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장영석 ( Jang¸ Youngseok ) 성균관대학교 성균중국연구소 2021 중국사회과학논총 Vol.3 No.1
중국공산당의 100년의 역사는 혁명기, 건설기, 개혁·개방기로 나누어 진다. 본문은 각 시기별로 중국공산당과‘사회’의 관계를 살펴본다. 혁명기 중국 공산당은 사회로부터 옌안 근거지에서 확립했던 혁명 가치의 유산, 즉 인민을 위한 헌신적 투쟁과 희생의 가치, 근면, 검소, 이타주의, 자기수양, 자기부정의 가치를 인정 받았고, 그 인정을 기초로 사회를 동원할 수 있었다. 건국기 중국공산당은 인민공사 체제와 단위체제를 통해서 사회를 동원하고 관리할 수 있었다. 그러나 인민공사와 단위는 경제 단위이면서도 중국공산당의 말단 정치조직이기도 했기 때문에 중국공산당 지도부에 분열이 생겼을 때 인민공사와 단위 내부도 분열되었고, 중국 사회도 분열되었다. 개혁·개방기 중국공산당과 정부는 정교한 사회관리 방법을 동원하고 있지만, 사회로부터 제기되는 다양한 요구를 반영하는 제도적 장치는 미흡하기 때문에 그 사회관리 방법의 유효성은 의문이다. The 100-year history of CCP is divided into the period of revolution, construction, reform and opening. This article examines the relationship between the CCP and Chinese society in each period. During the revolutionary period, the CCP was recognized by society for the legacy of the revolutionary values established in Yan'an, namely, the value of devoted struggle and sacrifice for the people, hard work, frugality, altruism, self-discipline, and self-denial, and was able to mobilize society by the virture of society’s recognition. During the construction period, the CCP was able to mobilize and manage society through the People's Commune system and Unit system. However, since the Unit and the People's Commune was both an economic unit and a terminal political organization of the CCP, when the leadership of the CCP broke up, the People's Commune and the Unit inside were divided, and Chinese society was also divided. During the reform and opening period, the CCP and the government are mobilizing sophisticated social management methods, but the effectiveness of the social management method is questionable because the institutional mechanisms that reflect the various demands raised by society are insufficient.
노동자 집단적 저항의 일상화와 중국의 노동정책 변화: 광둥성을 중심으로
장영석 ( Jang Young-seog ),백승욱 ( Baek Seung-wook ) 한국산업노동학회 2017 산업노동연구 Vol.23 No.2
최근 몇 년 동안 중국의 노동 영역에서는 `건국 이후 최초`라는 수식어가 붙는 다양한 노동문제와 노동쟁의가 발생하고 있으며, 이는 특히 개혁개방의 전초기지인 광둥성에 집중되어 나타났다. 주목되는 점은 중국의 농민공이 점차 노동자의 정체성을 획득해 가면서 이익추구형 협상모델이 자리를 잡아가고 있다는 점이다. 중국 정부는 `안정유지`를 기조로 삼지만 노동쟁의를 제도화된 틀로 끌어들여 해결가기 위한 새로운 시도를 추진하고 있다. 중앙정부는 2015년 <조화로운 노동관계 확립에 관한 중국공산당 중앙 및 국무원 의견>을 발표해 구체적 방침들을 지시하였다. 광둥성은 이런 기조를 수용하면서 한 걸음 더 나아가 <단체협약조례>를 제정해 단체협상을 통해 노동-자본 갈등을 제도화하고자 한다. 그런데 이런 정책 방침이 실효성을 얻으려면 공회(노동조합)가 제대로 기능을 하여야 하며, 이를 위해 이주노동자가 집중된 광둥성에서는 공회가 외부 전문 인력을 채용해 기층 조직 간부로 활용하는 `사회화간부`모델을 실험 중이다. Chinese society faces increasing outbreaks of labor disputes, may of which are usually characterized as `the highest level since the establishment of PRC`. Guangdong Province is the hottest place for increasing labor disputes as well as for flexible responses by the local government and labor agencies. Interest-pursuit bargaining model becomes one of the outstanding characteristics for recent labor disputes in Guangdong Province. Chinese central government promulgated well-managed policy package for labor dispute settlement in 2015. Guangdong Province government went one step further by introducing < Guangdong Province Regulation for Collective Contract > to institutionalize labor dispute settlement. To channel labor dispute conflicts into manageable direction, reliability and capacity of bottom level trade unions become much more essential for the authorities than before. Guangdong Confederation of Trade Unions leads some important experiments of trade union reforms. Employment of `social cadres` of trade unions by local trade union organizations is the most outstanding experiment to satisfy increasing needs from bottom level ordinary workers who don`t have efficient union organizations. It needs to be seen whether changing labor policies go beyond the limits of `security priority principle`.
Brassica 種들의 花뢰크기에 의한 小胞子 發育段階 및 胚發生 比較
장영석(Young Seok Jang),민경수(Kyung Soo Min),오용비(Yong Bee Oh),정동희(Dong Hee Chung) 한국육종학회 1997 한국육종학회지 Vol.29 No.4
The purpose of this study is to search for the identifing method that could separate buds with embryogenic potential from collected buds for increasing the efficiency of embryogenesis by microspore culture in Brassica species. It was investigated developmental stage of microspore by bud-size and ratio of petal/anther length and compared to amount of embryogenesis through isolated microspore culture from the buds with late-uninucleate stage. In Brasica napus, Lisandra of spring type showed bud-size of 3.2~4.1mm which belongs to late-uninucleate stage as embryogenic microspores and their range of petal/ anther length ratio were 1/2~3/4. Hallayuchae of winter type rapeseed showed bud-size of 3.1~3.6mm which belongs to late-uninucleate stage as embryogenic microspores and their range of petal/anther length ratio were 1/3~1/2. Two genotypes of B juncea had the same petal/anther length ratio as range of 1/2~3/4 with embryogenic microspores but their bud-size were some difference as bud-size of Young-sanpohwanggyeja were 2.9~4.0mm and bud-size of Hwanggyeja were 2.9~4.1mm. Also, two genotypes of B. campestris had the same petal/anther length ratio as range of 2/3~3/4 with embryogenic microspores but bud-sizes were some difference as bud-size of Hyakusai were 2.9~3.4mm and bud-size of Sosongchae were 2.9~3.2mm. In B. oleracea, the petal/anther length ratio with embryogenic microspores according to bud-size were showed range of 1/2~2/3 in all of two genotypes and bud-size of Broccoli were 2.4~3.2mm and bud-size of Cauliflower were 2.9~3.7mm. In the embryo yield per 100,000 microspores by isolated microspore culture from the buds with embryogenic microspores, Young-sanpohwanggyeja of B. juncea were 47 embryos and Hwanggyeja of B. juncea were 23 embryos, B. campestris of Hyakusai were 367 and Sosongchae were 123, B. oleracea of Broccoli were 678 and Cauliflower were 562. However in B. napus was showed much differences by the growth habit, the spring type of Lisandra were producted 7,047 embryos of which higher about 9.2 times than those of winter type Hallayuchae.