this study were as following: First, an appearance of integrated method was a result of an attempt to resolve the problems of traditional methods in the following two aspects: (1) The traditional methods could be applied only to special problems of an isolated field, because social workers who were trained in one of three specializations, such as social casework, social group work, and community organization, acquired an in-depth knowledge about one kind of practice that they could deliver with some degree of expert skill. (2) The traditional methods reached the limitation owing to various external conditions, because it was too narrow and tended to develop practitioners who were too clinical in the sense that they were consumed by their interest in searching knowledge about the refined details of a specialized form of practice, and because it was unable to understand the interacting and complex social forces that created social problems among people. Secondly, the efforts in order to solve the problems that these traditional methods had, were: (1) On the one hand, it was a traditional model-centered method which was an effort to cope with various social problems that would newly take place. Therefore it made use of other social sciences and drew out its theory on that basis in order to improve the contents of existing methods. As a result, it could supplement and strengthen its shortcoming. (2) On the other hand, it was a new movement oriented to an integrated method. This aimed to strengthen and multiply social worker's function. Thirdly, the integrated method assumed that there was a common base of substantial concept, activity, technique and task in social work practice regardless of various traditional methods. Fourthly, the common bases as essential elements in social work practice were value (including such elements as potential, growth, and future directedness), knowledge (derived from other fields, social work theories and experiences), and interventive repertoire (process, role, and skill) working with individuals, groups, social organizations directly and through collaborative action. Fifthly, recently integrated approach is made on these common bases of social work practice. This trend is differentiated into (1) the social interventive model, (2) the method-centered model, and (3) the social developmental model. This study did not focus on the method-centered model, but the interventive model. Sixthly, recent dominant theories on integrated method were the four-system model of Pincus and Minahan and the unitary model on social work process of Goldstein. The two models were based on social system theory. The former emphasized the technical aspects of social work, but was not concerned with concrete social structure. The latter was based on high value and humanitarianism. Both of them were supplementary to each other. Seventhly, the basic premise of the integrated method is to (1) make clear the type and content of the integration, (2) establish the essential elements, (3) draw out the new model. Therefore, the type of the integration in the present study took the generalist approach. This study was based on system theory and social learning theory, as problem-centered approach that covered not only the therapeutic functioning but also the preventive functioning of social work practice. The basic assumptions of this study were: (1) Recognition and acceptance of people's potential (2) Individual as a part of interacting, interdependent system (3) Social work process as opportunity for experience of individual growth (4) Social responsibility for individual problems, and (5) Social functioning as purpose of social work. Eighthly, the model of the integrated method for social work practice based on values as philosophical basis and on applied scientific knowledge of the profession, is specified by the interventive method that restores or prevents social function individually and collectively through the interventive process in relationship between social worker and client system. Ninthly, the interventive method is a process of purposeful change to carry out the role of social worker through initial, planning, action, and termination phases. (1) Initial phase is the period until applicants and individuals or collectives in need admit the responsibility for the role as client. (2) Planning phase is the process of establishment of relationship between social worker and client, collection of data, assessment of problems, goal decision, and planning for achivement of the goal. (3) Action phase is the period from performance of the plan to achievement of the goal through performance of the role of social workers as social broker, enabler, educator, mediator, and advocate. (4) Termination phase includes referring as the terminal process of the professional relationship. Termination has nothing to do with achievement of the goal. Finally, for the integrated model for social work practice, there will be the further study on the curriculum for social workers' training and on the new social agency with various function.
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