허난설헌(許蘭雪軒)과 서영수합(徐令壽閤)의 한시(漢詩)에 나타난 여성상(女性像)

장인애 ( In Ae Jang ) 근역한문학회 2012 한문학논집(漢文學論集) Vol.34 No.-

Heo Nanseolheon and Seo Yeongsuhap are two of the utmost female literary figures that left such traces in the history of Chinese literature during Joseon. This study set out to examine and analyze their poems and their poetic consciousness in them according to their perceptions of reality and pursuits in reality. Nanseolheon led such a short life of 27 years from 1563 to 1589, while Yeongsuhap enjoyed her natural span of life of 75 years from 1753 to 1828. Both of them were born in a prestigious family during Joseon when the decorum pressures were heavy on women. Even though the times did not allow women to read books, they learned and studied before getting married into another prestigious family and leading a noble life as the wife of an illustrious official. They also left anthologies behind thanks to the kind considerations of their families. Nanseolheon left 210 poems in Nanseolheonjip published by her young brother Heo Gyun after her death, while Yeongsuhap left 192 poems in Yeongsuhapgo, a supplement to her husband Hong In-mo`s collection, Joksudangjip. Even though they shared very similar social and family backgrounds, their poetic worlds were widely different. Their different poetic worlds were examined according to their perceptions of reality and pursuits in reality. In the first area of life as a woman, Nanseolheon had pain from her real life, in which a romantic love she used to dream before marriage did not come true. Her solitude never to be overcome in real life turned into her heartburning yearning for love never to come. Yeongsuhap did not depict a feeling of yearning in her poems. She showed no solitude or sorrow in her works, accepting a given daily life in a serene manner. In the second area of life as a mother, Nanseolheon lost her two very young children to death. Their death was one of the factors that made her poetry rich in a heartburning sentiment. In many of her poems, Yeongsuhap expressed her pride for her children, worries as their mother, and lectures for them to become great figures as a mother loyal to the Confucian and ethical norms of the times. In the third area of deviations from the daily life, both of them regarded themselves as virtuous people that used to live in the good world. In the fourth area of pursuit of extreme good, Nanseolheon pointed out the incompetence of the ruling class, the common people victimized by the ruling class, and the injustice of class discrimination, whereas Yeongsuhap showed no social criticism. She understood that an ideal world was found in her home, where she raised her children, assisted her husband, and shared friendship with her neighbors although he had an aspiration for the good world and missed the country. Nanseolheon and Yeongsuhap lived in similar family environments during similar times but expressed such different poetic consciousness. There is no judging which of them is right or better because their different worlds reflected the lives they lived to their best and contained such significant accomplishments in the history of Chinese poetry by female poets.

신장에서 노화에 따른 Sirtuin1-NFE2-related Factor 2 Signaling의 변화

배명남 ( Myoung Nam Bae ),최민석 ( Min Seok Choi ),음상훈 ( Sang-hoon Eum ),김은님 ( Eun Nim Kim ),임지희 ( Ji Hee Lim ),김민영 ( Min Young Kim ),반태현 ( Tae Hyun Ban ),장인애 ( In-ae Jang ),윤혜은 ( Hye Eun Yoon ),박철휘 ( Cheol 대한내과학회 2017 대한내과학회지 Vol.92 No.1

목적: 노화에 따른 변화는 산화스트레스가 주요 역할을 하며 SIRT1과 Nrf2가 관여하여 조절하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 항산화 효소와 SIRT1-Nrf2의 관계에 의한 신장의 변화를 관찰하였다. 방법: 본 실험에서는 2, 12, 24개월의 C57BL/6 수컷 마우스를 이용하여 신장 기능, 조직학적 변화, 산화스트레스 및 SIRT1-Nrf2 신호전달 변화를 관찰하였다. 결과: 24개월군에서 알부민뇨가 증가되었으며, 크레아티닌 청소율은 12개월군에 비해 24개월군에서 감소되었다. 조직학적 변화에서 사구체 혈관 간세포질과 세뇨관 간질 섬유화가 24개월군에서 증가되었다. 또한, 24개월군에서 산화스트레스 지표인 3-Nitrotyrosine 면역조직화학 발현과 세포사멸이 증가되었다. 24시간 소변내 8-isoprostane과 8-hy-droxy-deoxyguanosine 농도는 노화에 따라 증가하였다. 반면에 SIRT1과 핵내 Nrf2 단백질 발현은 24개월군에서 감소되었다. 항산화 효소 heme oxygenase-1과 NADPH quinone oxi-doreductase1의 발현이 24개월군에서 감소되었으며 또 다른 항산화 효소로 알려진 superoxide dismutase 2도 감소되었다. 결론: SIRT1의 발현이 노화에 따라 감소됨을 증명하였으며 이 결과는 Nrf2를 포함한 SIRT1의 하위분자들의 발현에 관여하여 산화스트레스를 유도하였다. 이러한 신호 전달체계의 약물학적 조절은 신장 노화와 관련된 변화를 감소시킬 수 있을 것이다. Background/Aims: Renal aging-related changes are characterized by oxidative stress. SIRT1 regulates cellular conditions by activating Nrf2. The present study investigated the processes of renal changes by antioxidant enzymes and the relationship between SIRT1 and Nrf2. Methods: We used male 2-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. We measured renal function, histological changes, oxidative stress, and expression of SIRT1-Nrf2 signaling in the kidneys. Results: 24-month-old mice exhibited increased albuminuria and serum creatinine. Creatinine clearance was decreased in 24-month-old mice compared with 12-month-old mice. There were increases in mesangial volume and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 24-month-old mice. Moreover, oxidative stress marker, 3-Nitrotyrosine, expression and apoptosis were increased in 24-month-old mice. The 24 h urinary 8-isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine excretion increased with aging. The levels of expression of SIRT1 and nuclear Nrf2 were decreased in 24-month-old mice. The antioxidant enzymes HO-1 and NQO-1 were down-regulated in 24-month-old mice. Another antioxidant enzyme, SOD2, was decreased in 24-month-old mice. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that SIRT1 was down-regulated with aging, and this may be related to changes in the expression of target molecules including Nrf2. As a result, oxidative stress was induced. The pharmacological targeting of these signaling molecules may reduce the pathological changes associated with aging in the kidney. (Korean J Med 2017;92:53-61)

Screening for chromosomal abnormalities using combined test in the first trimester of pregnancy

박수연 ( Soo Yeon Park ),장인애 ( In Ae Jang ),( Min Ah Lee ),( Young Ju Kim ),( Sun Hee Chun ),( Mi Hye Park ) 대한산부인과학회 2017 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.103 No.-

Objective: This study was designed to review the screening performance of combined test at the Ewha Womans University Mokdong hospital. Methods: All women admitted for routine antenatal care between January 1st 2008 and December 31st 2012 with a known pregnancy outcome were included in this study, totaling 1,156 women with singleton pregnancies presenting at 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. Women were offered screening using a combination of maternal serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, free β-human chorionic gonadotropin and fetal nuchal translucency thickness. Those with an estimated risk of ≥1 in 250 of carrying a fetus with trisomy 21 or ≥1 in 300 risk of trisomy 18 were offered genetic counseling with the option of an invasive diagnostic test. Results: The median of gestational age was 11+3 weeks, the median of crown-rump length was 47.1 mm, and the median age of the women was 31 years. The detection rate was 80% for trisomy 21 (4 of 5) and 100% for trisomy 13 and 18 (all 2). The false-positive rate was 7.73% for trisomy 21 and 1.21% for trisomy 18. Conclusion: This study was the first large population study performed with the aim of analyzing the performance of the combined test in Korea. This study demonstrated that the detection rates and other figures of the first trimester combined test are comparable to the results reported in other papers worldwide. Consequently, if strict conditions for good screening outcomes are achieved, the first trimester combined test might well be the earliest detectable screening, improving detection rates without increasing karyotyping or economic and other implications that inevitably ensue.

신장에서 노화에 따른 Sirtuin1-NFE2-related Factor 2 Signaling의 변화

배명남 ( Myoung Nam Bae ),최민석 ( Min Seok Choi ),음상훈 ( Sang-hoon Eum ),김은님 ( Eun Nim Kim ),임지희 ( Ji Hee Lim ),김민영 ( Min Young Kim ),반태현 ( Tae Hyun Ban ),장인애 ( In-ae Jang ),윤혜은 ( Hye Eun Yoon ),박철휘 ( Cheol 대한내과학회 2017 대한내과학회지 Vol.92 No.2