경기 북부 일부 지역 대형 마트 유통계란에 오염된 미생물의 분리

전명숙 ( Myoung Sook Chun ),홍승희 ( Seung Hee Hong ) 한국식품영양학회 2009 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.22 No.3

본 실험은 경기 북부 일부 지역의 계란에서 미생물 오염도를 측정하여 계란의 위생 상태를 파악하고자 하였다. 조사 자료로서는 대형 마트에 유통 중인 계란 중에서 서로 브랜드가 다른 계란을 대상으로 하였다. 계란의 난각에 존재하는 일반 세균수를 측정하였다. 그 결과 3.4×10(4) cfu/㎖로 상당히 높은 일반 세균수가 검출되었다. 다음으로는 식중독 지수의 중요한 지표가 되는 대장균 및 계란으로 인한 식중독에서 주요 원인균으로 작용하는 살모넬라균의 오염 여부를 파악한 결과, 한 브랜드의 계란에서 대장균이 검출되었고, 살모넬라균은 검출되지 않았다. 또한 각 브랜드에 계란에서 검출된 세균을 분리동정 한 결과, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas mendocina, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Alcaligenes faecalis, Enterobacter cloacae 등이 분리되었다. 이 세균들 중 일부는 사람에게 병원성을 나타내거나, 면역력이 약한 노약자나 어린이에게 기회감염 또는 병원 내 감염을 일으키기도 하는 것으로 알려졌다. 계란의 난각에서 분리된 대장균의 병원성 여부를 판정하기 위하여, 대장균의 DNA를 분리하여 PCR을 수행한 결과, 병원성 대장균들에서 특이적으로 나타나는 유전자형을 가지고 있지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 위의 결과들을 종합하여 보면, 시중에 유통중인 계란의 난각에서 비록 살모넬라균과 병원성 대장균은 검출되지 않았지만, 사람에게 감염을 일으킬 수 있는 여러 병원성 세균들이 검출됨으로써 계란의 유통 및 판매에 더욱 철저한 위생관리가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Microorganisms or their toxins can be transferred to eggs and cause food poisoning in humans. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect microbial contamination of eggs and to identify microorganisms in any contaminated eggs. Four different brands of eggs were collected from hypermarkets in the northern Gyeonggi area. The total bacterial counts on the shells of the eggs varied greatly between brands. In addition, various bacterial species including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas mendocina, Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Enterobacter cloacae were identified on eggshells. Furthermore, mean of total bacterial counts of four brands was 3.4×10(4) cfu/㎖and E. coli was detected on the eggshell of one brand egg. However, Salmonella was not identified on all brands of collected eggs. We also demonstrated that the E. coli isolated from the eggshell was not pathogenic based on the absence of pathogen-specific gene expression patterns. Taken together, the result of this study indicate that strict quality control and improved distribution controls are required to decrease microbial contamination and improve human health.

GC-MS 및 HPLC를 이용한 대추발효주의 유리 아미노산 및 향기성분 분석

전명숙(Myoung Sook Chun),김순진(Soon Jin Kim),노봉수(Bong Soo Noh) 한국식품과학회 2012 한국식품과학회지 Vol.44 No.6

통대추(JW1), 대추과육(JW2), 대추과즙(JW3)에 효모를 사용하여 만든 대추발효주의 제조과정 중 유리 아미노산과 향기성분을 HPLC와 GC-MS로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. Cysteine등 18종의 유리 아미노산이 검출 되었고 시험구별 총량은 각각 통대추구(JW1)가 141-210 ppm, 과육구(JW2)가 147-342 ppm, 과즙구(JW3)가 336-362 ppm이었다. 이 중 다량 검출된 유리 아미노산은 proline, aspartate, glutamate, arginine이었다. 한편 향기성분은 ethyl alcohol, iso-butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, namyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol의 alcohol류 6종, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, phenethyl acetate의 ester류 4종, diethylacetal, furfural, benzaldehyde의 aldehyde류 3종이 검출 되었으며 이 중 ethyl alcohol(30.50-33.95% peak area), benzaldehyde(2.55-15.97% peak area), iso-amyl alcohol(1.04-14.73% peak area), furfural(0.07-15.28% peak area), phenethyl acetate(0.78-9.28% peak area)가 많이 검출 되었다. Characteristic chemical compositions of jujube wine using different preparation methods including fermentation were investigated. Fermentation for jujube wine started using whole fruit (JW1), seed-removed fruit (JW2) and whole fruit heated at 100oC for 2 h and then extracted (JW3). The free amino acids and flavors were analyzed quantitatively by HPLC and GC-MS. A total of 18 amino acids were identified in all samples. The amount of total free amino acids was detected from 141-210 ppm (JW1), 147-342 ppm (JW2), and 336-362 ppm (JW3). Large amounts of proline, aspartate, glutamate, arginine and alanine were detected in jujube wine. Thirteen kinds of volatile compounds including six alcoholic compounds (ethyl alcohol, iso-butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, and phenethyl alcohol), four ester (ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, and phenethyl acetate) and three aldehydes (diethylacetal, furfural, and benzaldehyde) were detected. Ethyl alcohol (30.50-33.95% peak area), benzaldehyde (2.55-15.97% ratio), furfural (0.07-15.28% ratio), isoamyl alcohol (1.04-14.73% ratio), and phenethyl acetal (0.78-9.28% ratio) were abundant in jujube wine.

麴의 종류가 고추장의 성분에 미치는 영향

이택수(Taik-Soo Lee),전명숙(Myoung-Sook Chun),오경환(Kyung-Hwan Oh) 한국식품영양과학회 1984 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.13 No.3

고추장의 품질향상과 양조법을 개선할 목적으로 Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus shirousamii의 균주를 사용하여 만든 koji로 각각 고추장을 담금하고 양조과정 중의 성분을 비교하였다. 그 결과는 Aspergillus oryzae구와 Aspergillus kawachii구의 고추장 사이에는 성분이나 품질면에서 큰 차이가 없었으나 Aspergillus shirousamii 12 균주는 Aspergillus oryzae균주에 비하여 고추장의 아미노태질소 함량이 높아 숙성도가 빠르고 고추장의 향기와 색상이 현재 개량식 고추장에 널리 이용하는 Aspergillus oryzae에 비하여 우수하였고, 기타 일반 성분면에서도 손색이 없었다. 다만 pH저하가 심한 것이 결점으로 나타났다. 따라서 Aspergillus shirousamii의 pH저하를 방지하여 고추장 양조에 사용하면 고추장의 품질 향상이 가능하다고 본다. The objective of this experiment was to improve the quality of Kochujang and to shorten the aging time of it by using the Kojis of various Aspergillus strains. During the autumn season Kochujangs were mashed with Koji of Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii and Aspergillus shirousamii. Chemical composition of the Kochujang was determined during the aging period. There was no significant difference in quality and component between the Kochujang made with Aspergillus oryzae cultured Koji and Aspergillus kawachii cultured Koji. But the Kochujang with Aspergillus shirousamii cultured Koji was better in flavor, color and amino nitrogen contents than the Kochujang with Aspergillus oryzae cultured Koji, though two Kochuangs were almost the same in general components. The significant difference between the two tested Kochuangs was observed in pH, and the pH of the Kochujong with Aspergillus shirousamii cultured Koji was extremely low during the aging period. Thus it is presumed that Aspergillus shirousamii Koji can be used for the improvement of quality of Kochujang if a suitable method is applied to prevent pH from lowering.

발효 및 침출 대추주의 품질 특성

김순진 ( Soon Jin Kim ),전명숙 ( Myoung Sook Chun ) 한국식품영양학회 2010 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.23 No.3

The chemical composition characteristics of jujube wine using different preparation methods including extraction in -soju (25%) and fermentation were investigated. The jujube wine was prepared by soaking in soju using- whole fruit(WJ-S1) or seed-removed fruit(WJ-S2). Fermentations of the jujube wine were started by using whole fruit(WJ-F1), seed-removed fruit(WJ-F2) or extracts of whole fruit(WJ-F3) after adding 24% sucrose. The pH of all samples decreased from a range of 4.92~5.42 at the start time to 3.66~4.97 after 100 days. The treatment WJ-F3 showed the lowest pH among all treatments. Total acid content was 0.67~1.01% at the initial stage and then changed to 0.51~0.88% after 100 days. Total sugar and reducing sugar contents were 1.20~13.8% and 0.50~4.45% at initial stage and then changed to 1.53~4.52% and 1.75~3.82% after 100 days respectively. These sugars decreased during the preparation and fermentation of the jujube wine. The amounts of free sugars including fructose, glucose, and sucrose ranged from 1.53~4.52% and treatment WJ-F3 showed the highest amount(1.95~13.64%) compared the other treatment. glucose level were high in treatment WJ-S1 and WJ-S2, and fructose was increased in treatments WJ-F1, WJ-F2, and WJ-F3 after 60 days. Amino nitrogen content was 0.02~0.11% after 20 days and 0.07~0.14% after 40 days respectively. Solid content was 2.68~7.76% at the initial fermentation stage and changed to 4.81~9.73% after 100 days. Hunter color(L values) were 88.45~96.74 at the initial stage and then changed to 92.62~100.45 after 100 days. Preference tests a significant difference between the two types (extraction and fermentation) of jujube wine. And treatment WJ-S2 received the highest preference scores among the all treatments.

아마인유와 참기름을 이용하여 제조한 ω-3와 ω-6 지방산이 균형 잡힌 다가불포화지방산 혼합유의 특성

변명우(Myung-Woo Byun),전명숙(Myoung-Sook Chun),이규희(Gyu-Hee Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.12

식품의 기호성과 산화안정성 및 영양학적 특징을 높이기 위해 참기름과 아마인유를 혼합하여 ω-3와 ω-6 지방산이 균형을 이루고 안정성이 우수한 다가불포화지방산을 갖는 혼합유를 제조하여 산화 및 관능특성을 조사하였다. ω-3와 ω-6 지방산이 균형 잡힌 안정성이 우수한 다가불포화지방산을 갖는 혼합유의 지방산 분석 결과 아마인유 20%와 참기름 80%를 혼합하여 제조한 혼합유(F20S80)의 ω-3와 ω-6의 조성 비율은 각각 8.9%와 39.7%로 약 1:5의 비율을 나타내었으며, 아마인유 10%와 참기름 90%를 혼합하여 제조한 혼합유(F10S90)의 ω-3와 ω-6의 조성 비율은 각각 4.4%와 42.1%로 약 1:10의 비율을 나타내었다. 이들의 비율은 ω-3와 ω-6에 대한 영양학적 권장 비율이 1:4∼10 범위에 포함되므로 건강에 유리한 혼합유임을 알 수 있었다. 혼합유의 안정성을 평가하기 위해 20℃ 상온, 상대습도 70%와 45℃ 가온, 70% 상대습도 저장조건에서 16주간 저장하면서 아마인유(F100), F20S80, F10S90 및 참기름(S100)의 산가와 관능특성을 분석한 결과, F10S90 혼합유는 20℃ 상온, 70% 상대습도 저장조건과 45℃ 가온, 70% 상대습도 저장조건에서 16주간 저장하였을 때에 두 조건에서 모두 S100과 통계적으로 유의차가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 F10S90 혼합유는 ω-3와 ω-6 비율이 1:10으로 건강에 유리한 유지이며, 참기름을 선호하는 우리나라에서는 기호성 및 저장성이 우수한 기능성 혼합유로 사용하여도 좋을 것이다. To synthesize ω-3 and ω-6 balanced polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) oil mixture, flaxseed oil and sesame oil were mixed and their anti-oxidative and sensory characteristics analyzed. For the fatty acid composition analysis results, the ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA ratios of the F20S80 oil mixture (flaxseed oil 20% and sesame oil 80% oil mixture) and F10S90 (flaxseed oil 10% and sesame oil 90% oil mixture) were represented as 1 to 10 and 1 to 5 ratio for ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA content from 4.4% to 42.1% and 8.9% to 39.7%, respectively. Since these were within 1:4∼1:10 for healthy functional ω-3 and ω-6 balanced PUFA oil mixtures, these oil mixtures were healthy functional oil mixtures. To analyze anti-oxidative effects, acid values were analyzed. Samples were stored at room temperature, 70% relative humidity (RH) and 45℃, and 70% RH for 16 weeks. The acid value between F10S90 and S100 stored at 45℃ and 70% RH for 16 weeks were not statistically significant. The sensory characteristics such as oxidative odor and sesame odor and taste were not statistically significant among F20S80, F10S90, and sesame S100. Sensory characteristics between F10S90 and S100 stored at 45℃ and 70% RH for 16 weeks were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the sensory and oxidative characteristics of F10S90 were similar to those of S100. Therefore, F10S90 oil mixture should be used as a ω-3 and ω-6 balanced PUFA healthy functional oil mixture with high anti-oxidative effects.

원두 종류에 따른 커피의 향기패턴 분석

김기화(Ki Hwa Kim),김아현(Ah Hyun Kim),이재근(Jae Keun Lee),전명숙(Myoung Sook Chun),노봉수(Bong Soo Noh) 한국식품과학회 2014 한국식품과학회지 Vol.46 No.1

가공방식을 달리한 커피 원두와 분말을 대상으로 향기패턴 분석한 결과 커피 분말의 경우 washed coffee, pulped natural coffee, natural coffee 순으로 향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로는 결점원두를 대상으로 통계 처리한 결과 일반원두에 비해서 향함량이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 향후 커피 원두의 품질관리 및 평가에 적용될 수 있음을 확인하였고 향후 전자코가 커피원두의 등급을 매기는 커피원료전문가(Q-grader)로서의 역할이 기대된다. An ‘electronic nose’ based on mass spectrometer and discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to evaluate the grade of coffee beans. The data obtained from the electronic nose was analyzed by DFA. The discriminant function first score (DF1) of natural coffee beans showed a greater decrease than the different processing methods. Defective coffee beans were separated well from non-defective coffee beans by DF1, which correlated with a weaker flavor than that of the others. Flavor patterns of the defective and the non-defective coffee beans were determined as complementary information. The flavor patterns obtained in this study can explain, in a simplified way, the differences between the defective and the non-defective coffee beans.

전통적인 방법으로 제조된 된장 제품의 이화학적 및 관능적 특성에 대한 연구

변명우(Myung-Woo Byun),남탄공(Tan-Gong Nam),전명숙(Myoung-Sook Chun),이규희(Gyu-Hee Lee) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.10

전국 5개도에서 수집된 된장의 화학성분 분석 결과 환원당 함량은 강원도 된장이 122.37±0.95 mg/g으로 다른 지역 된장들보다 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 나머지 지역 된장들은 거의 유사한 값을 나타내었다. 아미노태 질소 함량은 전라도 된장이 가장 높았고 경기도 된장이 가장 낮았으나 된장의 전통식품 품질인준 기준 300 mg%를 모두 충족시키는 값이었다. 식염 함량은 충청도 된장(14.58%)과 경상도 된장(13.54%)에서 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 강원도 된장(9.76%)이 가장 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. pH 값 범위는 5.36∼4.79로 된장 모두 정상적인 시판 제품의 범위였고, 적정산도는 전라도 된장과 경기도 된장이 220(0.1 N NaOH mL/5 g)으로 높은 적정산도를 나타내었다. 된장에 대한 묘사분석 결과를 토대로 주성분을 분석한 결과 소비자들은 짠맛과 짠맛 후미를 갖는 된장 제품을 선호하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 된장의 화학성분과 기호도와의 상관관계 분석 결과, 소비자들은 된장의 소금 농도와 pH 값이 높고, 환원당 함량이 낮은 제품을 선호하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 된장의 화학성분과 묘사분석 결과 전반적인 기호도와 상관관계를 부분 최소 제곱을 이용하여 pH가 높고 짠맛이 있는 된장을 좋아하는 것을 알 수 있었다. To study traditional Doenjang characteristics, Doenjang was purchased from five different provinces: Chungcheong (CC), Gangwon (GW), Gyeonggi (GG), Gyeongsang (GS), and Jeolla (JL). To determine physicochemical characteristics, contents of reducing sugar, amino type nitrogen, salt, pH, and acidity were analyzed. The sensory characteristics were analyzed by sensory descriptive analysis. Reducing sugar content was highest for Doenjang from GW province. Amino type nitrogen content was highest for Doenjang from JL province. The salt content was highest in Doenjang from CC and GS provinces. After principal component analysis (PCA) based on sensory descriptive analysis, salty taste and aftertaste were highly correlated with overall acceptance. In the correlation analysis among chemical compounds and overall acceptance, Doenjang contained low reducing sugar content, and high pH value was positively correlated with overall acceptance. In conclusion, Doenjang with high pH value and salty taste and aftertaste have high overall acceptance.

발효기간에 따른 대추발효주의 알코올 및 유기산 분석

전명숙,노봉수 서울여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2013 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.25 No.-

Characteristic chemical compositions of Jujube wine using different preparation methods including fermentation were investigated. Fermentation for Jujube wine started using whole fruit (WJ1), seed-removed fruit (WJ2) and extract of whole fruit after adding 24% sucrose (WJ3). The alcohols and organic acids were analyzed quantitatively by GC and HPLC. Ethanol contents of the fermented Jujube wine was not detected initially, but increased to 13.4-14.4% after 20 days of fermentation and changed to 5.8-17.6% after 100 days. Eight kinds of minor alcohols were detected including sec-butyl alcohol, iso-butyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, iso-amyl alcohol, n-amyl alcohol, n-hexyl alcohol, 1,3-butanediol, and phenethyl alcohol. Among them, sec-butyl alcohol was found in all samples. pH of all samples were decreased from 4.92-5.42 at initial time to 3.67-4.34 after 100 days. The treatment WJ2 was the lowest pH among all treatments. Total acid content was 0.68-1.01% at initial stage and then changed to 0.64-0.89% after 100 days. Organic acids including oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid-lactic acid, and fumaric acid were also detected:oxalic acid content 13.8-478.4 mg% was the highest one among these acids. Amount of total organic acid was detected from 81.7-459.9 mg% at initial time to 385.6-612.7 mg% after 60 days and 382.8-582.7 mg% after 100 days.

KS H ISO 1242 표준의 평가 : 라반딘 정유의 산값 측정

전혜림,이은지,장혜진,손현화,김건,김남선,전명숙,이동선 서울여자대학교 2010 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.22 No.-

The acid value (AV) as well as the ester value of essential oil is an important index to evaluate quality of essential oil. The official standard analytical method of KS H ISO 1242 dealing with “Essential oils - Determination of acid value” was assessed experimentally using two lavandin essential oils obtained in France as an example. One French lavandin oil sample showed the results of AV= 0.9 by both indicator method and potentiometry. Another sample showed AV = 1.9 by indicator method and AV = 1.6 by potentiometry. Latter lavandin oil sample exhibited significantly higher acid value than maximum value of 1 described in the standard. This result suggests that latter lavandin oil was contaminated, because this oil was contained in an orange juice bottle. Results of this study proved that KS H ISO 1242 could be used as a suitable scientific standard for the determination of acid value of essential oils.

라벤더 정유의 기체크로마토그래피 분석표

손현화,전명숙,이동선 서울여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2011 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.23 No.-

In this study, gas chromatographic profiles of total 15 lavender or lavandin essential oils were evaluated and compared. Linalyl acetate and linalool were major components, ocimene, terpinene-4-ol and lavandulyl acetate were minor, and octanone, limonene, phellandrene, cineol, camphor, lavandulol and terpineol were also detected. Lavandin essential oils showed significantly higher levels of linalyl acetate, linalool and camphor than lavender essential oils. Some essential oils showed poor quality. Key words:lavender, lavandin, gas chromatographic profiles, essential oils, aroma.